Foster v. WalusFoster v. Walus
- Reporters:
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- Before:
- Smith
Rеspondent, an attorney by profession, commenced this action against appellant, a mill worker, in the small claims department of the Justice’s Court (herein sometimes referred to as the small claims court) of Grangeville Precinct in Idaho County; thereby respondent sought to rеcover on his claim, which did not exceed said court’s jurisdictional amount of $100,
Appellant, prior to trial moved the small claims court to permit him to be represented by counsel, contending unconstitutionality of
Appellant duly appealed from the judgment to the district court “on questions of law alonе,”
Appellant by his assignments of error again questions the constitutionаlity of
“No attorney at law or any other person than the plaintiff and defendant shall concern himself or in any manner interfere with the prosecution or defense of such litigation in said department, nor shall it be necessary to summon witnesses, but the plaintiff аnd defendant in any claim shall have the privilege of offering evidence in their behalf, themselves and witnesses appearing at such hearing, and being duly sworn as in other cases, and the justice shall render and enter judgment as in other cases.”
“ * * * If the defendant be dissatisfied he may, within ten days from the entry of said judgment against him, appeal to the district court of the county in which said court is located; and if the final judgment is rendered against him in such district court, then he shall pay, in addition to such judgment, the attorney’s fee to the plaintiff * * *, provided, however, that appeals from such small claims department shall only be allowed in such cases as appeals would be allowed if the action were instituted in the justice’s courts as is now provided.”
We shall refer to certain sections of the statute relating to appeals from the justices’ courts, to which the above section of the statute refers.
“ * * * The notice [appeal] must state whether the appeal is taken from the whole or a part of the judgment, * * * and whether the appeal is taken on questions of law or fact, or both.”
And
“When a party appeals to the district court on questions of fact, or on questions of both law and fact, * * * the action must be tried anew in the district court.”
In determining the constitutionality of a legislative enactment fundamental *456 principles must be duly considered and rigidly observed. Noble v. Bragaw, 12 Idaho 265, 85 P. 903; Rich v. Williams, 81 Idaho 311, 341 P.2d 432.
A legislative enactment is presumed to be constitutional and all reasonable doubt as to its constitutionality must be resolved in favor of its validity. Eberle v. Nielson, 78 Idaho 572, 306 P.2d 1083; Rich v. Williams, 81 Idaho 311, 341 P.2d 432; see also cases therein cited.
The burden of showing the unconstitutionality of a statute rests upon the party asserting it, and invalidity must be clearly shown. Eberle v. Nielson, supra; Rich v. Williams, supra.
It is the duty of the courts to uphold the constitutionality of legislative enactments if such can be accomplished by reasonable construction. Eberle v. Nielson, supra; Rich v. Williams, supra.
“The legislature shall have no power to deprive the judicial department of any power or jurisdiction which rightly pertains to it as a coordinate department of the government; but the lеgislature shall provide a proper system of appeals, and regulate by law, when necessary, the methods of proceeding in the exercise of their powers of all the courts below the Supreme Court, so far as the same may be done without conflict with this Constitution.”
“The elements of the constitutional guaranty of due process in its procedural aspect are notice and an opportunity to be heard or defend before a competent tribunal in an orderly proceeding adapted to the nature of the case.” In re Petriе, 40 Wash.2d 809, 246 P.2d 465, 467; Abrams v. Jones, 35 Idaho 532, 207 P. 724; also the right of representation by counsel, In re Petrie, supra; Arizona State Dept. of Public Welfare v. Barlow, 80 Ariz. 249, 296 P.2d 298; Arnold v. Fort Worth & D. S. P. Ry. Co., Tex.Civ.App., 8 S.W.2d 298; Cooke v. United States, 267 U.S. 517, 45 S.Ct. 390, 69 L.Ed. 767; Powell v. State of Alabama, 287 U.S. 45, 53 S.Ct. 55, 77 L.Ed. 158, 84 A.L.R. 527.
Many American jurisdictions, including Idaho, have established so-called small claims courts, Annotation, 167 A.L.R. 827, thereby to provide speedy hearings of small claims at low cost tо the litigants by nontechnical proceedings and, in some jurisdictions, by eliminating attorney representation of either party litigant in said courts. Leuschen v. Small Claims Court, 191 Cal. 133, 215 P. 391; Flour City Fuel & Transfer Co. v. Young, Minn., 185 N.W. 934; *457 Prudential Ins. Co. of America v. Small Claims Court, 76 Cal.App.2d 379, 173 P.2d 38, 167 A.L.R. 820.
The constitutionality of statutes similar to
This Court, as in the matter of preliminary examinations, has recognized that one accused of an indictable misdemeanor or a felony is not entitled to have an attorney appointed at public expense as a matter of right to represent him at a preliminary examination under, the prоvisions of
This Court has considered administrative board procedure in an instance where “the scope of an appeal was questioned, and in another when no appeal was provided.
In Electors of Big Butte Area v. State Board of Education, 78 Idaho 602, 308 P.2d 225, 230, appellant, board of education, questioned the scope of an appeal from an order of said board, on a petition to detach an area from one school district and join it to another. The board contended that the legislature intended to provide certiorari only, and that the district court could not receive additional evidence nor make independent findings, but was bound by the board’s findings. This Court recognized that in the absence of limitation an appeal, which goes to the merits, is broader in scope than certiorari, which goes only to the regularity of the proceeding; and that tо attach finality to the board’s proceeding would in essence constitute judicial action and hence exercise of judicial powers belonging to the judicial branch of government, prohibited by the Constitution, Art. 2, § 1; that in such a case where the order of the administrative agency is drawn in question before the appellate court, the challenging party must be granted a trial de novo, citing inter alia, Laisne v. State Board of Optometry, 19 Cal.2d 831, 123 P.2d 457; Temescal Water Co. v. Department of Public Works, 44 Cal.2d 90, 280 P.2d 1. This Court, in holding that the district court did not err in construing the statutory provision for appeal as authorizing a trial de novo, said:
*458 “This cоurt has heretofore recognized that wheré either constitutional or vested property rights are involved the judicial department of the government must afford a remedy for the protection of such rights. A party claiming that such a right has been denied or impaired by the action of either’ the legislative or executive agencies of the state, is constitutionally entitled to a judicial inquiry sufficient in scope to afford adequate relief. * * *
‡ ’ ‡ % % j[c ‡
“ * * * administrative decisions cannot be vested with such finality as to deny to the judicial department its power to afford protеction of vested property and constitutional rights. * * *»
State v. Finch, 79 Idaho 275, 315 P.2d 529, 533, held unconstitutional
“ * * * Where constitutionally protected rights of person or property are dependent upon a judicial review of findings of fact made by an administrative tribunal, that review must be had in a court having the facilities as well as the authority to re-exаmine the facts and make its own findings, when necessary to the preservation of such rights.”
The Big Butte Area case cites a wealth of authorities, decided by this court, in support of the proposition that the legislature may clothe -administrative boards with quasi-judicial power, provided, “that the statutes conferring such power also provided for an adequate judicial review,” [78 Idaho 602, 308 P.2d 230]
The Act relating to the small claims department of justices’ courts, I.C. Title 1, c. 15, although prohibiting representation of either party litigant by an attorney, recognizes that such right exists on appeal and trial de novo of the case in the district court, by virtue of the right accorded the plaintiff-respondent, if successful on the appeal, to recover an attorney’s fee.
The identical question now before this court was raised and decided in the leading case of Prudential Ins. Co. of America v. Small Claims Court, 76 Cal. App.2d 379, 173 P.2d 38, 39, 167 A.L.R. 820.
*459
■California’s Code of Civ.Proc. § 117g, identical in import to
“No attorney at law or other person than the plaintiff and defendant shall take any part in the filing or the prosecution or defense of such litigation in the small claims court.”
There, as here, the question presented was whether the prohibition against the appearance of lawyers rendered sec. 117g unconstitutional, particularly in the light of
” * * * There can be little doubt but that in both civil and criminal cases the right to a hearing includes the right to appear by counsel, and that the arbitrary refusal of such right constitutes a deprivation of due process. [Citations.] But that does not mean that the legislature cannot create a Small Claims Court where informal hearings may be held without the assistance of counsel, as long as the right to appear by counsel is guaranteed in a real sense somewhere in the proceeding. It is obvious that the plaintiff cannot object, although he has no right of appeal because he has elected to commence the action in the Small Claims Court. If he desires an attorney he can sue, even on these small claims, in the Justices or Munici- ■ pal Courts. The defendant has nо legal cause for complaint because if he is dissatisfied with the judgment of the Small Claims Court he has a right of appeal to the Superior Court where he is entitled to a trial de novo. Los Angeles Bond [& Securities] Co. v. Superior Court, 1 Cal.App.2d 634, 37 P.2d 159. In that court he and the plaintiff can, of course, appear by counsel. This satisfies the due process requirement.
“That this is sound constitutiоnal doctrine has been established by the United States Supreme Court in connection with the deprivation of a jury trial in small claims or conciliation courts. The leading case is Capital Traction Co. v. Hof, 174 U.S. 1, 19 S.Ct. 580, 43 L.Ed. 873, involving a federal statute relating to the duties of the justices of the peace in the District of Columbia. It was there held that the right to a common-law jury trial as guaranteed by the seventh amendment to the United States Constitution was not violated by a statutory provision allowing the primary trial of civil cases of moderate amount by a justice of the peacе with or without a non-common-law jury, where the statute also allowed the parties the *460 right to appeal to a court of record where a common-law jury could be had.
“The same result was reached by the Supreme Court of Minnesota in Flour City Fuel & Transfer Co. v. Young, 150 Minn. 452, 185 N.W. 934; in upholding the constitutionality of thе statute of that state creating the conciliation and small debtor’s court, in which juries were barred. It was there held that ‘The constitutional guaranty is satisfied if a party is afforded a jury trial on appeal though not in the tribunal of primary jurisdiction’ citing the Hof and other cases. * * 4^
“The reasoning of these cases is clearly applicable here. Certainly the. constitutional guaranty of a jury trial is as important as the constitutional right to appear and prosecute or defend by counsel. If the one constitutional right is not violated as long as a jury trial may be had upon appeal, the right to an appeal where a trial de novo with counsel may be had satisfies the other constitutional requirement.” [76 Cal.App.2d 379, 173 F.2d 39.] [Emphasis supplied.]
There is no merit in appellant’s assignments of error. A plaintiff in the small claims court, by knowingly commencing his action therein cannot thereаfter object to the denial of counsel; and a defendant (as was appellant) may avail himself of the right to appeal to the district court and a trial de novo with assistance of counsel therein. Such satisfies the due process requirement.
We therefore hold that
The judgment is affirmed. Costs to respondent.
PORTER, C. J., and TAYLOR, KNUDSON and McQUADE, JJ., concur.