340 F. Supp. 1311 | D. Mass. | 1972
MEMORANDUM OF DECISION
Petitioner, Javan Foster, is before the Court on his motion to vacate sentence under 28 U.S.C. § 2255.
Petitioner was sentenced by the trial judge on March 6, 1970, to a mandatory minimum term of imprisonment of five years. Execution of the sentence was stayed pending appeal.
On June 8, 1970, during the pendency of his appeal, the petitioner, then imprisoned for reasons explained later, sent a letter to the trial judge requesting a reduction in sentence. The trial judge, unable to entertain such a request until consummation of the appeal, received another letter from petitioner on September 5, 1970, again requesting a reduction in sentence and stating that petitioner’s attorney had failed to help him. The petitioner’s appeal having been dismissed, the trial judge treated the second letter as a motion to vacate sentence under 28 U.S.C. § 2255 based upon two grounds: (1) ineffective assistance of counsel at trial due to want of impartial, and disinterested advice; (2) deprivation of right of appeal through failure of counsel to prosecute same. Petitioner urges that he is entitled to a new trial or, in the alternative, to a renewal of his appeal from the conviction.
On December 29 and 30, 1971, this Court held an evidentiary hearing at which petitioner and his former attorney appeared and testified. Petitioner was represented by counsel appointed by this Court. The decision which follows is based upon the evidence received at the hearing, documentary and testimonial,
INEFFECTIVE ASSISTANCE OF COUNSEL
At the outset of the hearing the petitioner requested the Court to rule that, as a matter of law, one attorney may represent two or more co-defendants only if the trial judge, prior to trial, first, advises co-defendants of the possibility that a joint defense may result in conflicts of interest and, second, makes the affirmative determination that co-defendants have intelligently elected to be represented by the same attorney and that their decision was not dictated by indigence or unawareness of the availability of court-appointed counsel.
Preliminarily, it should be noted that petitioner need not delineate the precise manner in which he was prejudiced by joint representation. As the Supreme Court stated in Glasser v. United States, supra., at 75-76, 62 S.Ct. at 467
“[t]o determine the precise degree of prejudice sustained by Glasser as a result of the court’s appointment of [the same attorney for his co-defendant] is at once difficult and unnecessary. The right to have the assistance of counsel is too fundamental and absolute to allow courts to indulge in nice calculations as to the amount of prejudice arising from its denial.”5
Mindful of the necessity that petitioner’s fundamental right to effective assistance of counsel be jealously guarded, the Court has conducted a thorough review of the transcript of the trial in search of indications of any conflicting interest between co-defendants Foster and Harris. Essential to an understanding of the contentions of the parties, and of the Court’s ruling, is a summary of the evidence adduced at trial pertaining to the events of July 18,1969, out of which the petitioner’s conviction grew.
At trial the Government sought to prove that Foster and co-defendant Harris engaged in the sale of heroin to an undercover agent of the Bureau of Narcotics and Dangerous Drugs, one Harvey Wheeler, on July 18, 1969. The Government’s principal witness was Agent Wheeler, who testified that on that date he met Foster and Harris at 39 Chase Street, Methuen, Massachusetts, the street address of both defendants, and informed Harris that he would be interested in purchasing ten bags of heroin.
Three other witnesses testified for the Government, all employees of the Bureau of Narcotics and Dangerous Drugs.
The defense produced two witnesses, the defendants themselves. Defendant Foster testified that on July 18, 1969, he returned home from work at noon for lunch.
On cross-examination, Foster testified that no mention of money had been made at the noon-hour meeting of Harris, Foster, and Rodrigues, and that he did not expect Greer to hand him any money for the package.
Defendant Harris testified that Chris Cruise (Rodrigues) did ask him to give something to Mel during a noon-hour conversation at 39 Chase Street, although he was uncertain of the exact date. Harris added, gratuitously, that Rodrigues made his request “in the presence of Mr. Foster.”
Petitioner contends that a conflict between his interest and that of Harris rendered single defense counsel unable to effectively represent both de
A scrupulous review of the transcript of the trial fails to disclose any such conflict as alleged by petitioner. Although petitioner certainly “suggests” a conflict,
Specifically, petitioner claims that “Harris attempted to shift guilt on to his co-defendant and in fact successfully did so.”
Petitioner next indicates an apparent conflict in the testimony of Harris and Foster. Harris testified that he refused to take the package from Rodrigues for delivery to Greer, “having an idea what the package was.”
Petitioner finally speculates that, through more rigorous cross-examination of Agent Wheeler and the agent who observed the transaction of July 18, as well as of Harris, “it perhaps could have been possible to establish Harris as the organizer of the sale, with Foster’s role only as agent, receiving no money for his role.”
Nor does a review of the entire record reveal any indicia of conflicting interests beyond those to which petitioner makes specific, but unavailing, reference.
Accordingly, petitioner’s motion to vacate sentence because of ineffective assistance of counsel at trial is denied.
In the alternative, petitioner seeks renewal of his right of appeal from the conviction. Petitioner contends that his attorney failed to prosecute the appeal after filing a notice of appeal with the District Court. The factual background of this claim follows.
Petitioner was found guilty by a jury on February 18, 1970. Sentence was pronounced on March 6, 1970, and execution stayed pending appeal. Although the trial judge found that an appeal would not be frivolous, a review of the transcript of the disposition reveals that he neglected to inform petitioner of his right to apply for leave to appeal in forma pauperis if unable to pay the cost of an appeal, as required by Rule 32(a) (2) of the Federal Rules of Criminal Procedure.
By letter dated March 16, 1970,
At the hearing, petitioner testified that he sought to borrow $500 to cover the cost of a transcript, but was unsuccessful in his efforts. Petitioner further
testified that he thought the appeal would continue with or without a transcript of his trial, and that at no time did his attorney advise him of the possibility of proceeding in forma pauperis.
By letter dated May 4, 1970,
Petitioner’s attorney testified that in the course of a telephone conversation initiated by petitioner while in the custody of the United States Marshal, on or about May 12, 1970, he informed petitioner that he was no longer acting as his attorney. He further testified that his last act as petitioner’s counsel was the filing of the aforementioned motion for an extension of time, granted by the Court of Appeals on May 7, 1970. Petitioner testified that after imprisonment he wrote a letter to his attorney requesting assistance, but received no reply.
By letter of June 8, 1970, addressed to the trial judge, petitioner requested that
On July 1,1970, the Government moved to dismiss the appeal for lack of prosecution. No opposition was filed. On July 8,1970, the Court of Appeals granted the Government’s motion.
By letter dated July 14, 1970, petitioner’s attorney requested the Clerk of the Court of Appeals to withdraw his appearance in the appeal of Javan Foster.
On September 5, 1970, the trial judge received another letter from petitioner, again requesting a reduction in sentence and stating that he had written “to my lawyer or at least he was my lawyer, but haven't recieved [sic] an answer. That was six weeks ago. I presume he has dropped me. Their [sic] is no other way but to try myself.”
Petitioner’s primary contention is that his counsel effectively abandoned the appeal during its pendency before the Court of Appeals without securing the required consent of that court to his withdrawal from the ease.
The Government, conceding the fundamental nature of the appeal rights which Fed.R.Crim.P. 32(a) (2) is intended to ensure,
“ [p] etitioner’s complaint arises from the fact that counsel then withdrew, after the appeal was perfected and this court had assumed jurisdiction. Withdrawal should not have been permitted until new counsel had appeared or been court appointed, or defendant had affirmatively waived counsel. Leaving petitioner without counsel was contrary to our present positive rule. Local Rule 12(b). In fact subsequent counsel never did appear and the appeal was eventually dismissed for lack of prosecution.” 435 F.2d at 843.
The Government contends that, in the present case, it has sustained its burden of showing that dismissal of petitioner’s appeal was not due to lack of notice of his appeal rights. The petitioner, according to the Government, has failed to sustain his burden of showing that he was in fact indigent during the appeal period, and therefore was harmed by the trial judge’s failure to comply with Rule 32(a) (2).
The Court finds it unnecessary to pass upon either the petitioner’s post-conviction financial condition or the sufficiency of the Government’s showing on the issue of causation. The Court finds that petitioner’s counsel did abandon the appeal on or about May 12, 1970, leaving the petitioner without the assistance of counsel on appeal, as a direct result of which petitioner’s appeal was dismissed for want of diligent prosecution on July 8, 1970, by the Court of Appeals. The Court further finds that the petitioner did not affirmatively waive counsel at any time during the course of his appeal. What the Government characterizes as the attorney’s “de facto” withdrawal from the case during the pendency of the appeal not only violated Local Rule 12(b) of the Court of Appeals,
Accordingly, the Court recommends
. United States v. Matthew Harris and Javan Foster, Cr. No. 69-224-M. Both statutes were repealed by Pub.L. 91-513, Title III, § 1101(b) (3) (A), Oct. 27, 1970, 84 Stat. 1292.
26 U.S.C. § 4704(a) read: “It shall be unlawful for any person to purchase, sell, dispense, or distribute narcotic drugs except in the original stamped package or from the original stamped package; and the absence of appropriate taxpaid stamps from narcotic drugs shall be prima facie evidence of a violation of this subsection by the person in whose possession the same may be found.”
26 U.S.C. § 4705(a) read: “It shall be unlawful for any person to sell, barter, exchange, or give away narcotic drugs except in pursuance of a written order of the person to whom such article is sold, bartered, exchanged, or given, on a form to be issued in blank for that purpose by the Secretary or his delegate.”
. By agreement of the parties, the Court took judicial notice of the trial and appellate records of Foster’s criminal case.
. There is no evidence that the trial judge took these pre-trial precautions in the case of United States v. Harris and Foster, Cr. No. 69-224-M.
. But see United States v. Bentheim, 456 F.2d 165, at 167 (1st Cir., March 1, 1972,) citing Bottiglio v. United States, 431 F.2d 930 (1st Cir., 1970).
. Concededly, counsel was court-appointed in Glasser. In the present case, counsel was retained by co-defendants after having been recommended by a then United States Commissioner. However, “the right to effective assistance of counsel without conflict of interest is not necessarily waived because a defendant chooses to be represented by the attorney for his co-defendant. . . . [If a conflict of interest is shown] it is immaterial whether such counsel was appointed by the court or selected by the accused in the absence of facts constituting a waiver of right.” Larry Buffalo Chief v. State of South Dakota, 425 F.2d 271, 279 (8th Cir., 1970). See also Campbell v. United States, supra; Porter v. United States, 298 F.2d 461 (5th Cir. 1962) and cases cited therein; Craig v. United States, 217 F.2d 355 (6th Cir., 1954).
. Transcript, at 20.
. Id., at 21.
. Id., at 22.
. Mel Greer did not testify at the trial, and the judge instructed the jury as to the possibility of drawing inferences from the failure of either side to produce Mel Greer as a witness. Transcript, at 173-175, 188-189.
. Transcript, at 126.
. Id., at 127.
. Ibid.
. Id., at 129.
. Id., at 136.
. Id., at 140.
. Id., at 152.
. Id., at 153.
. Ibid.
. Id., at 162.
. See Rolon Marxuach v. United States, supra.
. Petitioner’s Pre-Hearing Memorandum of Law, at 11.
. Transcript, at 153-154.
. Petitioner’s Pre-Hearing Memorandum of Law, at 12.
. Transcript, at 130.
. Id., at 153.
. Id., at 127.
. Id., at 134, 152.
. Petitioner’s Pre-Hearing Memorandum of Law, at 16.
. The necessity of strict compliance with Rule 32(a) (2) is italicized in United States v. Bentliei[m], 434 F.2d 1031 (1st Cir., 1970).
. Respondent’s Exh. E.
. Respondent’s Exh. A.
. Respondent’s Exh. A.
. Respondent’s Exh. G.
. The Court heard evidence on petitioner’s financial condition at the time of his conviction. Petitioner's net weekly salary was $100; he had no other assets; his rent was $20 per week; and his weekly bills, including food, furniture, pots and pans, amounted to $50-$55. His wife was not working. After revocation of petitioner’s stay of execution and incarceration, infra, and while his appeal was still viable, petitioner had no money.
. Respondent’s Exh. O.
. Respondent’s Exh. H.
. Respondent’s Exh. I.
. Respondent’s Exh. J.
. Petitioner’s Exh. 2.
. Respondent’s Exh. K.
. See Johnson v. Norton, 435 F.2d 842 (1st Cir., 1970).
. Local Rule 12(b).
. See Coppedge v. United States, 369 U.S. 438, 82 S.Ct. 917, 8 L.Ed.2d 21 (1962) ; Rodriguez v. United States, 395 U.S. 327, 89 S.Ct. 1715, 23 L.Ed.2d 340 (1969).
. The Government, in comparing the present facts with those in Johnson, concedes that “[h]ere, retained counsel withdrew from the case de facto without seeking permission from the court to do so. In both instances, defendant was left without counsel on appeal.” Government’s Memorandum in Opposition to Petitioner’s Motion to Vacate Sentence, at 3.
. Cf. Local Rule 7 (c) [d] of the District Court, which provides:
“Withdrawal of appearance. An attorney may withdraw from a case by serving notice of his withdrawal on his client and all other parties and filing the notice, provided that (1) such notice is accompanied by notice of the appearance of other counsel, (2) there are no motions pending before the court, and (3) no trial date has been set. Unless these conditions are met, an attorney may withdraw from a case only by leave of court.”
. The Court is dubious of its authority to issue an order compelling reinstatement of an appeal which has been dismissed by the Court of Appeals. This is not a case, like United States v. Bentheim, supra, in which no notice of appeal was filed within the ten-day period prescribed by Fed.R.App.P. 4.