This is a suit for malicious attachment. The complaint alleges in substance, that the firm of Pitts & • Zeiler, merchants, owed the firm of J. Poster & Company the sum of $613.85, and that J. Poster & Company and Ed. Mathes, their attorney, maliciously and without probable cause had suit brought, and an attachment sued out and levied, upon the property of Pitts & Zeiler, which was dismissed, and terminated in their favor. They allege and pray for damages in the sum of $5,000 as follows: $1,000 for loss of business, $3,000 for injury to credit, $200 for expense of defending the suit, and $800 punitive. The answer denied all the matеrial allegations of the complaint. The trial resulted in a general verdict for $3,000, and judgment accordingly, against all of the appellants.
Pitts & Zeiler, a firm of merchants at Webb City, in Franklin county, owed the firm of J. Poster & Company, jobbers, composed of Poster, Berry and Clarkson, the sum of about $600, about $400 of which was due the 1st of January, 1894. Poster sent the claim of his firm to Pd. Mathes, an attorney at law, living at Ozark, in Franklin county, a short distance from Webb City. Poster’s instructions to Mathеs were : “In case of any danger protect us.” On the 1st of January, 1894, Mathes, without the knowledge of Foster & Company, ■brought suit, and had an attachment issued and levied upon a stock of merchandise of Pitts & Zeiler. Three days thereаfter, Poster had Mathes to dismiss the suit, at Poster’s cost.
Upon the questions of malice and want of probable cause, we would not disturb the verdict of the jury upon the evidence as to Mathes, and it is unnecessaay to set it all out as it affects him. Such of it as may be pertinent in passing upon the law will be recited.
1. “Malice” and the “lack of probable cause” are not convertible terms. Neither follows as a legal presumption from the other. The jury may infer malice, as a fact, from proof of want of probable cause; but they cannot infer a-lack of probable cause from proof of malice. Both must be proved. Honesty of purpose рrecludes malice. Malice is any improper or sinister motive for instituting the suit. It need not spring from any spirit of malevolence, nor be prompted by any malignant passion. Lemay v. Williams,
Many authorities hold that probable cause is a reasonable ground of suspicion, supported by circumstances sufficiently strong in themselves to warrant a cautious person in the belief that there were grounds for the аttachment. Davie v. Wisher,
The distinction may be more metaphysical than real. But we approve the latter rule. Under it, one, when sued for malicious attachment, could not say: “True,-when I sued out the attachment, I had no knowledge of facts which would make a сautious person believe that the attachment would be sustained, and I did not so believe, but since that time facts have come to my knowledge which, had they then been known by me, would have justified such belief. Therefore there was probable cause.” Spengler v. Davy, supra. In ■civil actions no public interest is involved. “The plaintiff has the means of knowing personally, or being well advised” of the facts (Sexton v. Brock,
2- The court, in the latter part of its fourteenth instruction, told the jury that “if J. Foster & Company, previous to the bringing of the attachment suit, left their accounts with F. H. Mathes, as their attorney, with authority to bring an attachment suit against Pitts ■& Zeiler, without first themselves being informed of the ground thereof, and Mathes thereafter brought the attachment suit maliciously and without probable cause, both Mathes and J. Foster & Company are liable.” When an agent of an individual acts maliciously, he is presumed to act without authority; and, while the agent is liable, the principal is not, for punitive damages, unless it appear that he aided, adopted, or ratified the malicious act of the agent with full knowledge of thе facts. Kirksey v. Jones,
Mathes was acting- within the scope of his authority as an attorney at law (Kirksey v. Jones, supra), and of the authority given him expressly by hi's principals — to “protect1 in case of trouble” — when he sued out the attachment, although by so doing, “if there was no danger,” he was abusing his authority by going contrary to instructions. Therefore, his principals are liable to appellees for any actual damages g'rowing out of the attachment. Railwаy Co. v. Hackett,
3. The court’s seventh instruction was as follows : “The measure of damages in this case, if the jury find for plaintiffs, is that they are entitled to recover for injury to the goods, * * * and- for all expеnses to which they have been subjected by reason of the attachment, and also such further sum as in the judgment of the jury plaintiffs are entitled' to as vindictive or exemplary damages * * * But plaintiffs are not entitled to exemplary damages unless they sustained actual damages. And by actual damages is meant injury to plaintiff's goods; * * * * or were subjected to expenses in loss of time or pay ment of money in preparing their defense to the attachment suit. But if any one of these elements of actual damages occurs, then vindictive damages may also be allowed, if the jury think the plaintiffs are entitled thereto from the evidence.” The instruction should have limited the damages, in case of recovery, to the various elements thereof in proof, and to amounts justified by the evidence, and within the sums claimed for each element or item of damage alleged. It does not do this. The elements of “injury to рlaintiff’s goods, and loss of time in defending attachment suit,” which it introduces, are foreign to the proof. Yet the instruction assumes the existence of these elements of damage, and requires the jury to consider them, if they find for plaintiffs. Any vеrdict as to these would be abstract, and the amount of damage therefore discretionary and speculative. Railway Co. v. Barry,
4. The true test, in determining whether an attachment debtor, who has shipped property out of the state, has enough left to satisfy the claims of his creditors is to ascertain whether the property remaining at the time of the attachment, at its fair market value, is sufficient. Nesbit v. Schwab Clothing Co.,
5. The twentieth instruction, if it was intended, as stated by the trial court, to apply only to the “general question of solvency, affecting the plaintiffs’ right to make a voluntary conveyance of their property,” was abstract, аnd calculated to mislead, for the right of plaintiffs to make a voluntary conveyance was not in issue, and there was no proof upon the subject. And it was not incumbent upon appellants to show that appelleеs were insolvent at the time of the attachment, in order to make good their defense. But one of the attorneys for appellants was permitted to construe the instruction to mean that appel-lees (plaintiffs) must hаve enough property in this state out of which all their creditors could make all their debts at the time of the attachment before they were legally solvent. When the attorney read the instruction, and put the above construction upon it, he told the jury that the court would correct him if he was-not correct, and the court did not correct him. In view of this state of the record, we do not see that appellants were prejudiced by the instruction, or the court’s refusal to amend same.
6. The court’s charge, except as herein indicated, was correct. The ruling of the court was correct as to the confidential communication set up in the seventh and еight grounds of motion for new trial.
As there must be a new trial, it is unnecessary to discuss the question of alleged improper conduct and remarks of counsel in their arguments to the jury. The law upon this subject has been often announced. Union Compress Company v. Wolf, ante, p. 174, and cases cited.
Por the errors indicated, reversed and remanded for new trial.