Foster v. Holder (In re Foster)Foster v. Holder (In re Foster)
MEMORANDUM OPINION and ORDER
Thе ultimate issue in this appeal by Debtor, Regina Nachael Howell Foster, is whether the bankruptcy court’s denial of her motion to convert her Chapter 7 case
I.
Background
Debtor filed her Chapter 7 voluntary petition on July 2, 2012. Appellеe, Areya Holder, was designated as the Chapter 7 Trustee. On October 28, 2014, Debtor filed her motion for conversion of Chapter 7 to Chapter 11 pursuant to 11 U.S.C. § 706(a). R. at 33.
The bankruptcy court held an evidentia-ry hearing on the motion on December 15, 2014. R. at 92. The record on appeal does not contain a transcript of the evidence adduced at the hearing. However, it does contain a transcript-excerpt of findings and conclusions of the bankruptcy court that led to the bankruptcy court’s order denying the motion. R. at 1940-48. The bankruptcy judge concluded, apparently with the assent of Debtor аnd Trustee, “that the Marrama case
(1) Debtor filed a Chapter 7 case in a successful attempt to prevent foreclosure under the mortgage on her homestead property. R. at 1941.
(2) Her desire to convert the case to Chapter 11, so far as the bankruptcy court could tell, was not to pay any of the unsecured creditors listed on her schedule of unsecured creditors or to pay her undischargeable school debt, but was “for the purpose of essentially paying the mortgage obligation and perhaps other living expenses.” R. at 1941.
(3) Debtor had taken inconsistent positions during the pendency of her bank-' ruptcy case relative to the status of certain property, R. 1941-1942; and, the arguments she had made from time to time did not seem to be arguments that would be made in the capacity of а Chapter 11 Debtor who owes a fiduciary duty to all creditor constituencies wanting to come serve all those constituencies. R. at 1943. Rather, the positions taken by Debtor seem “to be an argument in favor of ensuring that all those constituencies are excluded from any recovery and making sure' that anything that could arguably be considered to be an asset of the estate is marshaled towards paying off the mortgage and Debtor’s living expenses.” Id.,
(4) In her Chapter 7 case, Debtor “filed a proof of сlaim for her children in which she ... accused herself of a breach of fiduciary duty, which today onthe stand she admitted that she committed” and “[s]he acknowledges that the claim that her children have against the estate is a good claim, and presumably is one that would be paid in a Chapter 11 case.” R. at 1943-44.
(5) Debtor has no ability to fund a plan, and “she has no real incentive to be objective when it comes to paying claims other than the claims of the homestead and the claims that are asserted by her children.” R. at 1944. That did not sound to the bankruptcy judge “like the actions of a person who wants to be placed in a fiduciary position to represent the best interests of the estate at large.” Id.
(6) Debtor “can’t purport to go into a Chapter 11 and say that her interests come first and that all the other creditors are just going to have to be set aside” because “[t]hat’s just not consistent with the fiduciary duties that are imposed upon a debtor in possession.” R. at 1944-45.
(7) If a Chapter 11 Trustee were to be appоinted, the work for that Trustee would duplicate what the Chapter 7 Trustee already has accomplished. R. 1945. The expense that would be involved in a conversion to Chapter 11 could be incredibly burdensome. Id.
(8) The notion that a Chapter 11 Trustee could sоlve all of the ills of this particular case is misguided. Id.
(9) If there was a Chapter il Trustee, he would see things exactly the same way the Chapter 7 Trustee has seen them and would propose the same motions and compromises, with the result that “we would have gоne through all of this for no additional reason, and [Debt- or] would find herself in exactly the same position that she finds herself in right now — that is, fighting that trustee instead of this trustee.” R. at 1945-46.
(10) “[Tjhis is the atypical case.” R. at 1946.
(11) With respect to approval of the plan that would be proposed if there were a conversion to Chapter 11, the bankruptcy judge said:
Just as in Chapter 13, under Section 1129, in order to confirm a plan, the Debtor would have to prove at least two things. Number one, that the plan was proposed in good faith. Given all that I’ve said, I don’t know how I could find that the plan was proposed in good faith, the plan that the Debtor mentions. And the Court would have to find that the plan is feasible. I have no way of finding — there’s no way, based upon this record, that I could ever determine that that plan was feasible.
Id.
(12) Givеn all that has happened in the Chapter 7 case, “all of these constant maneuvers on the part of the Debtor do suggest that there’s been an abuse of process in this Court.” Id. The court provided a summary of some of the things that he referred to as the things that have happened “in this particular case.” R. at 1946-47.
(13) The Debtor has used bankruptcy for improper purposes. R. at 1947.
For the reasons the bankruptcy judge put of record, he denied the motion to convert the case to Chapter 11. Id. On Dеcember 23, 2014, the bankruptcy court issued its order denying Debtor’s motion for conversion. R. at 3. This appeal was taken from that ruling.
II.
Analysis
The bankruptcy court’s conclusions of law are to be reviewed de novo, its findings of fact are to be reviewed for clear' error, аnd mixed questions of fact and law
At the outset, the court is considering the contention urged by Debtor in her brief that the statements of the Supreme Court in Marrama upon which the bankruptcy court relied as the controlling authority are, in fact, not the controlling authority. The language in Marrama on which the bankruptcy court relied was the following:
We have no occasion here to articulate with precision what conduct qualifies as “bad faith” sufficient to permit a bankruptcy judge to dismiss a Chapter 13 case or to deny conversion from Chapter 7. It suffices to emphasize that thе debt- or’s conduct must, in fact, be atypical. Limiting dismissal or denial of conversion to extraordinary cases is particularly appropriate in light of the fact that lack of good faith in proposing a Chapter 13 plan is an express statutory ground fоr denying plan confirmation
Title 11 U.S.C. § 105(a) provides: “The court may issue any order, process, or judgment that is necessary or appropriate to carry out the provisions of this title. No provision of this title providing for the raising of an issue by a party in interest shаll be construed to preclude the court from, sua sponte, taking any action or making any determination necessary or appropriate to enforce or implement court orders or rules, or to prevent an abuse of process.”
Marrama v. Citizens Bank of Mass.,
Though Debtor’s seattergun approach in her appellate brief tends to obscure the true issues on appeal, the court is satisfied that the true issue, and the only one deserving consideration and discussion, is her contention that the decision of the Supreme Court in Law v. Siegel, — U.S. —,
True, the Court in Marrama also opined that the Bankruptcy Court’s refusal to convert the case was authorized under § 105(a) and might have been authorized under the court’s inherent powers. Id. at 375-376,127 S.Ct. 1105 . But even that dictum does not support Siegel’s position. In Marrama, the Cоurt reasoned that if the case had been converted to Chapter .13, § 1307(c) would have required it to be either dismissed or reconverted to Chapter 7 in light of the debtor’s bad faith. Therefore, the Court suggested, even if the Bankruptcy Court’s refusal to convert thе case had not been expressly authorized by § 706(d), that action could have been justified as a way of providing a “prompt, rather than a delayed, ruling on [the debtor’s] unmeritorious attempt to qualify” under § 1307(c). Id., at 376,127 S.Ct. 1105 . At most, Marrama’s dictum suggests that in some circumstances a bankruptcy court may be authorized to dispense with futile procedural niceties in order to reach more expeditiously. an end result required by the Code. Marrama most certainly did not endorse, even in dictum, the view that equitable considerations permit abankruptcy court to contravene express provisions of the Code.
But that restrictive language does not affect the bankruptcy court’s denial of Debtor’s motion. In Law, the Court explained that the question in Marrama “was whether a debtor’s bad-faith conduct was a valid basis for a bankruptcy court to refuse to convert the debtor’s bankruptcy from a liquidation under Chapter 7 to a reorganization under Chapter 13,” id.; and, the Court went on to say that although 11 U.S.C. § 706(a) gave the debtor a right to convert the case, § 706(d) expressly conditioned that right on the debt- or’s ability to qualify as a debtor under Chapter 13. Id. In the Law opinion, the Court explained that in Marram a “the Court held that the debtor’s bаd faith could stop him from qualifying as a debtor under Chapter 13, thus preventing him from satisfying § 706(d)’s express condition on conversion.”
In the instant action, the bankruptcy court’s decision was consistent with the rulings and statements made in Law. Here, the bankruptcy court denied a conversion that would have been futile under thе circumstances. This essentially is the meaning the Fifth Circuit gave to Marra-ma in In Re Jacobsen,
By denying the conversion sought by Debtor, the bankruptcy court dispensed “with futile procedural niceties in order to reach more expeditiously an end result required by the Code.” Law,
The wording of Debtor’s appellate brief is such that the court cannot be certain whether Debtor is maintaining thаt the findings and conclusions of the bankruptcy judge put on the record at the end of the December 15, 2014 hearing lack support in the evidence developed at the hearing. If Debtor is taking that position, she cannot succeed because she did nоt cause a transcript of the evidence received at the hearing to be made a part of the record on appeal. In In Re Solomon, Nos. 96-11201, 96-11528, 96-11529,
Having concluded that Dеbtor has failed to demonstrate that the denial of her motion for conversion was beyond the power of the bankruptcy court, the court is affirming the bankruptcy court’s order of denial.
III.
Order
Consistent with the foregoing,
The court ORDERS that the bankruptcy court’s order of December 23, 2014, denying Debtor’s motion for conversion be, and is hereby, affirmed.
Notes
. The "R. at-" references are to the page or pages in the eighteen-volume record on appeal that appears as item 14, with a filing date of February 20, 2015, on the district clerk’s doсket for the instant action on appeal.
. Marrama v. Citizens Bank of Mass.,
. 11 U.S.C. § 706(a) and (d) read as follows: § 706. Conversion
(a) The debtor may convert a case under this chapter to a case under chapter 11, 12, or 13 of this title at any time, if the case has not been converted undеr section 1112, 1208, or 1307 of this title. Any waiver of the right to convert a case under this subsection is unenforceable.
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(d) Notwithstanding any other provision of this section, a case may not be converted to a case under another chapter of this title unless the dеbtor may be a debtor under such chapter.
. The court recognizes that In Re Solomon was an unpublished decision of the Fifth Circuit; however, it is mentioned in this opinion because it is instructive as to the position the Fifth Circuit takes on the absence in the record on appeal of a transcript of a hearing.