188 Wis. 594 | Wis. | 1926
The respondents contend that this court should not review the evidence in the case for the reason that the appellant failed to file any exception to the findings of fact in the court below. This court has so held many times, but since these decisions ch. 286, Laws of 1925, was passed, amending sec. 2869, now sec. 270.39, Stats. 1925, the essential part of which reads as follows:
“It shall not be necessary to except to errors in the charge to the jury or to the findings of fact and conclusions of law made by-the court or to the judge’s refusal to charge the jury as requested, but the same shall be reviewed by the appellate court without exception; provided, that no finding of fact and conclusions of law or charge to the jury shall be subject to review which was expressly requested by the party seeking the review.”
This section is cbnstrued as providing for review in this case without exceptions being filed.
The general principles of law applicable to the consideration of the will in this case have been very definitely expressed by this court. The test as to mental capacity to make a will was considered in Butler’s Will, 110 Wis. 70, 85 N. W. 678, where it is said:
“The test is not whether the testator did the best or the wisest or the theoretically just thing in his will; but, Did he have sufficient active memory to collect in his mind and comprehend, without prompting, the condition of his property, his relations to his children and other persons who might properly be his beneficiaries, and the scope and bearing of his will, and to hold these things in his mind a sufficient length of time to perceive their obvious relations to each other, and be able to form some rational judgment in relation to them?”
“It is elementary that the right to make a will and to have it carried into effect is one of the most important and fundamental rights attaching to any individual. It is also elementary that in order to set aside a will, either on the ground of lack of mental capacity or the presence of undue influence, the evidence showing the lack of one and the exercise of the other must be clear and satisfactory. It cannot rest upon a mere preponderance of evidence in favor of the invalidity of the will. The proof must be clear, convincing, and satisfactory, and especially as to the exercise of undue influence, for this is a species of fraud and must be proven by clear and satisfactory evidence; and the rule is the same'as to proof of lack of mental capacity.”
With reference to the subject of undue influence, in Will of Lotwin, 186 Wis: 42, 202 N. W. 151, this court, the Chief Justice writing the opinion, said:
“The vital question in every will contest where undue influence is claimed to have been exercised is, Was the will such a one as the testator wanted to make? His reasons for so making it may be good or bad, or -there may be no reasons whatsoever for the making of it. If it is clearly apparent that it was in fact his will, it is immaterial what reasons he had for the making of the will in the manner in which it is made. He is entitled to have his will carried out according to its directions.”
Having these principles in mind, we now come to a consideration of the facts. It appears that Henry Fortner was a Norwegian farmer living in Vernon county for many years. He was married and had ten sons and daughters and numerous-grandchildren. At the time of his death he left surviving him one daughter, Johanna, aged fifty-five, a son, Anton, aged forty-three, and another son, Adolph, aged twenty-eight. Seven sons and daughters had died preceding the death of the testator. The wife of the testator was insane for several years before her death, and died prior
The testator was given to drink and was sometimes intoxicated. During the latter years of his life he bought beer and brought it home, and the two* sons joined him in drinking and sometimes became intoxicated. About eight years before making his will the testator fell from a wagon and injured himself, resulting in a stiff neck and a shuffling gait, which remained with him until his death. On the 15th of May, 1919, he went with his son Adolph to Viroqua. He there met his son-in-law, Chris. Helgeson, to whom he said that he wanted to visit the law office of Proctor & Proctor, and inquired the location of the office. Helgeson took him as far as the office and the testator went in. There he met the senior member of the firm, H. P. Proctor, and wanted his will drawn. Proctor had drawn a prior will for him, which testator wished to have changed. He told Proctor the disposition that he wished made of his property, and the attorney drew his will accordingly. The will was drawn in duplicate. _ The assistant cashier of a bank, A. T. Fortun, was called in by Mr. Proctor to witness the will. He was acquainted with the testator, passed the time of day with him, and then signed the will in duplicate as a witness. Proctor also signed in duplicate as a witness. The
The contestants of the will produced as witnesses C. O. Helgeson, son-in-law; J. E. Strobel, son-in-law; Harold Helgeson, grandson; Henry Fortner, grandson; Mrs. Albert Fortner, daughter-in-law; Minnie Thompson, granddaughter; and Arthur Fortner, grandson, each of whom would profit if the will were disallowed. The evidence of these witnesses, with the exception of C. O. Helgeson, was practically all to the same effect. The witnesses recited the injuries to the testator, his deafness, his habits of life,
C. O. ITelgeson, the husband of Johanna, one of the respondents herein, testified in substance the same as the other witnesses, but in addition he testified that on the day the will was drawn he met the testator in Viroqua and took him to the office of Proctor & Proctor. He did not go into the office with the testator. He said:
“I saw him in Viroqua about the time this will was made. I was putting up my team in the stone barn, and he came out as I was putting up the team and went back with me. Pie had a bottle of whisky with him in his pocket, and he was intoxicated.
“After I had put the team up, he said he had to go to Proctor’s office, and asked if I knew where it was, and I said, T am going that way, and if you will wait a minute I will show you where it is.’ And I left him at the outer door going into Proctor’s office. He was then quite.intoxicated, very much so, and was intoxicated to the extent that, in my judgment, he would be utterly incapable to do any important business. I remained in town for one hour and a half before I saw him again. When I saw him again he was standing at the Hotel Fortney corner, and he was badly intoxicated. I led him to the stone barn and told him to stay there until he got ready to go home. I saw him a few days afterwards, and asked him what his business was at Proctor’s office that day, and he said he had fixed his will. That he had fixed his will over. I told him he should not have fixed any will on that day, and he said that was all right, he had everything fixed. He said he had a list with him that Adolph had made out. I observed all these years his ability to carry on a conversation. He would talk about one thing and then switch onto another.
“I heard his conversation with Adolph as to the making of his will, at two different times; Adolph was not satisfied with the will that was made, or the will the old man was going to make before the first will was made, and he was telling him how he should make his will. Some of the*604 children was dead, and he did not like to have them get what the old man intended to give them. I heard him talk about changing the will already made, three years ago last February. Adolph said that the child of the deceased son, Elmer, was getting too much; that it was outrageous. The old man did not say much.”
When Helgeson inquired of the testator as to his business with Proctor, it is not claimed the testator was drunk, and he then said he had fixed over his will and that it was all right. Other witnesses produced by the contestants, not financially interested in the outcome, were:
(1) John F. Erickson, who had lived within five or eight miles of the testator in his lifetime and knew him well, and frequentfy had conversations with him. He said testator’s health was good before the accident, and afterwards it was somewhat impaired, mentally and physically. It was his opinion that in May, 1919, testator was unable to transact any business. He had not seen testator in May, but had seen him the winter previous. He had seen him twice a year i;i the last ten years.
(2) Lars Lothen, who had known testator for twenty years and had seen him once in a while during that time. He found it difficult to talk to the testator after the accident on account of his hearing. He related an occasion when he visited testator and said to him, ‘TTowdy do?” to which testator replied, “Who are you?” Then testator remembered him. He related some peculiar conduct of the testator on this occasion, — -the putting of a dipper of water on the fire in a stove without apparent reason. He met testator in Viroqua afterwards, and thought he was in failing health, but he had not come in contact with the testator much during the last sever, or eight years of his life. He had not seen him more than once a year during that time. The witness testified:
“Q. At all of these times since the accident some ten or twelve years ago, did you consider from the fact that Mr.*605 Fortner had a stiff neck and walked with a shuffling gait that he was incompetent to transact business? A. No, I did not.
“Q. Would you have been willing to transact business with him during the last five or six years? A. Depends on what the business would be.
“Q. Would you buy a horse or sell a cow, or any business? A. I think small deals I would, but he told me himself he could not cari-y on his business like he used to.”
(3) Flans Johnson, who lived in Viroqua and had known the testator for thirty-eight years. After witness moved from the farm to Viroqua, thirteen years before, he did not see testator until four or five years ago. Fie then noticed that he had undergone a big change. Fie noticed his walk, his neck, and that he looked altogether different than when he left the farm. He was different in his actions, in his talking, and in his mind. He was very short of head, and did not talk like he used to. From his observation and acquaintance with the testator during thirty-eight’ years prior to his death, and the conversations that he had with him from time to time and the changed expression and actions that overcame the man after his injury, and the way he. acted when he met him in the street about six years previous, in his opinion testator would not be competent or capable of making a will in May," 1919. He did not think testator was capable of doing any important business in Ma}q 1919, though he might do some small business. When he met him he talked to testator awhile. Testator said, “We are getting old, we are soon to leave here, I and more of us.”
(4) Chris. O. Hium, seventy years of age. Noticed a change in the testator about ten years ago, after he was hurt. Noticed his stiff neck and could not get much conversation out of him. His eyes .did not look as clear, and he walked slowly. Fie did not see testator on an average of over once a year. About eight years ago he was at
A Dr. Trowbridge, basing his judgment on a hypothetical question submitted by counsel for respondents, testified that he diagnosed testator’s case as one of chronic insanity. The question submitted, however, somewhat exaggerated the facts as claimed by contestants, and represented only respondents’ contention as to the facts.
This summary does not give the evidence in detail. Space will not permit this. It gives a fair sample of the evidence produced in opposition to the probate of the will.
On the other hand, the attorney who drew the will testified that testator appeared to be sober when he came into the office; that he appeared to be perfectly competent and capable of making a will, and that testator gave him the instructions from which to draw the will. Reference to the will shows that it required intelligence and judgment to give the necessary instructions for drawing it. The will on its face is not unnatural. In the first paragraph he bequeaths the use of his entire property to his wife, who was then insane, so long as she should live. That was a natural and a proper thing to do. Secondly, he gaye to his son Adolph, who was the younger son and who lived with him
It is said that the will was the result of undue influence on the part of Adolph., There is nothing in the evidence to support this claim except the opportunity on the part of Adolph to exercise this influence. It is true that Adolph receives the larger share of the property. There may well have been reasons in the testator’s mind why this should be so. As to this the evidence is silent. But if it be a fact that Adolph exercised undue influence, it would be strange that Elmer, the son who was away, should receive so large a share of the property. Again, it would be strange, if Adolph wished to exercise this influence, that he did not go with his father to the lawyer’s office and be present at the drawing of the will. We think there is no evidence to justify a conclusion of undue influence. It is true that there is some evidence that Adolph said to his father that the former will gave too large a share to Elmer, but this was something he had a right to think and to say, and it does not appear that testator was influenced thereby. Testator left Elmer á goodly proportion of his property, notwithstanding AdolpMs suggestion. The son-in-law, Helge-son, testified that after the will was made he heard Adolph trying to get testator to change the will. Testator did not say much, but it is significant that Adolph's entreaties were of no avail, — testator did not yield — he did not change the will.
On the part of the proponents of the will, A. T. Fortun, assistant cashier of the First National Bank of Viroqua, testified that he had known the testator during his lifetime;
The evidence of the incapacity of the testator to make a will is of the weakest kind. In sum and substance, it is the opinion of the witnesses, not specially qualified to judge, based upon observation. Most of the witnesses who gave this opinion were interested in the outcome, but the facts upon which the witnesses based their opinions do not justify the conclusion that the testator was incompetent. Drinking to excess is a vice, but is not proof of incapacity to do business while the party is sober. One may have a stiff neck
•To sum up: The testator was a prosperous Norwegian farmer, who lived to a ripe old age, conserving his property to the end. His general health seems to have been good till within one year before his death. He was intelligent and read newspapers in both the English and Norwegian languages. He had some idiosyncracies of character quite unimportant as bearing on his competency to make a will. He made a will which was not unnatural and which was plain and intelligible. He kept a duplicate of his will within his reach and observation for about four years after its execution. During that time he frequently did business at two banks in an intelligent manner. He expressed satisfaction with' the will shortly after it was made, when he was sober and competent. • He provided liberally for his son Elmer, notwithstanding the complaint of his son Adolph, who it is
It is very plain to this court that the contestants failed to show, by that clear and satisfactory evidence required under the rules of law, that the testator was mentally incompetent to malee a will at the time when the will was drawn, or that the will was the result of undue influence. Hence the judgment must be reversed.
By the Court. — The judgment of the county court is reversed, with directions to admit the will to probate.