Forrest v. State
81 Tenn. 103
Tenn.
1884
Check Treatment
Cooper, J.,

delivered the opinion of the court.

The prisoner has appealed in error from a judgment of conviction for the crinje of murder in the first degree.

The indictment charges that the prisoner, on the first day of December, 1882, “unlawfully, feloniously, wilfully, deliberately, premeditatedly and maliciously did make an assault upon the body of one David Cruise and Jane Forrest, and they the said David Cruise and Jane Forrest he the said Shin Forrest, then and there did unlawfully, feloniously, wilfully,. *104deliberately, premeditatedly and of bis malice aforethought, kill and murder.” The prisoner went to trial upon the plea of not guilty without making any objection to the indictment. Upon the trial, the testimony showed that Jane Forrest was the mother and David Cruise the grandfather of the prisoner; that they were all living together in the same house; and that the prisoner killed them on the same night by separate blows with an axe helve, they being in different parts of the house in bed. No motion was made during the trial to compel the attorney-general to elect for which offense he would try the prisoner. The verdict of the jury was that “they find the defendant guilty of murder in the first degree as charged in the indictment, with possibly mitigating circumstances.” The defendant moved the court for a new trial and in arrest of judgment. It is now assigned as error that the trial court overruled the motion to arrest the judgment. And the argument is that the indictment was bad for duplicity, and that the prisoner was tried for two offenses.

An indictment of only one count, in the above form, against a defendant for the murder of two persons would be good upon its face, for the murder might have been committed on both in the same degree, by one and the same act: Kannon v. State, 10 Lea, 390. This was the form of the indictment which was held to be good upon its face in Womack v. State, 7 Cold., 508. A demurrer or motion to quash the indictment for duplicity would not lie in such a case. But the defendant, as was decided in that case, so *105soon as the testimony developed the fact that the hilling was by separate acts although on the same occasion, and at any time during the trial, had the right t.o compel the State to elect upon which homicide it would proceed. And if it further appeared from the evidence that the two offenses were of different grades, :and that the joinder of them was prejudicial to the prisoner, the court should set the verdict aside, and üt would be error not to do so: Kannon v. State, 10 Lea, 386. In the case before us, the record leaves no doubt that the two crimes with which the prisoner -stands charged and convicted were of the same grade. If the State chose to pursue the defendant for only one crime instead of for two crimes, it was for the •interest of the defendant to acquiesce. And so he ■and his learned counsel manifestly thought. The question therefore, is, whether after such acquiescence, he is entitled to assign the fact as error.

In England it seems now to be settled that duplicity after verdict is no ground for a writ of error, and there seems to be no authority holding that it can be made the subject of a motion in arrest of judgment: 1 Bish. Cr. Pr., sec. 443. And the great weight of American authority is that the defendant cannot avail himself of the duplicity after verdict: Id. In this State it has been held in one case that’ the objection of duplicity comes too. late after verdict of conviction for a misdemeanor, and cannot be made the subject of a motion in arrest of judgment: State v. Brown, 8 Hum., 89. In another case, it was said that in felonies duplicity might “most probably” be *106taken advantage of by motion in arrest of judgment,, but the point was expressly reserved, not being directly presented: State v. Williams, 10 Hum., 101. In. a later case of felony, where the duplicity appeared on the face of the indictment, the court, after quoting the language used in the case last cited, held that the defendant by going to trial on the indictment “clearly waived all objection to it”: Scruggs v. State,. 7 Baxt., 38. In a still later ease, where the duplicity appeared on the face of the indictment, the motion, in arrest was sustained: Morton v. State, 1 Lea, 498.

In the case now before us the indictment is good upon its face, and therefore the motion in arrest of' judgment is of no avail. That motion reaches only defects on the face of the record, and no others. It does not reach matters appearing only in the evidence-on the trial: 1 Bish. Cr. Pr., see. 1285. And the-question is whether we shall reverse upon a circumstance developed by the evidence which would not be error at common law, upon which no objection was-made in the court below, and by which we cannot see that the defendant was prejudiced in his defense. We are of opinion that no' sufficient reason appears-for interference with the judgment upon this ground.

Error is assigned on the charge of the court in relation to insanity, but the charge is almost in the exact language which, although brief, was 'held sufficient in Stuart v. State, 1 Baxt., 178. And besides, there was not a particle of proof tending to show the existence of any form of insanity. The witnesses who depose on the subject speak of the prisoner as *107having good ordinary natural sense but extremely ignorant. The ignoble motive to this hideous tragedy seems to have been to get rid of a bed-ridden grandfather and a petulant mother.

By the Code, sec. 5257, where any person is convicted of a capital offense, and the jury who convicted him state in their verdict that they are of opinion that there are mitigating circumstances, the court may-commute the punishment from death to imprisonment for life in the penitentiary. The opinion of the jury, even when unqualified is not binding on the court: Lewis v. State, 3 Head, 127. But the opinion is of course entitled to grave consideration: Poe v. State, 10 Lea, 673. In this case the jury have only found that there were “possibly mitigating circumstances.’” The recommendation in that form is attempted to be-supplemented by one of the jurors, who says that ten. of the jurors were for the verdict returned “with, some mitigation,” while the other two were for the-same verdict “with possibly mitigating circumstances;”' that all agreed to the verdict reported, a part of the-ten believing that the court would not receive it, and that the jury would be remanded for further consideration of the case, in which event, the other two-jurors seemed to think that the jury would agree to the verdict “with mitigating circumstances.” The affidavit, it will be noticed, so far as it undertakes to state facts, does nothing more than the verdict itself. For the words “ with some mitigation ” are only equivalent to the words actually used. And where the affidavit speaks of what a part of the jury believed *108would occur, or two of tbem thought might happen, -it amounts at most only to the expression of an opinion, and is not entitled to any consideration. There are no mitigating circumstances in the case, and there being no error in the proceedings, the judgment must be affirmed.