237 S.W. 792 | Mo. | 1922
Lead Opinion
Suit for $10,000 damages for destruction of plaintiffs' property in the city of Macon, by fire. The lower court sustained a general demurrer to the petition. Plaintiffs refusing to plead further, final judgment was rendered in favor of the defendant, from which plaintiffs appealed. Appellants' statement of the case in their brief, which we adopt, is as follows:
Plaintiffs are husband and wife. Defendant is a telephone corporation, operating a telephone system in the city of Macon, Missouri, and in said city rent out telephones to the different patrons for a monthly rental, and among the telephones so rented was one rented to the plaintiffs and located in their residence; that said telephone system gives a night-and-day service, and that the city of Macon is a city of the third class, operating a fire department, which is ready for both night and day service, at all times. Said fire department is located at a central point in said city, and at all times stated in the petition the fire department was on the job and attending to the duties of its employment, and was ready, able and willing to immediately answer any fire alarm turned in to them at headquarters of the fire department in the city of Macon, Missouri. *544
The petition in this case pleads that the telephone company, at said time, was under contract with the city to furnish a reasonable and sufficient telephone service with the city fire department and to convey thereto, through its telephone lines and instruments, any information it might have pertaining to any fire or fires that might break out in the city; that the city fire department also had a telephone, and under the contract with the city was connected with all telephones in the city of Macon and all other patrons of said telephone company.
The petition pleads that the telephone of the plaintiffs and those in other residences in the city of Macon were for a valuable consideration, and said consideration was pay for said telephone and service, and that the company agreed, with all its subscribers, to give reasonable service, and that they were obligated to use reasonable care and diligence to furnish to the said plaintiffs and all other subscribers, reasonable and sufficient telephone service in the city of Macon, Missouri; that the contract with the city fire department was to the effect that the telephone company should furnish to its subscribers a good and efficient telephone connection with the fire department of the city of Macon; that located in the dwelling of the plaintiffs was much valuable furniture and household goods and the usual accoutrements located in a dwelling house; that about the 13th day of November, 1919, between the hours of 10:30 and 11 o'clock in the morning, it was discovered by one of the plaintiffs, Minnette S. Forgey, that a fire had ignited the roof of their said house, where she was living, and at said time the fire had made a very little progress; that the dwelling house was of frame material, two-stories high, with a shingle roof, which was in good condition and was of solid material, painted and plastered inside, and in good repair; that at the time she discovered the fire, she was talking with another subscriber of the telephone company in said city, and she told the subscriber with whom she was in conversation that her house was on fire and instructed her, as her agent, to *545 immediately notify the telephone company and to get into communication with the fire department and to notify them that her house was on fire; that the subscriber immediately rang off from the connection with the plaintiff and immediately attempted to again ring central, in order to get in connection and notify the fire department of said fire and rang repeatedly, for a period of some ten or fifteen minutes, and that said telephone company failed and refused to respond to the call and answer the signal or to make any connection whatever, and that the subscriber was compelled to and did leave her own telephone and go across the street to the telephone of the president of said company, where, upon ringing, connection was immediately given and said fire department notified of said fire.
The petition further recites that at the time that the agent of the plaintiff was ringing, trying to get central, the plaintiff, herself, repeatedly tried to get central and for a period of some ten or fifteen minutes, and that the central office negligently and carelessly failed and refused to give her any connection whatever or to answer her said signals at the telephone office, and she, being sick at the time, left her sick room clothed only in bedroom garments, and in desperation called for help in the neighborhood and ran to the house next door and found that she could not gain entrance on account of the door being locked, and ran to another house in the neighborhood where she obtained access to the telephone, and after repeated efforts succeeded in getting central to respond and turned in the alarm. Whereupon, central notified her that the alarm had just been turned in. She then asked to be connected with her husband's office and after repeated efforts on her part, was told by central that her husband failed to respond.
The petition further recites that when she ran from her house, calling for help, etc., several of her neighbors and acquaintances and friends tried to get in communication with the central office, but that the central office refused to respond; that at the time she attempted to get *546 in connection with the fire department and with the central office, the said men at the fire department were there, and ready, able and willing to respond to said fire-alarm, had it been turned in, and had been for a long period of time, and that had she been able to procure connection and been connected with the fire department, as she attempted to do, the fire department would have immediately responded to said call and could and would have been at her residence within a period of some three or four minutes time, and that they had all the material for promptly extinguishing the fire, and that the fire had gained such little headway at said time that it could have been and would have been promptly extinguished.
Plaintiffs had a policy of insurance for $4,000, and they had property in said dwelling worth some $16,000; but that the damage was more than $10,000, for which sum they sued.
I. We think this case was properly ruled by the learned lower court.
It is clearly settled in this State that a water company which, by its franchise and under contract with the municipality, is required to furnish a sufficient and adequate supply of water to extinguish fires, where the city maintains a fireSpeculative department whose duty it is to respond at all timesDamages. to fire alarms, is not liable to the property owner for destruction of his property by fire, by reason of the failure of the water supply. [Metz v. Water Works and Electric Light Co.,
In the Howsmon Case, supra, there was also provision for a special tax, which the plaintiff had paid, to provide part of the consideration the water company was to receive, and an express provision in the contract with the city that "should said water company, from lack of water or any other cause, except providential or unavoidable *547
accident, fail to furnish a reasonable or adequate supply of water to extinguish any fire, then it shall be liable for all damages occasioned by such fire or neglect." But the court ruled that independently of the above express provision, defendant was not liable, because the city acted in its governmental capacity in establishing a fire department and in contracting with defendant for water to extinguish fires, and therefore the plaintiff would have had no cause of action against it (citing Heller v. Sedalia,
In Metz v. Water Company,
It would seem to follow that if a water company cannot be held liable for damages for negligence in not supplying the city fire department with sufficient water to extinguish fires, whereby the citizen's house is destroyed by fire, a telephone company cannot be held liable for negligently failing to answer a call for the fire department by one of its subscribers, to notify said department of a fire at such house. The cause and amount of the damages in such instances are too remote and speculative. The city fire department was under no legal duty to the plaintiffs to respond at all, even if the defendant had heard the plaintiff's call and connected her with the fire department. The services of the city were purely voluntary and gratuitous, and no legal liability can be predicted against the defendant for negligence in failing to give plaintiffs an opportunity to request something from the city which the city was under no legal obligation to give and might refuse with impunity.
The direct question here involved has not been before this court or the courts of appeals of this State, but in other jurisdictions the precise question has been ruled against the plaintiffs in the following cases (and we find and are referred to none to the contrary); Lebanon L. L. Telephone Co. v. Lanham Lumber Co.,
The ground upon which the above cases were ruled for the defendants was that both the cause and the amount of the damages were too remote and speculative, and it is well stated by the learned Supreme Court of Iowa, in Volquardsen v. Iowa Tel. Co., 148 Iowa, at page 82, as follows: "The fire was the primary cause of the loss. The defendant did not start it, or have aught to do with its origin. The charge against it is that the negligence intervened as the efficient cause in the omission to do that which would have resulted in the extinction of the fire. Of course, if the failure to put out the fire was *549 the direct and natural consequence of the unreasonable delay in making the connection, then there could be no doubt as to the defendant's liability. But several links in the chain of sequences are involved in doubt and speculation. The fire was burning, not only before plaintiff reached the receiver, but before he was awakened by his wife, who had heard the crackling of the flames. . . . At what time must they have been on the ground to have saved the property? No one can answer save from conjecture. All realize that in such emergencies time is precious, but who can say from the situation as presented in this case how many minutes meant the loss of the plaintiffs' property? Suppose the connection at the central office had been made promptly, would the fireman in charge of the fire station have responded promptly, and promptly have rung the fire bell? Would the members of the department have heard and promptly have repaired to the scene? Was the apparatus for extinguishing the fire in working order and the water supply accessible and sufficient? Would all of these intervening agencies have operated harmoniously and efficiently and with such promptness as to have put out the flames in time to have avoided a total loss? Manifestly these are matters of speculation, and yet all this must be assumed if the loss is to be traced to defendant's negligence. Each of these independent agencies necessarily must be linked together in a line of causation in order to connect it with the loss. None of them were under the direction or control of the telephone company. Moreover, how far the fire had spread at the time the firemen would have been likely to have reached the scene had the connection been promptly made is left by the evidence a matter of speculation merely. And then there are the weather conditions and the character of the material to be taken into account. After the experiences of ages, fighting fire, even with modern machinery and apparatus, is precarious business, and uncertain in its results. Had everything worked out as calculated, after the fire was over, probably some of the building and machinery might *550 have been saved. But the basis for a legal inference of this kind was not furnished by the evidence. The negligence of the telephone company may be ascertained, but that falls short of connecting it with the loss, which is only possible through agencies entirely independent. If it, as the dominating force, acted through the intervening agencies, as mere instruments or vehicles in a natural line of causation, to the loss, there would be ground for saying defendant was liable. But the intervening agencies were independent, and what might have happened pure matter of speculation."
In Southern Bell Tel. Co. v. Reynolds,
Hodges v. Railroad,
II. But it is strenuously argued by the learned counsel of the plaintiffs that in their petition they allege as a fact that had the defendant promptly answered the plaintiffs' telephone call and made connection with the fire department, the fire department would have promptly responded and would haveAllegations of extinguished the fire and saved the plaintiffs'Fact: Demurrer. property; and that it was for the jury to say whether plaintiff could prove such allegations. But we rule such allegations are not allegations of fact and were not susceptible of legal proof because no one could tell whether the fire department would have thus responded and thus saved the plaintiffs' property. Said allegations were mere inferences — or prophecies — as to what the fire department would have done. There is no legal presumption that it would have done so because the fire department was under no legal obligation in the premises to the plaintiffs. We must rule this contention against the appellants.
Without extending this opinion further we conclude that the doctrine so firmly established by this court in the water company cases heretofore cited, inevitably leads to the same result in this case, as was reached in the Kentucky, Iowa and Texas cases, above referred to, and hence we must affirm the judgment of the lower court. Judgment affirmed accordingly. Ragland, C., concurs; Brown, C., not sitting.
Addendum
The foregoing opinion of SMALL, C., is adopted as the opinion of the court. James T. Blair, C.J., concurs in paragraph 1 and the result; David E. Blair, Elder and Walker, JJ., concur;Graves and Higbee, JJ., dissent; Woodson, J., absent. *552