56 P.3d 1206
Colo. Ct. App.
2002

Opinion by

Judge JONES.

Plаintiffs, Vincent Ford and Sheeiagh Ford, appeal the judgment dismissing their claims for fraud, nondisclosure and concealment, negligent misrepresentation, and promissory estoppel against defendants, Summertree Lane Limited Liability Company, Woodside Realty Co., Phil Shell, Van Wedgwood, Charles S. Ochsner, and Kenny Pulsiani. We vacate the judgment and remand.

The Fords purchased a residential building lot overlooking a lake сreated by a dam, and they constructed a new home there. The home is in the Summertree Lane subdivision, of which defendant Summertree Lane was the developer. Defendants Shell, Wedgwood, Ochsner, and Pulsiаni were brokers in the sale of the property to the Fords and were employees of defendant Woodside. At the time of trial, some individual defendants were members of defendant Summertree Lane as well.

The Fords bought the lot because it featured views of the lake and was located adjacent to the water. Not long after the Fords occupied their home, the lake was drained. Upon investigation, the Fords learned that before their purchase of the property, government officials had issued warnings that the dam holding the water in the lake was deficient and either it would have to be replaced or the lake would have to be drained. Defendants did not provide this information to the Fords before their closing. Before initiating this action, but after the lake was drained, the Fords sold the proрerty in question.

The Fords and other purchasers, who are not parties to this appeal, commenced a civil action alleging fraud, nondisclosure and concealment, negligent misrepresentation, and promissory estoppel arising from defendants' failures to disclose the unstable condition of the dam, even though defendants had marketed the lots as having lake views. The Fords sought, among othеr damages, the difference between their actual sales price and the price for which they could have sold their property had the lake not been drained.

In their motion for summary judgment, defеndants argued that, when the Fords conveyed their interest in the real property, the deed also conveyed all claims for relief that the Fords had asserted. The trial court agreed with defendants and dismissed the Fords' claims.

The other purchasers claims were not dismissed, and the trial court stayed their claims pending this appeal. The buyers of the Fords' property are not parties to this action.

The Fords contend that the trial court erred in granting summary judgment because a general warranty deed conveying a parcel of real property cannot inadvertently convey ‍‌​‌‌​​​‌​‌‌​​‌​‌‌​​‌‌​​​‌​​​​‌​‌​​‌​​​​‌​​‌​​‌​​‍tort or contraсt claims that arise from the defendants' alleged misrepresentations in connection with the earlier purchase and sale of the real property. 'We agree.

Grants of summary judgment are reviewed de novo. Aspen Wilderness Workshop, Inc. v. Colorado Water Conservation Bd., 901 P.2d 1251 (Colo.1995). "[Slummary judgment is a drastic remedy and should only be granted upon a clear showing that there is no genuine issue of materiаl fact. The moving party has the burden of establishing that no triable issue exists and all doubts should be resolved in favor of the non-moving party. In addition, the non-moving party is entitled to all favorable inferences that mаy be drawn from the facts. A reviewing court must apply these same standards when determining whether summary Judgment was proper." Smith v. Boyett, 908 P.2d 508, 514 (Colo.1995) (citations omitted).

The General Assembly has provided that "[alny person ... entitled to hold real estate, or any interest in real estate whatever, shall be authorized to convey the same to another ... by deed." Section 38-30-101, C.R.9.2001. A "conveyance" is a transfer of title to land by a deed. Stagecoach Prop. Owners Ass'n v. Young's Ranch, 658 P.2d 1378 (Colo.App.1982).

The general rules of construction for written instruments apply to the construction of deeds. Terry v. Salazar, 892 P.2d 391 (Colo.App.1994), aff'd, 911 P.2d 1086 (Colo.1996). It is generally conceded that a deed is to be construеd most strongly against the grantor and most favorably to the grantee. "It is the language of the grantor, and the principle of self-preservation and self-interest are (sic) supposed to make him sufficiently сareful not to prejudice his own interest." Brown v. State, 5 Colo. 496, 504 (1881).

The "paramount purpose in construing any deed is to ascertain the parties' intent." Notch Mountain Corp. v. Elliott, 898 P.2d 550, 557 (Colo.1995)(citing Percifield v. Rosa, 122 Colo. 167, 220 P.2d 546 (1950). "In construing a deed, the preferred construction is that which renders all provisions of the instrument operative and effective and which carries out the intentions of the parties." Hornsilver Circle, Ltd. v. Trope, 904 P.2d 1353, 1357 (Colo.App.1995)(citing First Nat'l Bank v. Allard, 31 Colo.App. 391, 506 P.2d 405 (1972), aff'd, 182 Colo. 297, 513 P.2d 455 (1978)). Unambiguous deeds are construed using the plain language of the document, while "tak{ing] care to consider the ‍‌​‌‌​​​‌​‌‌​​‌​‌‌​​‌‌​​​‌​​​​‌​‌​​‌​​​​‌​​‌​​‌​​‍entire deed, and not portions presented in isolated sentences and clauses." Notch Mountain Corp. v. Elliott, supra, 898 P.2d at 557.

Here, the deed states in pertinent part:

[GIrantor ... has granted, bargained, sold and conveyed ... all the real property, together with improvements, if any, situate, lying and being in the County of Jefferson and State of Colorado, described as follows: LOT 44, SUMMERTREE LANE, COUNTY OF JEFFERSON, STATE OF COLORADO.
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TOGETHER with all аnd singular heredit-aments and appurtenances thereunto, reversion and reversions, remainder and remainders, rents, issues and profits thereof, and all the estate, right, title, interest, claim and demand whatsoever of the grantor, either in law or equity, of, in and to the above bargained premises, with the hereditaments and appurtenances.

The Fords argue that the trial court erred in determining that, by way of warranty deed, they conveyed their rights of action in tort and contract against defendants as well as their interests in the real property. We agree.

A "covenant of general warranty ... is a guarantee that the grantor is vested of an estate in fee simple with full power to convey, that the property is free of all encumbrances except as listed in the deed, and that the grantor will guarantee title and peaceful possession and will defend the grantee's title to the property." O'Brien v. Village Land Co., 794 P.2d 246, 251 (Colo.1990); see § 38-30-113, C.R.S.2001.

The right to bring an action for damages, based in tort, is a "chose in action." 73 C.J.S. Property § 22 (1988); see Bаker v. Young, 798 P.2d 889 (Colo.1990). A chose in action is personal property, not real property, 73 C.J.S. Property § 22 (1983), and is defined as, "[al right to receive or recover a debt, or money, or damages for breach of contract, or for a tort connected with contract, but which cannot be enforced without action." City & County of Denver v. Jones, 85 Colo. 212, 214, 274 P. 924, 925 (1929). Thus, a "chose in action" is "a personal right not reduced ‍‌​‌‌​​​‌​‌‌​​‌​‌‌​​‌‌​​​‌​​​​‌​‌​​‌​​​​‌​​‌​​‌​​‍into possession, but reсoverable by a suit at law." City & County of Denver v. Jones, supra, 85 Colo. at 214, 274 P. at 924-925 (quoting 2 Words & Phrases, Third Series, 37), see also Simmons v. Simmons, 773 P.2d 602, 606 (Colo.App.1988)(concluding that sound policy precludes consideration of interspousal tort claims, identified as "choses in action" by dissent, in dissolution of marriage proceedings).

Choses in action belong to the party who suffered the injury. See Micheletti v. Moidel, 94 Colo. 587, 32 P.2d 266 (1934); A.R.A. Mfg. Co. v. Cohen, 654 P.2d 857 (Colo.App.1982)(determining that any loss caused by wrongful attachment of assets was a loss to bankrupt debtor and cause of action belonged to debtor and to its trustee in bank-ruptey); Piper v. Pueblo C.R. Co., 4 Colo.App. 424, 36 P. 158 (1894). They are transferable, Webb v. Dessert Seed Co., 718 P.2d 1057 (Colo.1986), and, specifically, choses in action in tort for damage to property, such as the fraudulent transfer оf land, are transferable and may be assigned. Micheletti v. Moidel, supra.

"[Tjo constitute an assignment there must be a purpose to assign the ... chose in action, and the subject matter ... must be described with such particularity as to render it capable of identification." 6A C.J.S. Assignments § 46 (1975). To be sufficient, a description of the matter to be assigned must identify with certainty the property and such description may be aided by competent extraneous evidence. But a vague and indefinite extraneous description will not be considered sufficient identity of the chose in action. See Russell v. Texas Consol. Oils, 120 F.Supp. 508, 512 (D.N.M.1954)(no implication that assignment intended where letter neither identified specific item to be assigned nor gave indication of attempt to bring about actual and present transfer of title).

Moreover, in Colorado, when real estate is conveyed, and personal property is also transferred or used as security with that real property, two separate documents accomplish the two tasks. See Hоuse v. Smith, 117 Colo. 305, 187 P.2d 587 (1947)(deed for real property and bill of sale for ‍‌​‌‌​​​‌​‌‌​​‌​‌‌​​‌‌​​​‌​​​​‌​‌​​‌​​​​‌​​‌​​‌​​‍personal property prepared); Estate of Doerfer, 100 Colo. 304, 67 P.2d 492 (1937)(assignment of personal property and deed for real property prepared as distinct documents); Martynes & Assocs., No. 1 v. Devonshire Square Apartments, 680 P.2d 246 (Colo.App.1984)(promissory note and deed of trust executed to secure earlier purchase of same real property; each assigned through execution of separate document).

Here, the warranty deed contains only traditional language used to convey real property. See Knight v. Lawrence, 19 Colo. 425, 425, 36 P. 242, 242 (1894)(deed included "claim and dеmand whatsoever of the said party of the first part either in law or equity of, in and to the above bargained premises"); see also Blair v. Bruns, 8 Colo. 397, 8 P. 569 (1885).

Thus, we are not persuaded by defendants' argument that the words "claim and demand whatsoever of the grantor, either in law or equity, of, in and to the above bargained premises" encompass not only the title of the real property, but also personalty having a connection to the real property, including choses in action lying in tort.

Further, the deed neither sets forth a description of the choses in action nor any compensation for the tort claims. Nоr does the record contain any extrancous evidence that would provide a sufficient description of the claims so that a court could conclude that the Fords had assigned any certain rights of action to the buyers.

Finally, the record does not contain a separate document ‍‌​‌‌​​​‌​‌‌​​‌​‌‌​​‌‌​​​‌​​​​‌​‌​​‌​​​​‌​​‌​​‌​​‍conveying the choses in action to the buyers.

Taking the evidence in the light most favorable to the Fords as the nonmovants, we conclude that the trial court erred in granting summary judgment in favor of defendants.

Therefore, the judgment is vacated, and the case is remanded to the trial court for further proceedings consistent with this opinion.

Judge PLANK and Judge WEBB, concur.