29 Ind. 541 | Ind. | 1868
This was a prosecution for bastardy. The prosecutrix denied, under oath, sexual connection with any man, other than the defendant, and especially with one Isaac Nelson, at a time when the child might have been begotten. The defendant then produced Nelson, and interrogated him as to the matter. He declined to answer, unless compelled. The court instructed the witness that there were criminal offenses, to establish which against him, his having carnal knowledge of the prosecutrix might constitute part of the evidence, and that he was not compelled to answer the question if his answer would be such as would tend to criminate himself, but that in such case he could answer or not, as he pleased. The witness thereupon declined to answer, upon the ground that the answer would tend to criminate himself. The court sustained him in this refusal,, and the defendant excepted. The defendant then proposed to ask the witness if he had ever been married, or had dwelt in the same house with the prosecutrix, and proposed to prove by him that the witness was.not in such a situation that his answer to the first question could possibly expose him to conviction on any criminal charge. The court, however, refused the proof, and refused to permit the defendant to offer any such evidence, and the defendant excepted.
It is a familiar rule that a witness is not bound to give testimony which may tend to show himself guilty of crime. He is not bound to disclose a single link in the chain of evidence which would convict him. In Hill v. The State, 4 Ind. 112, it was held that a witness in a bastardy case was bound to answer as to the fact of having sexual connection with the prosecutrix. But it is obvious from the opinion in that case that it escaped the notice of the court that there are crimes under the laws of this State, to make out
But suppose the defendant had been permitted to show by the prosecutrix that she had never been the victim of a rape, and that she had never dwelt in the same house with Nelson, and that he' had never promised her marriage. Then there could have been no pretense that the principal fact sought to be proved by Nelson would tend to criminate him. But we understand from the bill of exceptions that the court below did not stop with the ruling that Nelson could not be interrogated as to these matters. That point was correctly decided. But the coui’t went further, and “ refused to let the defendant offer any evidence in that direction.” That refusal presents the only question before us which is not perfectly plain. It seems to be a new question. It has been held that if the witness is protected from conviction by the statute of limitations, he is bound to-answer. The People v. Mather, 4 Wend. 255; Roberts v. Allatt, 1 M. & Malk. 192. 1 Green. Ev., § 451. It has, on the other hand, been held that the witness is not bound to disclose the circumstances which induce his belief that the answer to the principal question will implicate him criminally, for the very good reason that to do so would be to render his privilege woi’thless. But can the party calling him show by other testimony that such are the circumstances that the answer will not criminate the witness? That is the question now in hand. If he cannot, it is very apparent that justice may often suffer, and a party be at the mercy of his witnesses, who may claim their privilege without reason, either corruptly or ignorantly, thus depriving him of his evidence. Are the courts to suffer this, when the party calling the witness is able and ready to show that the circumstances are such that it is impossible that the answer of the witness can criminally implicate him? If such circumstances had been in evidence, the court would have seen that the ground upon which the witness
The sufficiency of the evidence to support the verdict is seriously and earnestly questioned. On paper, the evidence seems to us somewhat weak. But the jury chose to believe the prosecutrix, and to disbelieve everybody who contradicted her. This they had no right to do arbitrarily and without reason; but we cannot say that they did.
The judgment is reversed, with costs, and the cause remanded for a new trial.