Ford v. Ford
256 S.E.2d 446
Ga.
1979
Check Treatment

FORD v. FORD

34571

243 Ga. 763

of the American courts, however, have developed, in cases involving venue or the statute of limitations, a single publication rule, under which an entire edition of a newspaper, magazine or book is treated as only one publication, and the plaintiff is permitted to plead and prove merely a general distribution of the libel and show the extent of the circulation as evidence bearing on the damages.” Prosser, The Law of Torts (4th Ed.), p. 769. Accord, 1 Harper & James, The Law of Torts (4th Ed.), p. 394, § 5.16.

2.

, established the single publication rule in Georgia. It cannot be distinguished as the majority has done. If it is not to be followed, the majority should overrule it.

3. I would follow the single publication rule announced in

. It provides a simple and equitable resolution to complex problems of venue, multiplicity of suits, apportionment of damages, statute of limitations, res judicata, and conflict of laws arising in an era of almost instantaneous mass communications. “In addition to considerations of convenience and administration, the rule has been justified, particularly as to magazines and newspapers, on the ground that they are of passing interest and unlikely to cause substantial harm after their initial impact upon the reading public.” Harper & James, supra, at 395.

I am authorized to state that Justice Hall joins in this dissent.

34571. FORD v. FORD.

JORDAN, Justice.

This appeal arises from a final judgment and decree of divorce between John Ford and his former wife, Jansen, on the ground that their marriage was irretrievably broken.

After a jury trial, Jansen Ford was awarded custody of the two children, alimony payments of $850 per month for 48 months reduced to $450 thereafter, $800 per month child support and $8,000 in attorney fees. John Ford appeals alleging thirteen errors of the trial court.

1. In his first enumeration of error, appellant contends that the trial court erred in directing a verdict that the residence of the parties, titled in the wife‘s name, was a gift to the wife which she held in fee simple. In an amended answer to appellee‘s complaint for divorce, appellant had prayed that equitable title to the parties’ residence be decreed in defendant and that a reasonable division of the equity in the residence be divided between the parties. Relying on the case of

, the trial court held that the presumption of gift from Code § 108-116 stood unrebutted and sustained a motion for a directed verdict against a resulting trust being placed on the residence.

The opinion in

repeats the test that to rebut the presumption of gift under Code § 108-116 the grantor must show that a resulting trust was contemplated by both parties by way of an understanding or agreement.
;
. The evidence in this case shows that appellee provided the majority of the furnishings for the house, a portion of the down-payment costs, and that she signed along with appellant a joint promissory note for the balance of the purchase price. She testified that nothing was ever “said or understood other than, it was my house and a gift to me.” (T. 191).

Appellant offered no evidence to rebut this testimony. He testified, as had the husband in

, that he had placed the house in his wife‘s name in order to protect the property from prospective creditors, and that it was his intention to maintain a joint interest in the property. No evidence was introduced that appellant ever conveyed this intention to his wife by way of an understanding or agreement.

Appellant argues that the recent case of

, makes the intention of the parties at the time of the transaction a jury question. In
, the husband in rebuttal of the statutory presumption of a gift offered evidence to establish a course of conduct regarding business transactions occurring between him and his former wife from which a jury would be entitled to conclude that the intention of both parties at the time of the subject transaction was to establish a resulting trust for him, rather than a gift for her. In this case there was no evidence establishing any course of conduct between the parties in any prior business actions, and the trial court did not err in directing a verdict against appellant on the question of impressing a resulting trust on the property titled in appellee.

Relative to this point, appellant complains in his tenth enumeration of error that the trial court improperly excluded as hearsay evidence of appellant‘s reasons for borrowing certain funds. This evidence was not relevant to any agreement or understanding which the parties had between themselves at the time the property was conveyed to the wife, and its exclusion was not error.

2. Appellant‘s second enumeration of error contends the trial court erred in not declaring Code § 30-102 (13) unconstitutional. This issue was decided adversely to appellant in

.

3. Appellant next argues that the trial court erred in not declaring the Georgia alimony and child support statutes, Code §§ 30-201, 30-206, 30-207, 30-220, 30-301; 74-105, unconstitutional on the ground that these statutes violated the due process and equal protection requirements of the Georgia and United States Constitutions. Appellant timely and properly raised these constitutional issues in the trial court. Compare

.

Subsequent to the trial court‘s ruling that these statutes were constitutional, the United States Supreme Court in the case of

, ruled that a similar Alabama statutory scheme which imposed alimony obligations on husbands, but not wives, violated the Equal Protection Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment. Applying the
decision, we held Code Ann. §§ 30-201, 30-202, 30-202.1, and 30-203 unconstitutional in
.

The statutes under which appellee was awarded alimony and child support are unconstitutional in light of the

decision, and appellant is entitled to a new trial on the issues of alimony and child support only.

Appellant‘s remaining enumerations of error alleging the excessiveness of these awards are mooted by this holding. His contention that the award of attorney fees is excessive is without merit.

4. Appellant‘s contentions that the evidence submitted at trial demands a finding that appellee forfeited any right to alimony because she abandoned her husband and was guilty of adultery are without merit. Any conflict in the evidence on these issues was resolved against appellant‘s position by the jury, and there was ample evidence to support the verdict.

5. Also without merit is appellant‘s sixth enumeration of error which alleges that the trial court‘s award of custody of the parties’ two minor children to his former wife is contrary to the evidence.

“In deciding issues of custody, the court is granted the power to exercise its sound discretion in making an award to either party. Code Ann. § 30-127. Where the trial judge exercises a sound legal discretion looking to the best interests of the child, this court will not interfere with his judgment unless it is shown that his discretion was abused.”

.

After presiding for four days over the trial of this case, the trial judge awarded custody of the minor children of the parties to the wife while granting generous visitation privileges to the husband. No evidence was presented which would support a finding that the mother was an unfit parent or that the best interests of the children would not be served by the mother having custody. The trial judge did not abuse his discretion on the issue of custody.

6. Appellant‘s objection to the trial court‘s charge was waived by his failure to timely object before verdict. Code § 70-207 (a).

7. Appellant fails to support his objection that the trial court erred in admitting irrelevant evidence with a specific reference to the alleged irrelevant testimony in the transcript. This enumeration is incomplete and shall not be considered. Rule 18 (c) (3);

.

That portion of the trial court‘s order setting alimony and child support is reversed, and the case is remanded solely for a redetermination of these issues.

Judgment affirmed in part; reversed in part. All the Justices concur, except Undercofler, P. J., who concurs in the judgment only, and Nichols, C. J., and Hall, J., who dissent as to Division 1.

ARGUED FEBRUARY 21, 1979 — DECIDED MAY 30, 1979 — REHEARING DENIED JUNE 22, 1979.

Margie Pitts Hames, for appellant.

M. David Merritt, for appellee.

HALL, Justice, dissenting as to Division 1.

Code Ann. § 108-116 provides that “[a]s between husband and wife,.. payment of purchase money by one, and causing the conveyance to be made to the other, shall be presumed to be a gift, but a resulting trust in favor of the one paying the money may be shown and the presumption rebutted.” In

, a majority of this court chose to follow a line of Georgia cases represented by
and
. That line of authority holds that in order to rebut the presumption of gift and establish a resulting trust under Code Ann. § 108-116, evidence showing an agreement between the parties to create a trust at the time of the conveyance is required.

I dissented in

, because I believed its view too narrow and restrictive. The view of other jurisdictions and other Georgia cases focuses the inquiry on the intent of the payor.
. The Restatement, Trusts 2d, also makes the intent of the payor to make a gift or create a trust the crucial issue and provides, “where one person pays the purchase price for property which is transferred at his direction to another who is the natural object of his bounty, parol evidence is admissible to show that the payor intended that the transferee should not have the beneficial interest in the property... The intention of the payor not to make a gift to the transferee may be shown not only by oral declarations of his intention, but also by the circumstances under which the transfer is made.”1(Emphasis supplied.) Restatement, Trusts 2d, § 443 (1959).

Thus the intention of the payor is the relevant inquiry, and both oral declarations and the circumstances surrounding the transfer may show the payor‘s intention. An agreement, either express or implied, between payor and donee to create a trust is not required. The donee‘s intention to receive a gift or hold the property in trust is relevant only because it may reflect the payor‘s intention. Insofar as

made the donee‘s agreement the crucial issue, this court erred. When a purchaser supplies the funds for a transaction, donative intent must be present before a gift and not a resulting trust exists. Code Ann. § 48-101;
. Code Ann § 108-116 presumes that the intention exists to make a gift, but the payor should be allowed to rebut the presumption by proof that his intention was to retain the beneficial interest.

The type of proof which demonstrates the intention of the payor has been collected by one treatise writer. “The intention that the grantee should not have the beneficial interest in the property may appear from the circumstances at the time of the purchase or it may appear from the subsequent conduct of the parties. The intention not to make a gift may appear from the conduct of the payor in exercising dominion over the property, his collection of the rents, payment for improvements, payment of insurance premiums and taxes. It may appear from words or conduct of the grantee indicating that he understood that the payor was the beneficial owner of the property. It may be shown that the parties orally agreed at the time of the purchase that the grantee was to hold the property for the payor.” Scott, Law of Trusts, § 443, p. 3345 (3d Ed.). See Bogert, Trusts and Trustees, §§ 459, 460 (2d Ed. revd. 1977).

As Professor Scott points out, the type of trust sought to be enforced in this kind of case is a resulting trust which arises when one party furnishes the purchase price and title is taken in another party. Requiring an agreement between the parties is not only too restrictive but confuses express trusts with resulting trusts. Scott, supra, p. 3040.

In

, this court retreated from the
requirement that an express agreement between the parties to create a resulting trust was required. Instead, the court found evidence from which an agreement between the parties to create a trust could be implied. The court thus upheld a jury‘s special verdict that an agreement or understanding existed between the parties that the transferee would hold the stock in trust for the payor against the transferee‘s claim that the trial court should have directed a verdict in her favor. I joined in this opinion because a directed verdict in favor of the supposed donee is improper when the record contains evidence that the payor has not intended to make a gift of the property. The issue of the payor‘s intent to make a gift in the
case should have been and was submitted to the jury.

In this case, the majority finds no evidence of an express agreement between the parties to create a trust and no evidence from which such an agreement could be implied. Thus, the majority holds that the trial court properly directed a verdict in favor of the wife/donee. I dissent under my view that the trial court should have submitted the issue to the jury and instructed them to find the intent of the payor at the time of the conveyance from declarations of his intention, the circumstances of the transfer, and subsequent conduct of the parties.

I am authorized to state that Chief Justice Nichols joins in this dissent.

Notes

1
Other jurisdictions which, like the Restatement, permit evidence of the payor‘s intent to rebut the presumption of gift include Illinois,
; Massachusetts,
; Missouri,
; New Hampshire,
; Pennsylvania,
. See generally Restatement, Trusts 2d, Appendix, §§ 442, 443, pp. 690-696 (1959) and Restatement in the Courts. In my research, I have found no other jurisdiction which requires evidence of an agreement between the parties, express or implied, to rebut the presumption of gift.