FORD MOTOR COMPANY, Pеtitioner, v. Ezequiel CASTILLO, et al., Respondents.
No. 06-0875.
Supreme Court of Texas.
Argued Feb. 5, 2008. Decided April 3, 2009.
279 S.W.3d 656
Such a construction would also “conflate the insurer‘s defense and indemnity duties,” since the duty to defend turns on the “factual allegations that potentially support a covered claim,” while “the facts actually established in the underlying suit control the duty to indemnify.”29 The duty to defend protects the insured by requiring a legal defense to allegations without regard to whether they are true,30 but it does not extend to allegations, true or false, that have not been made. Great American‘s duty to defend was not triggered by the Glass petition in the record before us.
III. Conclusion
We affirm in part and reverse in part the court of appeals’ judgment, and remand the case to the trial court for further proceedings consistent with this opinion.
Juan A. Gonzalez, Ricardo Garza Benavides, Romero, Gonzalez & Benavides, LLP, McAllen, TX, Roger W. Hughes, Adams & Graham, L.L.P., Michael T. Kiesel, Harlingen, TX, Mark A. Cantu, Law Office of Mark A. Cantu, McAllen, TX, Ernesto Gamez Jr., Law Offices of Ernesto Gamez, Jr., Brownsville, TX, for Respondents.
Justice JOHNSON delivered the opinion of the Court.
Ford Motor Company and Ezequiel Castillo, the plaintiff in a products liability action, settled while the jury was deliberating. The settlement occurred after the presiding juror sent a note to the judge asking the maximum amount that could be awarded. Based on later discussions with jurors, Ford suspected that outside influence may have been brought to bear on the presiding juror. After Ford sought, but was refused, permission to obtain discovery on the outside influence question, it withdrew its consent to the settlement. Castillo sought summary judgment against Ford for breach of the settlement agreement. Ford‘s response renewed its request for discovery, but the trial court rendered summary judgment for Castillo on the breach of settlement agreement claim. We hold that the trial court erred by refusing to allow discovery on Castillo‘s action for breach of contract, including whether there wаs any outside influence on the jury. We reverse the court of appeals’ judgment and remand the case to the trial court for further proceedings consistent with this opinion.
I. Background
Ezequiel Castillo and other occupants of Castillo‘s 2001 Ford Explorer (collectively, “Castillo“) sued Ford in a products liability action arising from an accident. The jury charge contained two liability questions: was there a design defect in the roof strength and was there a design defect in the vehicle‘s handling or stability. The jury began deliberating on a Friday, broke for the weekend, then continued deliberating on the following Monday. Deliberations were recessed on Tuesday because a member of the presiding juror‘s family became ill. When the jury resumed deliberations on Wednesday morning, the presiding juror sent a note to the court that asked, “What is the maximum amount that can be awarded?” The parties promptly settled.
The judge released the jurors and advised them that they could discuss the case with the attorneys and parties. The presiding juror left immediately, but other jurors stayed and voluntarily talked to Ford. The jurors told Ford that they had decided the first liability question (roof strength) in Ford‘s favor and were deliberating on the second liability question when the presiding juror sent the note. On the second liability question, eight jurors had voted in Ford‘s favor, two were undecided, and two had voted in Castillo‘s favor. Ford learned that some of the jurors were unaware of the presiding juror‘s note and that she sent the note over the objection of other jurors.
Ford filed a Motion to Delay Settlement in which it requested “it be allowed to take discovery, or that the Court independently undertake discovery, on the issue of outside influence in the drafting of this note.” The motion was supported by four jurors’
[I]t is to me something that should be of concern to the Court if there was any outside influence, and it may be that nothing will show up about it at all, but there‘s only one way to find out and that‘s to have either the Court do its own investigation and or the Court allow us to bring the jurors in and have a hearing in front of the Court and or to depose them and then come back to the Court with our findings and make a determination as to where we go from there.
The trial court denied Ford‘s Motion to Delay Settlement. Although the judge encouraged Ford‘s counsel to cоnduct its own investigation concerning the matter, he refused to “disturb the jury” absent specific evidence of misconduct.
Castillo filed a motion to enforce the settlement agreement. At the hearing on the motion, Ford‘s attorney stated that Ford was willing to proceed with the settlement and asked for two weeks to finalize the details. The trial court granted Ford‘s request for additional time and extended the payment date to November 5.
On November 2, Ford filed a motion asking the court to reconsider its order directing Ford to pay the settlement. In its motion, Ford stated that it had withdrawn its consent to the settlement. Ford urged that because it had withdrawn its consent to the entry of an agreed judgment, Castillo‘s only remedy would be to plead and sue on a breach of contract claim. Ford also asked the court to set aside the Rule 11 settlement agreement and grant a new trial, or in the alternative, to grant a mistrial based on juror misconduct. Attached to Ford‘s motion were transcripts of interviews with ten jurors that had been conducted by private investigators.1 Ford asserted that the settlement agreement should be set aside under the theory of mutual mistake because both parties acted under the mistaken belief that the presiding juror sent the note on behalf of the jury and that the jury had reached the issue of damages. The trial court denied both of Ford‘s motions and struck the juror interview transcripts on the grounds that they were unsworn and hearsay. The court found no showing of juror misconduct, mutual mistake, or other grounds to rescind the settlement agreement.
Ford did not fund the settlement, so Castillo filed a motion for summary judgment for brеach of contract. Ford responded and urged that before moving for summary judgment, Castillo must first plead a claim for breach of contract and then proceed through the traditional course of litigation on that claim. Ford asserted that “[g]ranting summary judgment at this juncture, without allowing Ford an opportunity to conduct discovery, assert defenses, or have contested fact issues tried by a finder-of-fact will deny Ford all its rights as a litigant.” Ford urged that it was entitled to conduct discovery to “determine the motivation of the presiding juror‘s actions and any outside influences that possibly swayed her.” In its response, Ford referenced the four affidavits it had filed with its motion to delay the settlement agreement and argued that the affidavits raised fact issues on Ford‘s potential affirmative defenses. Castillo objectеd to the four affidavits on the grounds that they were impermissible under
The court of appeals affirmed. 200 S.W.3d 217. The court held that Ford waived any error regarding both the trial court‘s denial of its motion to delay and the discovery request in its response to Castillo‘s summary judgment motion. Id. at 227, 230. The appeals court also concluded that even if Ford had not waived error, any error would be harmless because Ford ultimately conducted its own investigation and gathered virtually all the evidence it sought to discover and failed to identify any evidence it would have uncovered through discovery procedures. Id. at 230-31. Ford disagrees with both holdings.
First, Ford asserts that the court of appeals erred by holding that Ford waived error as to its discovery requests. Next, Ford urges that the trial court erred in denying it the right to conduct discovery because Castillo‘s claim for breach of the settlement agreement is the same as any other claim for breach of contract and is subject to the same procedures, including discovery procedures, that apply to any other breach of contract claim. We agree with Ford.
II. Discussion
A. Standard of Review
We review a trial court‘s actions denying discovery for an abuse of discretion. See TransAmerican Natural Gas Corp. v. Powell, 811 S.W.2d 913, 917 (Tex. 1991). A trial court abuses its discretion when it reaches a decision so arbitrary and unreasonable as to amount to a clear and prejudicial error of law. Joe v. Two Thirty Nine Jоint Venture, 145 S.W.3d 150, 161 (Tex.2004).
B. Preservation of Error
The court of appeals held that Ford failed to preserve error regarding the discovery requests it made in both its (1) motion to delay the settlement, and (2) response to Castillo‘s motion for summary judgment. 200 S.W.3d at 227, 230. As for Ford‘s request in the motion to delay settlement, the court of appeals determined that the trial court did not actually deny the requested discovery because it encouraged Ford to conduct its own informal investigation, which Ford did. Id. at 229. We conclude, however, that Ford‘s presentation and the trial court‘s response were sufficient to preserve error. The trial court clearly understood Ford‘s request and just as clearly refused to grant it: the court told Ford that it refused to disturb the jurors and offered Ford nothing more than encouragement in conducting an informal investigation. See
Finally, the court of appeals concluded that Ford also waived its discovery request in its response to Castillo‘s motion for summary judgment on the breach of a settlement agreement claim because Ford did not file either an affidavit explaining the need for further discovery or a verified motion for continuance. Id. at 226-27 (citing
The court of appeals also reasoned that if Ford had filed a motion for continuance, the trial court could have revisited its prior ruling and perhaps would have ordered a continuanсe to permit discovery. 200 S.W.3d at 227 n. 4. However, as we have noted above, the trial court had made its position clear, Ford restated its request for discovery on the new contract action in its response to Castillo‘s motion for summary judgment, there is no indication the trial court did not understand Ford‘s re-
C. Availability of Discovery in the Claim for Breach of Settlement Agreement
Written settlement agreements may be enforced as contracts even if one party withdraws consent before judgment is entered on the agreement. Padilla v. LaFrance, 907 S.W.2d 454, 461 (Tex.1995). When consent is withdrawn, however, the agreed judgment that was part of the settlement may not be entered. Id. at 462. The party seeking enforcement of the settlement agreement must pursue a separate claim for breach of contract. Id.
Castillo urges that his motion to enforce the settlement agreement was sufficient as a pleading to support a judgment for breach оf contract. See
Like any other breach of contract claim, a claim for breach of settlement agreement is subject to the established procedures of pleading and proof. Mantas v. Fifth Court of Appeals, 925 S.W.2d 656, 658 (Tex.1996) (orig. proceeding) (per curiam). Parties are “entitled to full, fair discovery” and to have their cases decided on the merits. Able Supply Co. v. Moye, 898 S.W.2d 766, 773 (Tex.1995) (orig. proceeding); see State v. Lowry, 802 S.W.2d 669, 671 (Tex.1991) (“Only in certain narrow circumstances is it аppropriate to obstruct the search for truth by denying discovery.“). A trial court abuses its discretion when it denies discovery going to the heart of a party‘s case or when that denial severely compromises a party‘s ability to present a viable defense. Able, 898 S.W.2d at 772. The validity of a settlement agreement cannot be determined without “full resolution of the surrounding facts and circumstances.” Quintero v. Jim Walter Homes, Inc., 654 S.W.2d 442, 444 (Tex.1983). Because the trial court denied discovery, Ford was unable to develop facts relevant to the presentation of its defense. Therefore, the trial court abused its discretion by denying Ford the right to conduct discovery on the breach of settlement agreement claim.
Castillo further argues that Ford‘s request to conduct discovery was an insufficient reason to require the triаl court to lift the agreed discovery deadlines. However, the discovery deadlines Castillo refers to pertain to Castillo‘s tort action against Ford, not his breach of contract claim. Because the claim for breach of a settlement agreement is a separate cause of action that arose subsequent to the deadlines Castillo references, the discovery deadlines pertaining to Castillo‘s tort action have no bearing on the breach of contract cause of action. See Padilla, 907 S.W.2d at 461-62.
Castillo asserts that the trial court did not abuse its discretion in denying Ford‘s discovery request because the evidence Ford sought to develop was immaterial as it did not bear on any proper defense to the breach of contract action.2 Ford offers mutuаl mistake as one such potential defense. The parties disagree as to whether mutual mistake is applicable in this case, but a party is not required to demonstrate the viability of defenses before it is entitled to conduct discovery. Rather, a party may obtain discovery “regarding any matter that is not privileged and is relevant to the subject matter of the pending action.”
Castillo further asserts that Ford‘s suspicion that discovery might uncover relevant evidence is insufficient to render the trial court‘s denial of discovery an abuse of discretion. We agree that in some cases the denial of more time to conduct discovery is not an abuse of discretion when the discovery “might have” raised a fact question. Tenneco, 925 S.W.2d at 647; Nat‘l Union Fire Ins. Co. v. CBI Indus., Inc., 907 S.W.2d 517, 520 (Tex.1995). But in such cases, the parties had not been completely precluded by the trial court from conducting discovery to begin with. See Tenneco, 925 S.W.2d at 647. Rather, the facts in those cases were “sufficiently developed” and “all the relevant information [was] at hand.” Id. In this case, facts and matters relevant to the question of outside influence wеre not developed and the question of whether follow-up discovery on the issue should be undertaken was foreclosed.
Castillo also cites Texas Co. v. State, 154 Tex. 494, 281 S.W.2d 83, 91 (1955), as support for the argument that discovery under these circumstances was immaterial, asserting that Ford was not entitled to rescind the contract as rescission is only allowed when the party seeking cancellation can restore the original status. Id. (“[O]ne seeking a cancellation of an instrument, with certain exceptions not pertinent here, must restore the original status....“). Castillo argues that restoring the original status in this case—the original jury deliberating toward a verdict—is impossible. But the cases requiring a party to restore the original status refer to returning money or property received pursuant to the contract. See, e.g., id. at 91 (“[I]t was not beyond the power оf the trial court to require Duval to do equity by returning the money it had received....“); Tex. Employers Ins. Ass‘n v. Kennedy, 135 Tex. 486, 143 S.W.2d 583, 585 (1940) (“The general equitable rule is that a plaintiff in a suit for the rescission or cancellation of a contract to which he is a party must return, or offer to return, any consideration which he has received under the contract.“); Gibson v. Lancaster, 90 Tex. 540, 39 S.W. 1078, 1079 (1897) (“[I]f any part of the purchase price has been paid, in order to [obtain] a rescission the
E. Discovery as to Jury Deliberations
Castillo next cites
a. When the ground of a motion for new trial, supported by affidavit, is misconduct of the jury or of the officer in charge of them, or because of any communication made to the jury, or that a juror gave an erroneous or incorrect answer on voir dire examination, the court shall hear evidence thereof from the jury or others in open court, and may grant a new trial if such misconduct proved, or the communication made, or the erroneous or incorrect answer on voir dire examination, be material, and if it reasonably appears from the evidence both on the hearing of the motion and the trial of the case and from the record as a whole that injury probably resulted to the complaining party.
b. A juror may not testify as to any matter or statement occurring during the course of the jury‘s deliberations or to the effect of anything upon his or any other juror‘s mind or emotions as influencing him to assent to or dissent from the verdict concerning his mental processes in connection therewith, except that a juror may testify whether any outside influence was improperly brought to bear upon any juror. Nor may his affidavit or evidence of any statement by him concerning a matter about which he would be precluded from testifying be received for these purposes.
Upon an inquiry into the validity of a verdict or indictment, a juror may not testify as to any matter or statement occurring during the jury‘s deliberations, or to the effect of anything on any juror‘s mind or emotions or mental processes, as influencing any juror‘s assent to or dissent from the verdict or indictment. Nor may a juror‘s affidavit or any statement by a juror concerning any matter about which the juror would be precluded from testifying be admitted in evidence for any of these purposes. However, a juror may testify: (1) whether any outside influence was im-
properly brought to bear upon any juror; or (2) to rebut a claim that the juror was not qualified to serve.
Noting that both rules provide jurors may not testify about matters or statements made during jury deliberations, Castillo urges they apply to protect the jury‘s deliberations from all discovery. But, by their plain language, the rules apply to motions for new trials, reasons jurors voted for or against verdicts, and inquiries into the validity of verdicts or indictments.
In this case, there was no verdict. Ford is not seeking discovery to impeach a verdict or to take testimony of jurors as to their votes on a verdict. And although the net effect of Ford‘s success in having the settlement agreement set aside will be a new trial, Ford is not asserting error in the trial court‘s denial of discovery as to a motion for new trial. So, although rules 327(b) and 606 do not strictly apply here, the policies inherent in those rules are implicated by this record and the positions of the parties. We have previously articulated some reasons underlying the prohibition of unfettered probing into jury deliberations: (1) keeping jury deliberations private to encourage candid discussion of a case, (2) protecting jurors from post-trial harassment or tampering, (3) preventing a disgruntled juror whose view did not prevail from overturning the verdict, and (4) protecting the need for finality. See Golden Eagle Archery, Inc. v. Jackson, 24 S.W.3d 362, 366-67 (Tex.2000). Not all these reasons apply when no attempt is being made to impeach a verdict, but the overarching principles are the same any time discovery is sought as to what occurred during jury deliberations. Jurors are summoned to court to do public service and they should not be subjected to unfettered post-trial proceedings regardless of whether their deliberations resulted in a verdict. Discovery involving jurors will not be appropriate in most cases, but in this case there was more than just a suspicion that something suspect occurred—there was some circumstantial evidence that it did.
Once the trial court discharges them, jurors are not prohibited from discussing what took place during deliberations. But there is a difference between jurors choosing to talk about their service and their being compelled to do so in discovery depositions and court hearings. We believe the better policy, in general, is to conform discovery involving jurors to those matters permitted by
III. Exclusion of Juror Affidavits
Ford asserts that the trial court erred by sustaining Castillo‘s objections and
IV. Harmful Error
If the trial court abuses its discretion in a discovery ruling, the complaining party must still show harm on appeal to obtain a reversal. See
The court of appeals determined that even if the trial сourt erred, its error was harmless because Ford collected virtually all the evidence it sought to discover and failed to identify what type of evidence it would have obtained and presented if the trial court had granted its motion to delay. 200 S.W.3d at 230-31. It held that these considerations indicate the trial court‘s denial of Ford‘s request for discovery did not harm Ford. Id. at 231. We disagree.
First, while Ford interviewed some of the jurors, it did not have the opportunity to question the presiding juror while she was under oath and required to respond under penalty of perjury. See, e.g.,
V. Conclusion
The trial court committed harmful error by denying Ford the opportunity to conduct discovery on Castillo‘s claim for breach of the settlement agreement. We reverse the court of appeals’ judgment and remand the case to the trial court for further proceedings consistent with this opinion.
Justice WAINWRIGHT filed a concurring opinion.
I join the Court‘s opinion and write separately to highlight an additional reason supporting the decision and to emphasize the limited circumstances in which I believe the Court‘s opinion authorizes targeted discovery related to the actions of jurors.
In this case, Ford Motor Company and Castillo were prompted to settle their products liability lawsuit by a note from the jury room to the trial judge asking: “What is the maximum amount that can be awarded?” The judge and the parties subsequently learned that the note did not come from the jury, but rather appears to have come from a juror, before Ford had been found liable in the jury‘s deliberations. The damages question was conditioned on a liability finding, and the jury would not have had to discuss damages unless it found Ford liable. There is evidence that the presiding juror either did not tell some jurors about the note or ignored objections of other jurors prior to sending it to the judge. There are two potential reasons for the presiding juror‘s action. One potential reason is the juror had an agenda, possibly prompted or guided by outside agents, and attempted to influence the result in the case improperly. The other is that a well-meaning juror sought to have her question answered during deliberations, albeit without the рermission of the rest of the jury. The concrete risk that the first possibility motivated the question from the jury room is the reason the Court allows discovery in this case.
The parties, their attorneys, and the trial court reasonably assumed that the note signed by the presiding juror was not coming from a single juror, but rather the jury as a whole.
When improper outside influence is exerted on a juror, or a juror tries to manipulate the outcome of a dispute, both parties are misled, and the integrity of the jury trial is subverted. The Texas Constitution, the Government Code, the Rules of Civil Procedure, and our case law all recognize that the parties to a civil case have a right to a fair trial, including an impartial and untainted jury. Golden Eagle Archery, Inc. v. Jackson, 24 S.W.3d 362, 374 (Tex.2000) (discussing “guarantees of the right to a fair and impartial jury trial in Article I, Section 15 and Article V, Section 10 of the Texas Constitution“);
Just as this Court cannot allow to stand a favorable verdict obtained by one party due to possible jury misconduct, e.g., Tex. Employers’ Ins. Ass‘n, 317 S.W.2d at 918, it should not enforce a settlement agreement if it is prompted by impermissible outside influence on a jury member. The rule we pronounce today is necessary for the integrity of trial by jury and crucial for litigants to trust in the twelve individuals empaneled as the triers of fact. Castillo would have been entitled to the same limited discovery if he had entered into a meager settlement following the reading of a juror note, potentially prompted by improper influence, asking, “What is the minimum amount of damages we can award?” Both plaintiffs and defendants rely upon a jury system devoid of outside influence and manipulation. See id. at 920 (noting that when a juror has been subjected to improper influence, it is “often impossible for that juror to maintain an impartial attitude between the litigating parties. And this is true whether the juror is prejudiced in favor of or against the party guilty of the improper act.“).
The discovery permitted by the Court in such situations is proper, but it is limited. Questions from the jury room аre not definite declarations of where the jury stands in its deliberations. In fact, many jury