79 Cal. 30 | Cal. | 1889
Lead Opinion
Appeal from an order refusing a change of venue. The complaint avers in substance that the plaintiff was unlawfully confined and restrained of his liberty by the defendant at Nevada township, Nevada County, California; that a writ of habeas corpus was duly issued to the defendant by the superior court of Nevada County, commanding him to produce the body of the plaintiff at a specified time and place; that said writ was served upon the defendant while he had the plaintiff in his custody and under his control, but that defendant refused and still refuses to obey the said writ; and that “ by reason of the aforesaid acts and doings of said defendant, plaintiff has been unlawfully' imprisoned and restrained of his liberty by the defendant for the period of five days, and has suffered damages and injury in the sum of five thousand dollars.” The prayer was for judgment for that sum, and costs. The motion was for change of venue to Sutter County, on the ground that that was the residence of the defendant.
If the action is to be regarded as an action for false imprisonment, the defendant was entitled to have the case sent to Sutter County. If, however, it is to be regarded as an action for the recovery of a statutory penalty under section 1505 of the Penal Code, which provides, in relation to writs of habeas corpus, that “ if the officer or person to whom such writ may be directed refuse obedience to the command thereof, he shall forfeit and pay to the person aggrieved a sum not exceeding five thousand dollars, to be recovered by an action in any court of competent jurisdiction,” then the retention of the case in Nevada County was proper, under section 393 of the Code of Civil Procedure, which provides that
We think that the complaint states a good cause of action for false imprisonment. The allegation that the plaintiff was “confined and restrained of his liberty by the defendant” is an allegation of physical and bodily restraint, which would serve as a foundation for the old action of trespass vi et armis. In such an action it is not necessary to aver—as would be necessary in an action for malicious prosecution — that the imprisonment was malicious or without probable cause. (Colter v. Lower, 35 Ind. 286; 9 Am. Rep. 735; Carey v. Sheets, 60 Ind. 20, 21; Akin v. Newell, 32 Ark. 605.) It is not even necessary to allege that the imprisonment was unlawful (though that is alleged here). If matter of justification exists, it must be pleaded by the defendant. “ Whoever assaults or imprisons another (except in some cases under particular statutes . . .. .) must justify himself by showing specially to the court that the act was lawful.” (1 Chitty on Pleadings, 16th Am. ed., *535; Gallimore v. Ammerman, 39 Ind. 318; Carey v. Sheets, 60 Ind. 20, 21; People v. McGrew, 77 Cal. 570.) We do not regard the expressions in the opinion in Hirsch v. Rand, 39 Cal. 318, as intended to assert a different rule. The allegation of imprisonment, coupled with the averment of damage above quoted, constitutes a cause of action for false imprisonment.
And we are inclined to doubt whether the complaint can be regarded as stating a cause of action for a penalty, under section 1505 of the Penal Code, for the reason that the complaint makes no reference to that section, or indicates in any way that it is for the violation of a statute. But assuming that it can be so regarded, it is evident that it was framed with a double aspect. In one
Even if the complaint be regarded as stating two separate causes of action, upon one of which the defendant would be entitled to a change of venue, but not upon the other, the result would be the same. It is the plaintiff’s own doing if the complaint be so drawn. He can-' not deprive the defendant of his right to a change of venue by the addition of something to the complaint. If this were not the rule, it would be very easy for a plaintiff to defeat the defendant’s right in the matter. All that plaintiff would have to do would be to add another cause of action to his complaint. It need not b.e a genuine cause of action. And it would not matter whether the two causes of action were properly united or not. For the defendant could not compel their separation by demurrer before moving for a change of venue, because he is required to take his proceedings for such change at the time of answering or demurring. (Code Civ. Proc., sec. 396.) And the “right is to be determined by the condition of things existing at the time the parties claiming it first appeared in the action.” (Remington S. M. Co. v. Cole, 62 Cal. 318; Buell v. Dodge, 57 Cal. 645.) And even if this were not so, and the court had power to postpone the hearing of the motion until after the hearing of the demurrer, it would deprive the defendant of his right to have the demurrer heard in the county of his residence. (Heald v. Hendy, 65 Cal. 321.)
In any view that can be taken, therefore, the order
We therefore advise that the order appealed from be reversed, with directions to the court below to make an order transferring the case to Sutter County.
Foote, C., and Belcher, C. C., concurred.
For the reasons given in the foregoing opinion, the order appealed from is reversed, with direc tions to the court below to make an order transferring the case to Sutter County.
Dissenting Opinion
I dissent. The complaint either states a cause of action under the provisions of the code about habeas corpus, or it states no cause of action at all. There is no averment of any liability of defendant under the original arrest. The averred liability is upon his refusal to obey the writ of habeas corpus. I think, therefore, that the-motion for a change of venue was properly denied.
Thornton, J., dissented.