Waterman, L. —
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2 A default was entered against defendants, which, upoxi their application and showing, was set aside by the trial cour.t; and this action is made a ground of complaint. It is said the showing was insufficient in . several respects'. A very large discretion is vested in the trial court in matters of this kind, and where it sets aside a default, thus allowing a trial on the merits, we will not interfere, unless in a manifest case of abuse. Cap. Sav. Bank & Trust Co. v. Swan, 100 Iowa, 718. The trial court may even rest such action upon matters within its own knowledge. Willett v. Millman. 61 Iowa, 123. The result reached in this case before the jui*y tends to support the holding of the district court on the motion to set aside the default.
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5 *178II. The case stated in the petition is that plaintiff purchased the liquor (beer) of the Leisy Brewing Company through Lorenz 111, its agent, and that the purchase price was paid to said 111 as such agent The testimony offered by plaintiff was all along this line. In any event, he was entitled to recover on no different theory from that set out in his petition, and this principle is in nowise altered because of the fact that the agency of 111 was denied by defendants. Plaintiff is limited to the case he pleads.- We have, then, first to determine whether an *179agent can be joined with his principal in an action of this nature. The statute above referred to, under-which this action, is brought, provides that money paid for the purchase in violation of law of intoxicating liquor “shall be held to have been received in violation of law and to have been received upon a valid promise and agreement of the receiver to pay on demand to the person furnishing such consideration the amount of said money. * * *” The. person named here as “receiver,” and who is made liable for the return of the money, is evidently the person to whom it belonged when paid for by the purchaser. If the latter sent the money by express or by the hands of a private carrier, it is not intended that either of those parties should, be liable,- on demand, to return to the payer an equal amount. In Schober v. Rosenfield, 75 Iowa, 455, the action was against an agent who had not received the purchase price, although he had made the sale of the liquor. It was held there could be no recovery, and the question of liability in a case where the money had come into the agent’s hands was expressly left undecided. In Sellers v. Arie, 99 Iowa, 515, cited by appellant, the petition charged defendant as principal. He pleaded as a defense that he was an agent, only. The testimony disclosed that he received the purchase price, and retained 30 to 85 per cent, thereof as his own. This made him a joint principal, for he was a receiver in his own right of a large part of the price paid, and he was held liable as such. The defense of agency will not avail if one is shown to be in fact a joint principal, but there can be no recovery against one whom the plaintiff declares to be an agent only. It is argued on plaintiff’s behalf that 111 was a participant in a scheme to enable plaintiff to violate the law. But this is not an action in tort. It arises out of a statutory contract, —that is, a contract which the statute says shall be implied from certain facts, — and is governed by the ordinary rules relating to actions on contracts. It is not the participa*180tion in making the sale, nor the handling of the money, that could make 111 a joint principal, but only the receipt by him, as his own, o-f a part of the purchase price. See Woodward v. Squires, 41 Iowa, 667, and same case in 39 Iowa, 435.
III. This disposes of the case against 111. We may say further in this connection that, had it been the intent tó charge 111 as a joint principal and a seller of the liquors to plaintiff, we doubt if any such demand was made as to entitle plaintiff to maintain this action against him. The written demand introduced in evidence was for the amount of the purchase price of liquors bought of the Leisy Brewing Company.
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9 *180IV. AVhat has been said disposes of the first complaint grounded on the instructions. The next error argued relates to a statement in the charge to the effect that, in order to recover, plaintiff must show that the beer was sold him “directly by the company, or through the defendant 111 as agent of the company.” No substantial reason is given to support the objection to this paragraph. It is said the statement 'tends to narrow the issues. We' think it an accuráte announcement of the law. In this same connection the trial court told the jury that, to fix the liability of the brewing company, it must appear “that said company, through its officer or such agent, knew that said Foley had not complied with the requirements of the law in every particular to entitle him to sell.” In part, the objection to this language is based upon appellant’s construction of the testimony which is in conflict. We need only say there was evidence which warranted the court in leaving to the jury the question of defendant brewing company’s knowledge of the situation. The main objection, however, is to the use of the words “in every particular.” It is argued that under this instruction the jury must have understood that the brewing company could be 'held liable only on a show*181ing of its knowledge of every detail in which, plaintiff had failed to comply with the mulct law; that if it knew he had failed in one particular, and thus disqualified himself from selling, it would not be sufficient to fix liability, if plaintiff had failed' in other respects which were unknown to the brewing company. This seems to us a forced and unnatural construction. The plain meaning is that the brewing company is liable if it knew defendant had failed, in any respect to comply with the requirements of the mulct law. It is no more than saying that the brewing company was liable if it knew that plaintiff had failed to fully and completely comply with such law. This appellant tacitly, at least concedes to be the law; for no other objections to this clause are argued than those which we have considered. Another objection to this same instruction is that it is submitted to the jury to find whether there was a demand made on the brewing company for the return of the money before suit was brought, when that fact was not in dispute. The demand proved was made of 111, and there was evidence tending to show that he was not an agent of the brewing company. It is also claimed that defendants pleaded a settlement of the cause of action before suit brought, and this was a recognition by them of a prior demand. It may have been a recognition of a claim made, but not of the formal demand which the law requires as a foui hation for this kind of action. See Schober v. Rosenfield, 75 Iowa, 456.
10 V. The objections to the third paragraph of the court’s charge are covered by what we have already said, so. we pass to a consideration of the complaints lodged against the fourth instruction given. This paragraph relates wholly to the facts essential to be found in order to make 111 liable in case the jury finds he was not the agent of the brewing company, but made said sales on his own account. As the petition makes no charge of a sale by 111, save as agent, this instruction might well *182have been omitted. But plaintiff could not have been harmed by it. We think that as to the issue covered by it, the law is correctly stated. There is no inconsistency between this paragraph and that part of the .first instruction relating to the,knowledge which must be possessed by the seller in order to make the sale illegal, as we have construed the language used in the latter instance.
II VI. The fifth instruction given tells the jury that if they find a part of the beer was sold by 111 on his own account, and a part by the brewing company, plaintiff cannot recover. The only argument against the instrction is that it announces an incorrect rule as applied to joint wrongdoers. But as we have seen, this is an action on contract, and not one sounding in tort. It is not claimed the instruction lays down a wrong rule as applied tó a case of contract, for nothing is said by counsel on the subject. Therefore we do not consider that question. The paragraph is not vulnerable to attack on the ground chosen by plaintiff.
{! VII. The sixth instruction submitted relates to the effect of a settlement, if found to have been made, between III and plaintiff, by which plaintiff, for a consideration, waived his right to sue for the money now claimed. The only objection made to this paragraph is that there was no evidence to warrant- it. As to this, we need but say we cannot assent to the statement. Doubtless this instruction, in common with others noticed, need not have been given, for no case is stated against 111, but it was clearly without prejudice. What has been said in relation to the matters discussed heretofore sufficiently indicates our reasons for saying the court properly refused an instruction asked by plaintiff, and upon which refusal error is urged in argument.
*18312 *182VIII. Leisy', the president of the brewing company, was permitted, as a witness, to state what certain matter *183on billheads furnished for 111 meant, and also to tell the character and extent of the latter’s relations with said company. Surely it was competent for the witness to testify to the actual relations that existed between these parties, and this was all that any of this evidence tended to show.
. We find no prejudicial error, and the judgment is aepirmed.