518 So. 2d 251 | Fla. | 1987
Lead Opinion
Numerous members of the Florida Bar have petitioned this Court to amend the Rules Regulating the Florida Bar and change the apportionment of the seats on the bar’s board of governors. The board of governors has responded with an alternative proposal for reapportioning the board. We have jurisdiction pursuant to rule 1-12.-1.
The board currently has forty-two members: the president and president-elect of the Florida Bar; the president and president-elect of the Young Lawyers Division (YLD); two bar members who reside outside Florida; two nonlawyers; one bar member from each of the state’s twenty judicial circuits; and fourteen additional bar members apportioned among the circuits based on the number of bar members residing in each circuit. The petitioners’ proposal would retain the bar’s president and president-elect, the two nonresident bar members, and the two nonlawyers and would have between thirty and forty resident bar members elected from single-member districts created by the board of governors. The proposal eliminates the two YLD representatives and requires that the thirty to forty resident bar members be elected according to the one person, one vote principle. Two out-of-state bar members argue that there should be more nonresident bar members on the board, but otherwise support the petitioners’ proposal as to one person, one vote and abolishing the YLD seats. An individual member of the bar endorses the petitioners’ proposal, but argues for a “free choice” reapportionment plan which would allocate board seats on a special interest basis.
The main issue presented here is whether the one person, one vote principle applies to board of governors’ elections. In Reynolds v. Sims, 377 U.S. 533, 84 S.Ct. 1362,12 L.Ed.2d 506 (1964), the United States Supreme Court held that state legislatures must be apportioned according to the principle of one person, one vote. Since Reynolds, the Court has found that standard applicable to other elective bodies that perform vital and traditional governmental functions and whose actions affect all the general public within those bodies’ jurisdiction. E.g., Hadley v. Junior College District, 397 U.S. 50, 90 S.Ct. 791, 25 L.Ed.2d 45 (1970) (trustees of junior college district); Kramer v. Union Free School District, 395 U.S. 621, 89 S.Ct. 1886, 23 L.Ed. 2d 583 (1969) (school district officials); Avery v. Midland County, 390 U.S. 474, 88 S.Ct. 1114, 20 L.Ed.2d 45 (1968) (county commissioners). If an elective body’s powers are limited and disproportionately affect members of a particular group, however, the Court has found the one person, one vote principle inapplicable. E.g., Ball v. James, 451 U.S. 355, 101 S.Ct. 1811, 68 L.Ed.2d 150 (1981) (directors of agricultural improvement district); Salyer Land Co. v. Tulare Lake Basin Water Storage District, 410 U.S. 719, 93 S.Ct. 1224, 35 L.Ed. 2d 659 (1973) (water storage district directors).
The Florida Bar currently has approximately 40,000 members; their interests and concerns are diverse. The board of governors looks after those interests and addresses those concerns on a collective basis, working for the good of the profession as a whole. The board should be apportioned fairly and should represent all of the bar’s members. We do not find, however, that strict apportionment of board seats according to the principle of one person, one vote is required.
The petitioners argue that lawyers control the administration of justice in Florida, and, because it controls lawyers, the board exercises powers traditionally undertaken by state government. The board exercises the powers and performs the duties assigned to it by this Court. Some of those powers and duties are broad, and the board has considerable influence on the legal profession. It does not, however, exercise governmental powers as, for instance, a legislature does.
The bar, as governed by the board, is composed of lawyers and exists to inculcate in its members the principles of duty and service to the public, to improve the administration of justice, and to advance the science of jurisprudence. Although our profession deals with the general population, and that population is affected by the actions of lawyers, the board of governors has little to do with the general public and is not responsible to the population as a whole in the way that a government usually is. Rather, its powers and duties are limited and directly affect members of a particular group, i.e., persons licensed to practice law in this state.
When it integrated the state bar, this Court noted that integration resulted from the need for an organization that would speak for the profession as a whole and described the integrated bar as a necessary union “to secure the composite judgment of the bar on questions involving its duty to
Those aims are still valid, and we find that the board’s proposal, rather than the petitioners’, more nearly carries out those aims.
The same is true for young lawyers’ representation on the board. Approximately half of the state’s bar members are also members of the YLD by virtue of their being less than thirty-six years old or their having been licensed to practice law in any jurisdiction for less than five years. The petitioners argue that allowing the YLD representatives on the board while YLD members can vote for circuit representatives gives disproportionate weight to YLD members’ votes. The YLD responds that, due to the realities of practicing law, generally only older, more established members of the profession have the time and resources to run for and serve on the board of governors. According to the YLD, therefore, removing the YLD representatives from the board would virtually disenfranchise the YLD members because no board member would be directly concerned with their interests.
We do not believe that the interests of older bar members are antithetical to those of younger members; as bar members they must have many areas of concern in common. The presence of YLD representatives on the board, however, might well allow the introduction of a different point of view, a valuable consideration for a group that acts for the bar as a whole. Because the president-elect succeeds the president in YLD, each of these YLD officeholders serves two years on the board, thereby increasing their familiarity with the board’s work and their effectiveness on the board. We agree to the board’s proposed retention of both the YLD president and president-elect. We do not find that both YLD officers need to be voting board members, however, and amend the proposal to give one vote to the two YLD members, to be exercised by the YLD president or by the YLD president-elect in the president’s absence.
There are no objections to the board’s proposal that a third out-of-state representative be added. Therefore, we hereby allow for three (rather than the current two) nonresident board seats.
The board’s proposal caps the total number of seats at fifty as the maximum number at which the board can operate effectively. To maximize the number of board seats assigned on a population of bar members basis, however, we increase that number to fifty-one, only fifty of whom will be voting members. The board, therefore, shall consist of the bar’s president and president-elect, two YLD members, three nonresident bar members, two nonlawyers, one representative from each of the twenty
Rules 1-4.1 and 2-3.3, as amended herein, are attached following this opinion. These amendments will be effective at 12:01 a.m., January 1, 1988.
It is so ordered.
Rule 1-4.1 is amended as follows:
1-4.1. Composition of board of governors. The board of governors shall be the governing body of the Florida Bar. It shall have fifty-one (51) members, fifty (50) of whom shall be voting members, and shall consist of the president and the president-elect of the Florida Bar, president and president-elect (who shall vote only in the absence of the president) of the Young Lawyers Division, two (2) three (3) representatives of the active members of the Florida Bar residing outside of the State of Florida, representatives elected by and from the active members of the Florida Bar in each judicial circuit, and two (2) residents of the State of Florida who are not members of the Florida Bar. There shall be one or more such circuit representatives from each judicial circuit and fourteen (14) additional-circuit representatives who shall be apportioned among and elected from the judicial circuits on the basis of the number of members in good standing residing in each circuit. The formula for determining the number of additional circuit representatives apportioned to and elected from each judicial circuit and all other matters concerning election and term of office for members of the board of governors shall be prescribed in chapter 2.
Rule 2-3.3 is amended as follows:
2-3.3. Formula for apportionment of members of board of governors. The formula for determining the number of representatives apportioned to and elected from each judicial circuit shall be as follows:
(a) Determine the average median number of members in good standing residing in each the judicial circuits (“the median circuit population”) by dividing-the number of Florida resident members in-good-standing by the total number of judicial-circuits and then divide the-members-in-good-standing residing-in-eadh- circuit by such aver-ager (1) ranking the judicial circuits in order of the number of members in good standing residing in each circuit and (2) determining the number of members in good standing residing in the judicial circuit that is ranked exactly midway between the circuit with the largest number of members and the circuit with the smallest number of members or, if there is an even number of circuits, calculating the average membership of the two (2) circuits that are ranked midway between the circuit with the largest number of members and the circuit with the smallest number of members.
(b) Apportionment — of representatives among the judicial circuits shall be in accordance with the results-thus obtained by apportioning assigning to each judicial circuit one representative -for each multiple of one-(including one) of the results-obtained for such circuit, provided-such number does not-exceed fourteen (14), and-one-representative-for — the circuit’s remaining fraction of a-multiple commencing with the largest-such fraction and continuing-in-descending order to the next largest fraction and-so-on--until all representatives of this category -shall be apportioned to judicial circuits the number of representatives
(c) Determine the relative deviation of each circuit’s proportionate representation from the median circuit population by (1) calculating the number of resident members per representative so apportioned, rounded to the nearest whole number, (2) subtracting from that number the median circuit population, (3) dividing the difference by the median circuit population, and (4) converting the quotient so obtained to the equivalent percentile.
(d) Determine whether each circuit’s relative deviation from the median circuit population would be reduced by adding or subtracting one representative, and, if so, add or subtract one representative as indicated.
(e) Assign one representative to each judicial circuit not otherwise qualifying for a representative under the calculations made in subparagraphs (a) and (b).
(f) In the.event the sum of the whole integers-so determined exceeds fourteen (14),-the -circuits whose results show whole integer-s-from the application of the formula shall be determined by eliminating-one representative for the lowest fraction of a whole integer among-sueh-circuits and continuing — in ascending order until fourteen (14) is reached. If the total number of representatives assigned to the judicial circuits as a result of the steps set forth in subparagraphs (a) through (e), when added to the number of officers and other representatives who are members of the board by virtue of the provisions of rule 1-4.1, would result in a board of more than fifty (50) voting persons, reduce the number of members of the board to exactly fifty (50) voting persons by (1) determining which judicial circuit among those to which more than one representative has been apportioned would have the smallest relative deviation from the median circuit population after the loss of one representative, (2) subtracting one representative from that circuit, and (3) repeating those two (2) steps as necessary until the total number of voting board members is reduced to exactly fifty (50).
In fact the petitioners’ plan could well contravene the Court’s aims completely by concentrating all or virtually all the board members in a few geographical locations that have large numbers of resident bar members, leaving other areas unrepresented.
Dissenting Opinion
dissenting.
The choice to be made here is between justice and fairness on the one hand and convenience and the traditional resistance to change on the other. Under the current apportionment system, the Board of Governors in December 1986 included one representative from the Third Circuit, which had only 117 members. In contrast, each of the six representatives from the Eleventh Circuit was charged with representing at-large a total of 8,255 members, or about 1,376 each. Not only is this unfair, but unlike the majority, I cannot conclude that any useful purpose is served by providing the membership of the Third Circuit more than ten times the representative power of their counterparts in the Eleventh.
As the United States Supreme Court has noted in another context
[t]he right to vote freely for the candidate of one’s choice is of the essence of a democratic society, and any restrictions on that right strike at the heart of representative government. And the right of suffrage can be denied by a debasement or dilution of the weight of a citizen’s vote just as effectively as by wholly prohibiting the free exercise of the franchise.
Reynolds v. Sims, 377 U.S. 533, 555, 84 S.Ct. 1362, 1378, 12 L.Ed.2d 506 (1964) (footnote omitted).
The principle of one person, one vote has become so firmly entrenched in this nation’s idea of fair and representative governance that I see no reason why it should not be applied to The Florida Bar as a matter of policy.
The division of this state into judicial circuits has merit as a matter of administrative geographic convenience. The cost of basing bar representation on circuits, however, is the disenfranchisement of a substantial number of bar members practicing in Florida’s population centers. That is too high a price to pay when one consid
Thus, I would adopt in principle the proposal submitted to this Court by petitioner Chesterfield Smith and a number of other bar members. I would require the Bar to present to this Court a plan which would adequately provide the basis for one person, one vote representation on the Board of Governors and refrain from any apportionment that dilutes the representative power of any distinct group of members.
On Motion for Clarification
Our opinion in this case, filed December 10, 1987, is clarified as follows, at the request of the Florida Bar:
1) The time for filing nominating petitions under rule 2-3.5(b) is extended from 5:00 p.m., January 10, 1988 to 5:00 p.m., February 1, 1988 for the nine newly created seats and for all “even-numbered” seats on the board of governors.
2) Rule 2-3.5(a) is amended to read as follows:
(a) Staggered terms. Elections shall be held in even-numbered years for nonresident -representative seat number-2-and the following circuit representatives:
Circuit (Office Number) Circuit (Office Number)
1 11(9)
2(2) 1'2(2)
3 13(1)
4(1) 14
6(1) 15(1)
7 15(3)
9(1) 17(1)
m 17(4)
10 18
11(1) 20
11(3) nonresident (2)
11(5) public member (2)
11(7)
Elections shall be held in odd-numbered years for nonresident representative seat number-l-and for the following circuit representatives:
Circuit (Office Number) Circuit (Office Number)
2(1) 12(1)
4(2) 13(2)
5 ⅜3(3)
6(2) 15(2)
6(3) 16
8 17(2)
9(2) 17(3)
11(2) 19
11(4) nonresident (1)
11(6) nonresident (3)
1K8) public member (1)
11(10)
As additions or deletions of circuit representatives resulting from the application of the formula provided in this rule necessitate changes in the lists set forth above, both in circuit and office numbers, such changes shall be made by the executive director as appropriate and shall be published in the Florida Bar News by November 1.
It is so ordered.
MCDONALD, C.J., and OVERTON, EHRLICH, SHAW, BARKETT, GRIMES and KOGAN, JJ., concur.