Flagler v. TrainorFlagler v. Trainor
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- Before:
- Calabresi
Lead Opinion
This сase requires us to revisit the purpose and scope of absolute immunity for prosecutors.
I.
Plaintiff-Appellant Stephanie Flagler was a victim of domestic violence at the hands of her ex-boyfriend, Brandon Becker. A grand jury indicted Becker for a criminal matter in which Flagler was the complaining witness. Becker’s trial was scheduled to begin on March 12, 2007. In the days leading up to Becker’s trial, Assistant Distriсt Attorney Matthew Trainor grew concerned that Becker was encouraging Flagler to leave the state in order to avoid testifying at his trial. In addition, Trainor spoke with Becker’s ex-wife, who claimed that Flagler had told her that she planned to leave the state from March 5, 2007 to March 12, 2007 and would not talk to anyone in the District Attorney’s office.
A. Material Witness Order and Arrest Warrant.
Trainor sought a material witness order to secure Flаgler’s attendance at Becker’s trial pursuant to New York Criminal Procedure Law Article 620. He alleged that Flagler had quit responding to telephone calls after January 5, 2007, and that she was “avoiding service of subpoena [sic] for the upcoming trial.” He also recounted for the court his conversation with Becker’s ex-wife. Trainor moved for the material witness order on March 1, 2007. On the basis of Trainor’s affirmation, the County Court ordered Flagler to appear at a hearing on March 7, 2007 in order to determine whether she “should be adjudged a material witness.” The court also issued a material witness arrest warrant. In doing so, the judge found “reasonable cause” to believe that Flagler “would be unlikely to respond” to the court’s order voluntarily.
In her complaint, Flagler alleged that Trainor knowingly mаde false statements in support of the material witness order. She claimed that while she had planned to leave for a vacation on March 8, 2007, Trainor knew that she would return on March 11, 2007, in time for Becker’s trial. She asserted that despite knowing her home, work, and school addresses, Trainor made no attempt to notify her about Becker’s upcoming trial or to subpoena her. In addition, Flaglеr alleged that while the County Court issued the material witness arrest warrant on March 1, 2007, she was not arrested until March 7, 2007, one day after she called Trainor and confirmed that she would testify.
B. Flagler’s Arrest, the Material Witness Hearing, and the Confíscation of Flagler’s Cell Phone.
Pursuant to the material witness arrest warrant, the Utica Police Department ar
The Sheriffs Department confiscated Flagler’s cell phone when the Department took custody of Flagler. Flagler alleged that the Sheriffs Department gave her cell phone to Trainor and that someone in the District Attorney’s office unlawfully tried to access Flagler’s voicemail. Flagler also alleged that Trainor has refused to return her cell phone, even though Becker’s conviction is final.
C. Trainor’s Other Alleged Wrongful Acts.
Flagler also alleged that Trainor made a defamatory statement against her by falsely proclaiming to the press that she had been “hiding out,” and that Trainоr persuaded Becker’s ex-wife to record telephone calls with Flagler without her consent.
D. Procedural History.
Trainor moved to dismiss Flagler’s complaint solely on the basis of absolute prosecutorial immunity. Mot. to Dismiss 1-5, Flagler v. Trainor, No. 08-cv-138 (N.D.N.Y. Jan. 14, 2009), EOF No. 10-7. The District Court granted the motion, dismissing all of Flagler’s federal claims and declining to consider Flagler’s remaining state claims without a federal counterpart. Flagler, 2010 WL 3724015, at *4-6. Flagler filed a timely notice of appeal, and we now affirm in part and vacate and remand in part.
II.
A. Absolute Prosecutorial Immunity.2
Prosecutors are generally immune from liability under
Yet absolute prosecutorial immunity is not without its costs. In Imbler, the Supreme Court explained:
To be sure, this immunity does leave the genuinely wronged defendant without civil redress against a prosecutor whose malicious or dishonest action deprives him of liberty. But the alternative of qualifying a prosecutor’s immunity would disserve the broader public interest. It would prevent the vigorous and fearless performance of the prosecutor’s duty that is essential to the proper functioning of the criminal justice system.
424 U.S. at 427-28, 96 S.Ct. 984; see also Gregoire v. Biddle, 177 F.2d 579, 581 (2d Cir.1949). Thus, while absolute prosecutorial immunity may leave an injured party without a remedy, society has found more benefit in insulating the exercise of prosecutorial discretion.
That being said, the Supreme Court has clarified that immunity is not a function of the prosecutor’s title. Kalina, 522 U.S. at 125, 127, 118 S.Ct. 502. Rather, it attaches to prosecutorial functions that are intimately associated with initiating or presenting the State’s case. Id. Prosecutors are absolutely immune from suit only when acting as advocates and when them conduct involves the exercise of discretion. Id. at 127, 118 S.Ct. 502. Thus, the Supreme Court has found prosecutors absolutely immune from suit for alleged misconduct during a probable cause hearing,3 in initiating a prosecution,4 and in presenting the State’s case.5 On the other hand, the Court has withheld absolute immunity fоr conduct unrelated to advocacy, such as giving legal advice,6 holding a press conference,7 or acting as a complaining witness.8
The task then is to determine whether each asserted wrongful act falls within the zone of Trainor’s absolute immunity as a prosecutor.
1. False Statements Made in Support of a Material Witness Order.
Flagler contends that by making sworn factual statements in support of the order, Trainor was acting as a complaining witness rather than аs an advocate. In Kalina v. Fletcher, the Supreme Court held that a prosecutor was not absolutely immune from liability for making false statements in support of an arrest warrant. There, the prosecutor provided a “Certification for Determination of Probable Cause” that summarized the evidence supporting the arrest warrant. 522 U.S. at 121, 118 S.Ct. 502. Rather than attaching to the motion an affidavit from a witness with personal knowledge of facts, the prosecutor “personally vouched for the truth of the facts set forth in the certification.” Id.
The certification included two inaccurate factual statements, id.; the charges
After surveying the history of prosecutorial immunity, the Supreme Court recognized immunity’s two important functions: (1) “protecting the prosecutor from harassing litigation that would divert [the prosecutor’s] time and attention from his official duties”; and (2) “the interest in enabling [the prosecutor] to exercise independent judgment when deciding which suits to bring and in conducting them in court.” Id. at 125,118 S.Ct. 502 (internal quotation omitted). The Court recognized that the second function — insulating the prosecutor’s discretion when acting as advocate— was of “primary importance.” Id. But sworn statements in support of an arrest warrant were not intimately associated with a prosecutor’s duty to advocate.9 Rather, offering sworn statements was an “act that any competent witness might have pеrformed.” Id. at 129-30, 118 S.Ct. 502. The prosecutor was acting as a complaining witness, not as an advocate; “[testifying about facts is the function of the witness, not of the lawyer.” Id. at 130, 118 S.Ct. 502. The Court also noted that “neither federal nor state law made it necessary for the prosecutor to make [the factual assertion].” Id. at 129, 118 S.Ct. 502.
Kalina is easily distinguishable from the case before us. There are key differences between arrest wаrrants and material witness orders. For one, in New York, only a prosecutor or defense attorney can seek a material witness order. N.Y.Crim. Proc. Law § 620.20(1); see also N.Y.Crim. Proc. Law § 620.30(1) (requiring the “applicant” to make a written, sworn application in order to commence material witness proceedings; the applicant is either the prosecutor or defense attorney). Further, an arrest warrant is оne of the first steps required to begin a criminal investigation. A material witness order, in contrast, may issue only when a prosecution is ready for trial.
Seeking a material witness order is within the prosecutor’s “function” as an advocate. A prosecutor employs prosecutorial discretion when determining whether to seek such an order. See Betts v. Richard, 726 F.2d 79, 79 (2d Cir.1984)10;
Nevertheless, Flagler argues that the Third and Ninth Circuits have denied absolute prosecutorial immunity for wrongdoing in connection with prosecutorial functions. Flagler, however, fails to recognize that the wrongdoing in those cases was either administrаtive in nature11 or akin to the function of law enforcement officers in protecting the public safety by making a complaint of wrongdoing.12 Therefore, notwithstanding Flagler’s arguments to the contrary, we find Trainor absolutely immune for making alleged false statements in support of a material witness order and warrant.
2. Alleged Defamatory Statements Made to the Press.
Flagler argues that Trainor defamed her by falsely stating to the press that she had been “hiding out” bеfore the trial. Trainor only claimed absolute immunity from liability for this claim; he did not challenge the substance of the pleading.
In Buckley v. Fitzsimmons, the Supreme Court held that “statements to the media are not entitled to absolute immunity.” 509 U.S. 259, 277, 113 S.Ct. 2606, 125 L.Ed.2d 209 (1993). The Court explained that while absolute immunity shields statements made during a judicial proceeding, it does not shield statements made outside court. Id. The Court reasoned; “The conduct of a press conference does not involve the initiation of a prosecution, the presentation of the State’s case in court, or actions preparatory for these functions.” Id. at 278, 113 S.Ct. 2606. The Court recognized that while statements to the press may be an “integral part” of the prosecutor’s job, the duty is no different than that for other executives who deal with the press and enjoy only qualified immunity. Id. Because аbsolute immunity does not shield statements made to the press, the district court erred by dismissing Flagler’s defamation claim on account of absolute immunity.
3. Alleged Accessing of a Person’s Voicemail without Consent and Persuading Becker’s Ex-Wife to Record Telephone Calls.
We have no trouble concluding that Trainor is not absolutely immune
4. Alleged Withholding /Preserving of Evidence After a Criminal Prosecution Has Run its Course.
Trainor argues that by withholding Flagler’s cell phone, he is preserving evidence and that preservation of evidence is intimately associated with presenting the State’s case. In Parkinson v. Cozzolino, we held that a prosecutor is absolutely immune for withholding/preserving evidence to be used in connection with a criminal prosecution, and that immunity extends throughout a subsequent appeal. 238 F.3d 145, 152 (2d Cir.2001). We made no determination, however, “as to when such immunity ends.” Id.
We recognize the inherent conflict between Flagler’s argument and a prosecutor’s duty to defend a conviction. If we agreed with Flagler, absolute immunity would end once the time to appeal and collaterally attack a conviction had run. But some collateral attacks, like actual innocence, have no statute of limitations. And as technology advances, we learn of new tests and tools that make fact finding more precise — technologies once thought inconceivable. Therefore, without fuller development of the issue by thoughtful briefing and factual development in the district court, we are unwilling to draw a line as to how long absolute immunity shields a prosecutor for withholding/preserving evidence.
Rather, we recognize that Trainor did not raise Cozzolino below. We therefore vacate and remand the district court’s order аnd judgment so it may consider whether Trainor is absolutely immune for preserving evidence — Flagler’s cell phone — after Becker’s conviction became final. Of course, the district court need not address this issue if it deems summary judgment appropriate on the basis of qualified immunity.
III.
We AFFIRM the district court to the extent it found Trainor absolutely immune from Flagler’s claim that he violated her constitutional rights by making false stаtements in support of a material witness order. We VACATE and REMAND the rest of the order and judgment because absolute immunity does not immunize prosecutors from liability for making defamatory statements to the press, accessing a person’s voicemail without consent, or persuading a party to a conversation to record its contents; and, the district court should consider in the first instance whether Trainor is absolutely immune for continuing to withhold/preserve evidence— Flagler’s cell phone.
Notes
. In this case, the standard of review is well known and not at issue. “We review de novo a district court’s grant of a motion to dismiss pursuant to Rule 12(b)(6), accepting all factual allegations in the complaint as true and drawing all inferences in the plaintiff‘s favor.” Legnani v. Alitalia Linee Aeree Italiane, S.P.A., 274 F.3d 683, 685 (2d Cir.2001). We will “affirm only if it appears beyond doubt that the plaintiff can provе no set of facts in support of [her] claim which would entitle [her] to relief.” Id. (internal quotation marks omitted) (alterations in original).
. Burns v. Reed, 500 U.S. 478, 492, 111 S.Ct. 1934, 114 L.Ed.2d 547 (1991).
. Imbler v. Pachtman, 424 U.S. 409, 431, 96 S.Ct. 984, 47 L.Ed.2d 128 (1976).
. Id.
.Burns, 500 U.S. at 492-96, 111 S.Ct. 1934.
. Buckley v. Fitzsimmons, 509 U.S. 259, 276-78, 113 S.Ct. 2606, 125 L.Ed.2d 209 (1993).
. Kalina v. Fletcher, 522 U.S. 118, 129-31, 118 S.Ct 502, 139 L.Ed.2d 471 (1997).
. The Court held that preparing and drafting of the certification was protected by absolute immunity because it was intimately associated with a prosecutors’s advocacy. It was only the act of “personally attesting to the truth of the averments” that went beyond the prosecutor‘s duty to advocate. Kalina, 522 U.S. at 129, 118 S.Ct. 502.
. In Belts v. Richard, 726 F.2d 79 (2d Cir.1984), we held that a prosecutor who had obtained a writ of capias (essentially the Connecticut equivalent of a material witness warrant) to ensure the presence of the complaining witness at a criminal trial was immune from liability under
. Odd v. Malone, 538 F.3d 202, 213, 215-16 (3d Cir.2008). In Odd, the Third Circuit held that keeping the court informed about the status of a criminal proceeding (which could affect a material witness’s continued detention) was an administrative task. The court recognized, however, that securing a material witness‘s attendance at trial was shielded by absolute immunity. Id. at 212. That is the case before us; Flagler challenges Trainor’s conduct that was intimately associated with his securing her attendance at trial as a mаterial witness.
. In Cruz v. Kauai County, the Ninth Circuit denied absolute immunity because the prosecutor’s conduct — swearing to facts in support of a bail revocation — was akin to conduct of a complaining witness, even though Hawaii law restricted authority to seek bail revocation to a prosecutor. 279 F.3d 1064, 1067-68 (9th Cir.2002). We recognize that our holding may be in tension with Cruz. In Cruz, however, the district court granted only qualified immunity, so the Ninth Circuit’s discussion about absolute immunity is largely dicta. And, we believe that in seeking a material witness wаrrant, despite signing an affidavit, the prosecutor is intimately involved in advocacy’ — assembling and presenting the State’s case.
. We take no position on whether these acts occurred or whether they would constitute actionable misconduct if they did. In general, so long as one party to a conversation consents to its recording, the recording is lawful under both New York and federal law. See N.Y.Crim. Proc. Law § 700.05;
Concurrence Opinion
concurring:
I аgree completely with the majority opinion and join it fully. I write separately because our Court has recently decided Collazo v. Pagano, 656 F.3d 131 (2d Cir.2011) (another opinion with which I agree completely), whose relation to this case is, I think, worth underscoring.
In Collazo, we held that claims dismissed on the ground of absolute prosecutorial immunity are considered “frivolous” for purposes of
I write to clarify the following. A court may dismiss a claim sua sponte on three grounds pursuant to
The case before us is a perfect example of a claim of absolute immunity that, though it loses (I of course refer to the portion of our opinion affirming the district court’s dismissal), is anything but frivolous. Plaintiff-Appellant’s claim that absolute immunity does not apply, relies, inter alia, on the Ninth Circuit opinion in Cruz v. Kauai Cnty., 279 F.3d 1064 (9th Cir.2002), and, as our opinion points out, our decision, whether or not in conflict with Cruz, is at least in tension with it. To suggest, as Appellant does, that Cmz should guide us, is not frivolous and is not
The difference between a dismissal on absolute immunity grounds pursuant to
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In no event shall a prisoner bring a civil action or appeal a judgment in a civil action or proceeding under this section if the prisoner has, on 3 or more prior occasions, while incаrcerated or detained in any facility, brought an action or appeal in a court of the United States that was dismissed on the grounds that it is frivolous, malicious, or fails to state a claim upon which relief may be granted, unless the prisoner is under imminent danger of serious physical injury.
. The criteria for accumulating strikes under