287 N.Y. 326 | NY | 1942
Lead Opinion
This is a consolidated action by a depositor against two drawee banks to recover the sums paid out on eleven checks which bore forged endorsements of the names of the respective payees. The forgeries were committed by an employee of the plaintiff corporation. In their separate answers the defendant drawee banks deny the forgeries and allege affirmatively they are not liable for breach of the contract made with the plaintiff depositor that they would not disburse its money on forged endorsements. Their reasons are: First, the checks were bearer instruments and, therefore, payment thereof was in accordance with their tenor.Second, the loss is directly attributable to the negligence of the plaintiff. Third, the checks in dispute are covered by accounts stated between the plaintiff and the banks. Lastly and by way of a partial defense, the banks *329
allege that the employee who committed the forgeries has repaid to the plaintiff the proceeds of six of the eleven checks and, hence, no loss has been sustained by plaintiff with respect to these six checks. The trial court submitted to the jury two specific questions, one dealing with the issue of the negligence of plaintiff, and the other with the issue of accounts stated. The court charged the jury that if they found in favor of the defendants on either issue, their verdict must be for the defendants. The jury found for the defendants on both questions. The trial court set aside the verdict of the jury, granted a motion by plaintiff, theretofore reserved, for a directed verdict and, accordingly, granted judgment. Upon appeal, the Appellate Division reversed the judgment in favor of plaintiff, reinstated the verdict of the jury, and ordered judgment on the verdict in favor of defendants upon the ground that there was evidence to support the verdict and that the latter was sufficient to support the judgment for defendants. The appeal to this court, therefore, presents only questions of law. (Markiewicz v. Thompson,
Plaintiff is in the business of manufacturing and selling boilers. In order to encourage sales, plaintiff would undertake to finance the cost of installation as well as to extend credit on the purchase price. A "finance" sale would be arranged in the following manner. A prospective purchaser would execute his promissory note to a local dealer to cover the cost of the boiler, installation and credit charges. The dealer in turn would endorse the note without recourse and forward it to plaintiff. If the transaction was approved by plaintiff, then upon completion of the installation, plaintiff would forward its check to the dealer for the face amount of the note less the price of the boiler and credit charges.
An individual named Miano was assistant treasurer and also credit manager of the plaintiff corporation. He had come into plaintiff's employ in 1922 and in 1930 had advanced to the position of assistant treasurer. There is no doubt he was an important officer of the plaintiff corporation and entrusted with the care of confidential matters. Upon *330 the direction of Miano, the accounting department, headed by another officer of the corporation, would prepare checks for signature by an appropriate officer in accordance with the supporting data submitted by Miano. Beginning in the latter part of 1935 and continuing through 1936, Miano caused the issuance of thirty-four checks to several dealers with whom plaintiff had had business contacts, but who were not entitled to the checks in question since they were not based on actual sales. Miano's course seems to have been to deliver a check to the dealer named as payee and then to obtain to his personal credit a check drawn by the dealer in equal amount. In January and February, 1937, Miano simplified his procedure by forging the names of the payees of the eleven checks in suit. In September, 1937, the president of plaintiff corporation learned of Miano's defalcations from the latter's attorney.
The banks contend they are not liable, at least with respect to some of the checks, because these particular checks were issued as bearer instruments. To support the argument that some of the checks were so payable, defendants assert that there is evidence in the record from which the jury might have found that at the time the president of plaintiff corporation signed such checks the names of the payees had not been inserted and that when Miano subsequently wrote in the names of the payees, he did not intend them to have any interest in the checks. (Negotiable Instruments Law, § 28, subd. 3; Cons. Laws, ch. 38.) The conclusion sought by defendant banks cannot be sustained for the record contains no evidence that the checks were signed in blank except for a vague statement that "the great majority of the checks were signed in blank by Mr. Homer Adams." This statement is to be found in an affidavit executed by Miano prior to the trial which defendants introduced solely for the purpose of impeaching Miano as a witness and, therefore, the statement cannot serve as affirmative evidence of the truth of the fact sought to be proved by defendants. (Civ. Prac. Act, § 343-a; Matter of Roge v.Valentine,
Defendants next contend that they are not liable for breach of contract made with their depositor, because the breach was the result of negligence on the part of the depositor. They urge that plaintiff was negligent in failing to discover the fraud of Miano prior to the issuance of the eleven checks in suit in January and February, 1937. Plaintiff, of course, may not insist on the fulfilment of a contract to which it is a party if it can be said to have brought about the breach of that contract. The negligence of the depositor will bar recovery also where it has lulled the drawee bank into relaxing the vigilance it should have exercised in guarding against forged endorsements. There is no evidence in the record that the failure of the drawee banks to carry out the contract which they had undertaken was the proximate result of any act or failure to act on the part of the plaintiff depositor. (American Surety Co. v. Empire Trust Co.,
Concerning the relation of the negligence of the depositor to the contractual undertaking of the banks not to pay out upon forged endorsements, we have said: "The drawer owed to the drawee the duty only that it would not by act or misrepresentation facilitate a fraud upon it. * * * Negligent failure by the drawer to protect itself against fraud in procuring the making of the drafts does not cast upon the drawer the risk that they will be paid upon a forged endorsement." (American Surety Co. v.Empire Trust Co., 262 N.Y. at p. 186.)
Defendants have presented no evidence to excuse the banks from fulfilling their contract to the depositor. In so far as the verdict of the jury may purport to find that defendants were misled by the negligence of plaintiff, the verdict is unsupported by any evidence and must fail as a matter of law.
The drawee banks contend that although they may have been guilty of a breach of contract, nonetheless recovery is barred for the further reason that accounts were *334
stated between the parties for the months of January and February, when the eleven checks in suit were paid by the banks. These statements of account were delivered to plaintiff at the beginning of February and of March for January and February respectively. Included with the statements were the checks bearing the endorsements forged by Miano. A depositor is not concluded by the bank's statement where he is ignorant of the facts and cannot reasonably be expected to know them. The statements of account charged the depositor with the knowledge which an examination of the statements themselves would disclose. The basis of this rule is the duty of the depositor to make such an examination. There is no duty upon a depositor to ascertain whether the endorsements are genuine or forged. In Shipman v.Bank of State of New York (
There is nothing is this record to establish that plaintiff at the time the accounts were rendered by the drawee bank knew or was under a duty to investigate the signature of the payees. It follows that the statements of account did not conclude plaintiff, and the verdict of the jury to the contrary is without any support.
It seems that prior to the termination of the employment of Miano he made partial restitution. This he did by crediting without any agreement with plaintiff the accounts of the several dealers who had been named by him as payees *335 in six of the eleven checks which he had forged. The obligations of Miano to plaintiff include not only the forged checks but also the sums paid out by means of thirty-four checks in 1935 and 1936. The amounts repaid by Miano were less than the sums lost by the plaintiff as the result of the series of thirty-four checks and it appears without dispute that at all times there was due to the plaintiff an amount in excess of the amount sued for herein. The defense of partial restitution, therefore, is not sustained by the record. (Shipman v. Bank of State of New York, 126 N Y at pp. 332, 333.)
Defendants also urge that in any event they are entitled to a new trial because of the failure of the trial court to submit as a question of fact for determination by the jury whether the endorsements claimed by the plaintiff as forgeries were in fact signatures authorized by the respective payees. This issue was properly withdrawn by the trial court from the jury for the reason that the only evidence in the record shows the existence of the forgeries. As was said on this issue by the Appellate Division: "There is no doubt that the money was wrongfully paid out on the checks." (
It follows that the judgment of the Appellate Division should be reversed and that of the Trial Term affirmed, with costs in this court and in the Appellate Division.
Dissenting Opinion
Upon forged endorsements the drawee banks have paid checks drawn by the plaintiff upon its bank accounts. By fraud of its assistant treasurer the plaintiff was induced to draw the checks to the order of the payees named therein. The guilty officer of the plaintiff then forged the names of the payees and appropriated the proceeds. If the plaintiff had used better methods of bookkeeping and had exercised greater vigilance in guarding against dishonesty of its employees the dishonesty of the assistant treasurer, in whom, it appears, the other officers of the corporation had great confidence, would have been discovered and he could not have obtained the checks and would not have had opportunity to forge *336 the endorsements upon them. Negligence in that respect would not, I agree, constitute a defense to an action brought by the depositor for breach of the bank's contract to pay out the moneys in the plaintiff's bank account, in accordance with directions of the depositor. Nor would such negligence give rise to a cause of action in favor of the bank (which the bank might interpose as a counterclaim) for damages consequent upon such negligence.
The cases cited in the opinion of Judge FINCH constitute decisive authority for that rule. Here there is more than mere failure by the depositor to use care in protecting itself against dishonesty of its employees. Here the evidence is sufficient to justify the finding of the jury that the plaintiff had notice that an employee was dishonest and the finger of suspicion pointed directly at the dishonest assistant treasurer. As the Appellate Division has pointed out in its opinion, one of the plaintiff's customers informed the plaintiff that it would discontinue business relations with the plaintiff because of the suspicious behavior of the delinquent officer in handling his account and manipulation of checks to his order and, as the Appellate Division also points out, other clerks in the accounting department strongly suspected that the depositor's bookkeeping accounts were seriously wrong. Closing its eyes to such notice, the plaintiff harbored a thief, though investigation would have disclosed previous thefts. The plaintiff, upon the representations of the thief, continued to issue checks to payees to whom it owed no moneys and then failed to examine the endorsements on the checks so issued to determine whether they were genuine.
In such case elemental principles of fair dealing place upon the depositor a duty to do more than merely examine the signature of the drawer on returned vouchers. Having notice that an employee was manipulating accounts and checks it was bound in its transactions with the bank to exercise care commensurate with the notice of the danger to which the bank would be subjected in carrying out its contract with the depositor. That might require a check-up *337
of returned checks with the entries of such checks in the depositor's book of account. Such a check-up would have shown that a large proportion of the checks were drawn upon misrepresentations of the depositor's dishonest officer and diverted by him. It might require, too, examination of the endorsement. (Prudential Ins. Co. v. National Bank ofCommerce,
In this case these questions of fact were submitted to the jury. It found in favor of the defendant and, in my opinion, the Appellate Division correctly held that the defendant was entitled to the entry of judgment upon the verdict in its favor. Judgment should be affirmed, with costs.
LOUGHRAN, RIPPEY, LEWIS and CONWAY, JJ., concur with FINCH, J.; LEHMAN, Ch. J., dissents in opinion in which DESMOND, J., concurs.
Judgment accordingly. *338
