141 Wis. 515 | Wis. | 1910
Lead Opinion
Tbe following opinion was filed F bruary 1, 1910:
Error is assigned because tbe court refused to direct a verdict in favor of tbe defendant, for the reason that neither negligence nor proximate cause bad been shown upon tbe undisputed evidence. This contention is based upon tbe claim that tbe death of Mrs. Fisher resulted from an unavoidable accident, even if she were killed by tbe defendant’s car, and further that it does not appear from tbe evidence that she was killed by tbe car, but by being thrown from tbe buckboard in which she was riding. Tbe questions involved under this bead are purely questions of fact. Without going into any extended discussion of tbe evidence we will refer briefly to some of tbe leading facts which tbe evidence tends to prove.
Tbe evidence shows that upon tbe day in question tbe deceased, without negligence on ber part or on tbe part of tbe driver, Mrs. Wolcott, was thrown from a buckboard in which she was riding upon tbe street-car track in front of an approaching car, run over, and killed. Tbe car was being oper
“Sec. 22. Employees of said street railway shall use all proper and reasonable care and diligence to' prevent any injury to persons and property, and on the appearance of danger*520 to any one on or near the track the cars shall he stopped when by so doing injury may be avoided, or when teams become so frightened as to be liable to become unmanageable by their drivers.”
The car was not provided with a fender, although fender's had been in use many years prior to the time of the injury and since. A physician who examined the body shortly after the injury testified that death was .instantaneous, and might have been caused by the fall from the buckboard or by the passage of the car over deceased; and further says that there were very few and slight bruises and practically no external marks; that the neck might have been broken by the violent rotation of the head. There is also some evidence tending to show that the current was not shut off at all, but that the motorman stopped the car by use of the hand brake, and that immediately after the accident he exclaimed, “If I had only thought to turn off the controller.” The evidence further shows that the horse reared up twice; there could not have been half a minute between the time he reared first and last; he fell close to the track at or about the time the occupants fell from the buckboard, which was cramped on a forward wheel, causing it to tip over. The most approved plan of construction of defendant’s street car required a fender to pick up objects in danger of being run over by the car. The fenders put on defendant’s cars after the injury, and which were on at the time of trial, were an inch or inch and a half above the rail.
The foregoing is the substance of some of the material evidence produced upon the trial bearing upon the error assigned on refusal to direct a verdict. Now upon the facts in evidence the main questions were: Was there sufficient evidence to warrant the jury in finding that the motorman was negligent in failing to stop the car before it came in contact with the deceased ? and, Was deceased killed by the car ? It is insisted by appellant that without the evidence of a witness,
There is also the question of whether the car was constructed upon the most approved plan, in consequence of the lack of a fender; and while ch. 390, Laws of 1907 (sec. 1636—58, Stats.), providing for use of fenders, did not go into effect until after the injury in this case, it was passed before, and made manifest at once upon its passage the legislative intent of the necessity for su.ch safety device. At common law the defendant was bound to so use the street as to regard the safety of the traveling public. Its use of it was a joint use with the public, and neither defendant nor the public has a right to endanger the use by the other. Fitts v. C. R. Co. 59 Wis. 323, 18 N. W. 186. And independent of the rule at common law and sec. 1862, Stats. (1898), which provides that street railways must be constructed on the most approved plan, the defendant under its franchise was bound to use all reasonable care to prevent injury to persons and property, and on the appearance of danger stop its car when by so doing injury might be avoided.
The point is made that the resultant injury could not have been foreseen, because no one could apprehend that the horse would turn and jump upon the track in front of the approaching car. But the motorman testified that when the horse reared he apprehended danger, as he well might when a horse so acted in such close proximity to a rapidly approaching car. The point is not well taken. Butler v. M. & St. P. R. Co. 28 Wis. 487; Kujawa. v. C., M. & St. P. R. Co. 135 Wis. 562, 116 N. W. 249; Sarles v. C., M. & St. P. R. Co. 138 Wis. 498, 120 N. W. 232.
Again, it is argued that the negligence of defendant, if negligence was'shown, was not tire proximate cause of the injury,
Error is assigned upon the admission of the ordinance or franchise of the defendant in the town of Farmington, on the ground that said franchise is admitted in the answer; hence the admission of an admitted fact was error. It is at least doubtful whether the answer admitted the franchise alleged in the complaint; but even if it did there was no prejudicial error in admitting the evidence.
Error is’ assigned on the admission of the evidence of an alleged expert respecting the proper equipment of the car, on the ground that it was not shown that he was qualified to testify as an expert. The evidence respecting his qualification to testify as an expert was sufficient, and his evidence to the effect that the most approved plan of construction required a fender to pick up objects in front of the ear competent, in view of statutes and the franchise. Fitts v. C. C. R. Co. 59 Wis. 323, 18 N. W. 186; State ex rel. Att’y Gen. v. Madison St. R. Co. 72 Wis. 612, 40 N. W. 487; Wright v. Milwaukee E. R. & L. Co. 95 Wis. 29, 69 N. W. 791.
There was no error in excluding evidence offered to show that a good-sized dog on a track in Rockford, Illinois, was not protected by a fender.
Several errors are assigned upon the charge. The court ■charged the jury that the defendant’s car was running at a negligent and reckless rate of speed, but this was said by way of presenting to the jury the issues in the case as claimed by the plaintiff, and the court in another part of the charge distinctly told the jury “that the rate of speed of the car as it approached the conveyance in which Mrs. Fisher was riding was not negligent.” ' Nor was the statement of the provisions of the ordinance prejudicial error when considered in connection with the whole charge. The whole charge, when read to-
Tbe error assigned on failure of tbe court to define proximate cause is without merit. No .request was made for such specific instruction, hence no prejudice resulted from failure to give it. Miles v. Stanke, 114 Wis. 94, 89 N. W. 833.
Error is assigned on tbe charge respecting use of fenders as a proper equipment. Tbe subject has been heretofore referred to in regard to admission of evidence. Tbe evidence showed that fenders bad been in use, and were necessary in-complying with tbe law as to tbe most approved plan of construction. Tbe court charged:
“Whether or not tbe defendant, as a duty to tbe public, should have provided a fender as a necessary part of tbe equipment of tbe car in tbe interest of safety to the public or of persons who may come or be upon or in tbe vicinity of tbe defendant’s cars, is a question of fact to be determined by you, as jurors, from tbe whole evidence. If .you shall be therefrom affirmatively satisfied, in tbe manner stated, that it was such duty of tbe defendant to provide and maintain a fender, in such case you should so find. If not so affirmatively satisfied that it was tbe duty of tbe defendant to operate its cars with a fender, in such case you should so find.”
We find no error in this portion of the charge. Sec. 1862, Stats. (1898) ; Fitts v. C. C. R. Co. 59 Wis. 323, 18 N. W. 186; Winstanley v. C., M. & St. P. R. Co. 72 Wis. 375, 39 N. W. 856.
Error is assigned on tbe following portion of tbe charge:
“There is or may be, however, a difference between operation of such car on city streets and upon country roads outside of tbe cities, where opportunities are not so frequent for horses and drivers to become accustomed to tbe presence and tbe dangers of running such cars.”
Tbe obvious intention of the learned judge was, in giving this portion of tbe charge, to impress upon tbe jury that all the facts and circumstances surrounding tbe situation must be
The following portion of the charge is complained of:
“In this case, if you shall find from all the evidence before you that the motorman, under the circumstances shown, had reason to apprehend from what he saw that the horse was likely to become unmanageable and run away or otherwise injure himself or the persons in the carriage, it was his duty to use his best efforts, making use of all the means at his command and all the methods and appliances upon his car, to stop the car as quickly as could thereby be done, if so doing would be likely or tend to avoid danger of injury or danger to any persons or property in peril. If you shall so find that the motorman neglected to do anything so reasonably required of him, under the circumstances as above stated, if they existed, and such failure or negligence upon his part was the proximate cause of the death of Mrs. Fisher, it will be your duty to return your verdict for the plaintiff in this action.”
• We find no prejudicial error in this part of the charge. It is said that the evidence is undisputed that by the use of the reverse lever the car could not have been stopped in the distance that it was. But even if it were, it would not make the charge reversible error. But the evidence is. not undisputed. There is evidence that to make an emergency stop the reverse current is necessary.
Nor do we find prejudicial error in the portion of the charge to the effect that if a fender had been provided it would have “contributed or- tended to protect or save Mrs. Fisher
It is lastly insisted that the damages are excessive. The ■deceased was thirty-eight years of age, well educated; before marriage was capable of earning about $60 a month, and •since her marriage, in addition to .performing her household duties, had rendered assistance to her husband in the perform■ance of his duties as railroad station agent. Under the re* peated decisions of this court we do not feel justified in holding that the damages awarded are excessive. Stutz v. C. & N. W. R. Co. 73 Wis. 147, 40 N. W. 653; Brown v. Vannaman, 85 Wis. 451, 55 N. W. 183; Donovan v. C. & N. W. R. Co. 93 Wis. 373, 67 N. W. 721; Hayes v. C., M. & St. P. R. Co. 131 Wis. 399, 111 N. W. 471; Ewen v. C. & N. W. R. Co. 38 Wis. 613 ; Ryan v. Oshkosh G. L. Co. 138 Wis. 466, 120 N. W. 264; Pfister v. Milwaukee F. P. Co. 139 Wis. 627, 121 N. W. 938; Wankowski v. Crivitz P. & P. Co. 137 Wis. 123, 118 N. W. 643. We think the case was fairly tried and ■no prejudicial error committed.
By the Court. — The judgment of the court below is affirmed.
Dissenting Opinion
The following opinion was filed February 19, 1910:
(dissenting). I think the case was sub-, mitted to the jury upon a wrong theory and has been likewise ■affirmed here.
The idea of the learned circuit judge was, and the idea of my brethren likewise is, that if a reasonably careful motorman could have stopped the ear within a space less than 100 feet, then it was for the jury to say whether the motorman, in this, instance, did all he ought to. have done or not, since there was evidence from the mouth of one witness that the horse
Now we may safely admit, for the purpose of this case,, that, as the witness put it, the horse was probably 100 feet away when he first showed signs of fright, though the evidence-is so strong that the distance was much less, it is difficult to see how twelve men could have concluded to a reasonable certainty that the distance was as suggested; and we may also-safely concede that a car, properly equipped and managed, can be stopped in a distance of seventy-five feet. Do those-concessions justify the finding by the jury and affirmance-here ? I do not think so-.
Appellant owed no duty, at its peril, to stop the car as soon as a car properly equipped could be stopped on such a track as-the one in question. There is, in my judgment, no rule in the law of negligence requiring such a high degree of care. The limit of appellant’s responsibility was to bring the car to a stop as soon as a reasonably prudent motorman, in the exercise of ordinary care, his car being properly equipped, co-uld be reasonably expected to, under the circumstances. It will occur, it would seem, to an ordinary person of ordinary experience in life, that an emergency stop in the circumstances-here must be quite different from a practice emergency stop,, the motorman having clearly in mind what he is to do-, i. e. to see how quickly he can bring his car to a stop when going at fifteen miles per hour. It may well be that the stop could be made within a space of seventy-five feet and, with the same-car, the motorman proceeding without reason to apprehend danger till confronted with imminent peril of taking human life, as in this ease, such motorman using all the care which could be reasonably expected of an ordinarily careful and skilful operator, the car'would go twice seventy-five feet before coming to a stop. This class.of cases do not properly go upon possibility but upon reasonable probability, under all the circumstances. Such, it seems, is the law of negligence.
Looking at the case at the very best for respondent, there was the brief space of five seconds, perhaps not four, from the instant the peril to deceased was apparent, till the unfortunate final event occurred. In that brief time the ordinary man of ordinary skill was called upon to comprehend the danger, to make the necessary movements, at least two in number, and for the appliances set in motion to stop the car to do their work; about the time required, going at a pretty rapid walk, to cover twenty feet. The ordinary mind, under the circumstances of this case, would require one or two seconds to act. One or two more would be required to put the appliances in operation to stop the car, leaving thus, at the most, probably not over two for the appliances to become effective. Does the law hold one guilty of actionable inadvertence if, perchance, he fails, under such circumstances, to prevent the happening of an injury ? I do not think so.
There are other reasons for a reversal which I will not discuss. The evidence, to my mind, fails to prove that death was caused by the car. There is as good reason to believe that it was caused by the fall as by the collision. The right of the matter is involved in conjecture. In any event, the fright of the horse seems, very clearly, to have been the proximate cause of the unfortunate event.
Concurrence Opinion
I concur in the above views.
