124 Tenn. 450 | Tenn. | 1911
delivered the opinion of the Court.
The complainant, J. Blaster Fisher, procured of the defendant an accident insurance policy in the sum of $10,-000 on the 5th of November, 1906. This policy contained
“Agency at Memphis, Tennessee,
“July 16th, 1907.
“We, J. Baxter Fisher and Lula A. Fisher, hereby certify that Beneficiary Supplement No. 82887, issued through the agency of Marks & Bensdorf, district managers, Memphis, Tennessee, on the life of Lula A. Fisher, has been lost, mislaid, or destroyed, and that the same is not now in force, and in consideration of $T.OO to us in hand paid, the receipt of which is hereby acknowledged, we hereby agree to hold the Travelers’ Insurance Co., of Hartford, Conn., harmless from all or any claims or liability under said-beneficiary supplement; and it is further agreed that, in case said beneficiary supplement should he found at any time, it shall he at once forwarded to the office of the company in Hartford, Conn.
“[Signed] Lula A. Fisher, Assured.
“J. B. F.
“Witness: F. H. H.”
Three days before the date of the paper just quoted— that is, on the 13th of July, 1907, there was issued another beneficiary supplement in the place of No. 82887, and known in this record as “Beneficiary Supplement No. 96377.” It contained the same provisions as No.
A jury was called for by the complainant, and issues 'were submitted to them. These issues need not be referred to more particularly than they are set out below in disposing of the charge of the court.
There was a verdict for the complainant for the full amount of both supplements and interest, and the defendant, after its motion for new trial had been overruled, appealed to this court, and has here assigned errors.
The first assignment of error is based on the refusal of the trial judge to permit the witnesses Caruthers Ewing,. Henry J. Livingston, H. R. Miller, J. I. Foster, and T. N. Gorham to testify before the jury as to the experiments made with the same street car on which the alleged
As set out in another portion of defendant’s brief, the defendant offered evidence of the witnesses referred to, in substance to the effect that experiments were made with the same'car at the same curve, and under substantially the same conditions that existed at the time of the alleged accident, which tended to show that it was physically impossible for any swerve of the car, while going east around the curve in question, to cause a person walking in the aisle to the rear to fall towards the north, or to the side; that these experiments were made with the car running at various speeds, and the witnesses testified that in going at only three or four miles per hour around the curve it would not disturb the balance of any one while walking in the aisle; but when running at a high •rate of speed the effect upon a person so walking towards the rear, exactly as Mrs. Fisher was doing, and in the same part of the car, was invariably the opposite of Leibkeman’s testimony; in other words, that, where there was the slightest-tendency to fall, it was invariably towards the left, that is, towards the outside of the curve, or the direction in which the car was going before it
Dr. Leibkeman testified that he was on the same car on which Dr. Fisher and his wife were riding at the time the accident is said to have occurred; that when the car was near the place where Dr. Fisher and his wife were to stop, Mrs. Fisher, who was sitting near the end of the car, perhaps the second or third seat from the back of the car, rose to walk out, and had gotten in the aisle of the car, and was going towards the back of the car, and that the car made a swerve, and she fell or was thrown upon the railing of a seat in front of her, and sank to the floor with her hands or arms on the end of the seat, and was picked up by her husband and carried from the car when it stopped. It is shown that the swerve was made at the curve. It appears from the evidence that the car was going in a southeast direction, and that the curve in the track was to the south, and hence that the swerve must have been to the south. It appears from the testimony of Dr. Leibkeman that she fell to the north, and that the alleged injury upon which the action was brought, and which is said to have caused the death of Mrs. Fisher, was to the right side; it being claimed that four ribs were broken, and that she died from the shock caused by this injury. The evidence of the motorman of the car is that the car was going three or four miles an hour at the time Mrs. Fisher fell. Now, it is, of course, possible that Mrs. Fisher may have had a sudden fainting spell, and have fallen upon the rail
As to the competency of experiments, this has been settled in Tennessee by numerous cases. Byers v. Railroad, 94 Tenn., 345, 29 N. W., 128, and cases cited therein; Boyd v. State, 14 Lea, 161; Lipes v. State, 15 Lea, 125, 54 Am. Rep., 402; Mississippi & Tennessee R. R. Co. v. Ayers, 16 Lea, 725.
In Byers v. Railroad, supra, it was assigned as error that the court excluded the testimony of one Henry Mangrum, who, at the request of the company, made an actual test to see whether the train that caused the death could have been stopped after the engineer saw, or could have seen, the man on the bridge. This witness proposed to prove that he ran the same train on a different, day after the accident over the same place and bridge; that he had the same number of coaches; that in making the test, as soon as he could, being on the lookout, see an object standing on the center of the bridge, he applied every means known to him or other skillful engineers, and used every endeavor to stop his train; and that it was impossible to stop such a train before passing over the bridge, and that his entire train passed over the bridge before he was able to stop it. He further would have testified, if allowed, that he applied his air brakes, reversed his engine, and used every means known
So, in the present case, the evidence was on a vital point in the controversy, because, unless Mrs. Fisher received the injury upon some railway car propelled by steam, compressed air, or electricity, there could be, under the terms of the beneficiary supplement of the policy ' sued on, no recovery.
In Byers v. Railroad, the case of Chicago, St. L. & P. R. R. Co. v. Champion (Ind.), 32 N. E., 874, 23 L. R. A., 861, was referred to with approval. In that case it appeared that the plaintiff brought' an action for injury due to the negligence of a fellow servant, one Theodore Leonard, a yard brakeman, who it is alleged was inexperienced, incompenent, unskillful, and negligent, and that appellant, at the time of his employment, and during the time he was in the service of appellant, had knowledge of such incompetence; that, while appellee was performing his work in appellant’s yard, appellee undertook to
“In the offer to prove in this case, many circumstances were included that were wholly unimportant, such as the fact that the same brakeman was on the car and •handled the brakes in both instances. The important fact sought to be established by the experiment was whether or not a car moving at a slow rate of speed, down a slight incline, with the brakes set, would, when the brakes were suddenly loosened, jump or spring forward. If it would do so in one instance, it. would, under ordinary conditions, repeat it every time the experiment was tried; for it would be the result of the operation of the laws of motion. The rate at which the car was mov*473 ing, the.suddenness with which the brakes were loosened, the degree of the inclination of the track, might affect the celerity of the movement, bnt would not affect the nature of the movement. If the question for investigation was the distance which it would jump, or the celerity of the movement, all these things might be important ; but in determining whether it would or would not jump, they are comparatively unimportant. In our 'opinion, the circumstances under which the experiment was made were sufficiently similar to the facts surrounding the happening of the accident to .make it admissible in evidence, for what it was worth, and for this error the judgment must be reversed/7
See, also, the following text-book: 2 Elliott on Evidence, sections 1249 to 1252, inclusive.
We are of opinion that the chancellor committed error in excluding the evidence referred to, and the first assignment must be sustained.
The second assignment is based on that portion of the judge’s charge to the jury which is as follows:
“The plaintiff in this suit has been present in court during the trial and heard the testimony of witnesses relating to his conduct about the time his wife is alleged to have received the injury. There have also been admissions made by him, under oath, at a former trial in this court, reflecting upon his character and otherwise bearing directly upon the issues in this suit. The proof also shows that the plaintiff was with his wife most, if not all, of the time after it is claimed she was injured until*474 her death, which occurred some twenty-seven hours af-terwards, and that during the greater part of this period he was the only person with her. Under the issue, in this case, the symptoms, conditions, appearance, and medical treatment after the injuries are facts relevant and proper for consideration in determining the issue in this case, as to whether the injury alleged to have been sustained by her in fact caused her death, independenty of all other causes, or whether the morphine, or other drugs, given her, or, some other causes apart from the injuries, caused or contributed to her death.
“The failure to call an available witness possessing peculiar knowledge concerning facts essential to the party’s cause, direct or rebutting, or to examine such witness as to the facts covered by his special knowledge, especially if the witness be naturally favorable to the party’s contention, relying instead upon the evidence of witnesses less familiar with the matter, gives rise to an inference, sometimes denominated a ‘strong presumption of laiv,’ that the testimony of such uninterrogated witness'would not sustain the contentions of such party to the suit. This rule applies with peculiar force to a party to a suit who refuses to testify, and it is applicable to Dr. Fisher in this case.
"If, however, you believe that the testimony of Dr. Fisher, taken on the trial of a former ease and introduced by the defendant on this trial, contained all the evidence ivithin the knowledge of Dr. Fisher which is favorable to the defendant, you should take this into con*475 sideration, in this connection. In other words, it is not right that the defendant should introduce all the testi-mnoy of Dr. Fisher against his interest and in favor of defendant, and then, in addition, have the full benefit of the presumption against him arising from his' not testifying in the case
The last paragraph is the one to which objection is made. We write this in italics for convenience of reference.
In order to a proper understanding of this portion of the charge, it should he stated that the complainant had been a witness in the suit which he had brought to recover on a policy which he had in the Pacific Mutual Life Insurance Company; that his testimony was taken down in that case by a stenographer. He was cross-examined there at great length. In the present case the transcript which the stenographer had made from his notes was used by counsel for the defendant. He placed the stenographer on the witness stand, and read to him from different parts of the cross-examination in the case referred to, and proved by him that the complainant made the statements which were selected for evidence by the said counsel for. defendant. The stenographer also testified that he thought counsel for defendant made a full examination of the complainant in that case, who is also complainant in this case.
The admissions of the complainant which were thus placed in evidence were to the effect that a short time before he married his wife, who was then a widow hav
It was further proven from the cross-examination referred to that he always treated his wife “nicely,” yet she was very jealous; that she was jealous of his little niece, three years old, and also his mother; that she could not bear for him to show attention to any one; again, that he knew that his wife was not happy, because she was always jealous of some one. It was also proven that his wife’s little daughter, who lived with them, was charged by him for medical attention, and also for board; that his wife paid everything; that during this
With reference to the condition of his wife during her illness, it was proven from the cross-examination referred to that her pulse was somewhere from a 100 to 110; that it got slower “as the disease, the injury, advanced.” Being asked why he wanted to have Dr. Haynes, the physician for the street railway company, at his house to see his wife just after she died, it is proven that he said, “I don’t know any reason why;” that he had reached a conclusion before Dr. Haynes got there; that during her illness he did not put any bandages at her side for the broken ribs; that he had a hotwater bag at her side; that he examined her skin during her illness, and it seemed normal.
The foregoing was all in the record that the trial judge could refer to when he told the jury that if they believed that the testimony of Dr. Fisher, taken on the trial of the former case, “contained all of the evidence within the knowledge of Dr. Fisher which was favorable to the defendant,” they should take this into considera
There were other facts proven in the record upon which the complainant might have thrown light, which . were not touched upon in the cross-examination just referred to so far as the present record shows. There were circumstances proven by Mrs. Noel as to his cruel treatment of his wife in her home; also his cruel treatment of her while at Clarksdale; accusations made against him by his wife relating to the death of her child; strong circumstances referred to in. the letters of his wife to Mrs. Noel, bitterly accusing her husband; grave circumstances proven by Dr. Haynes on the night of the death ■of the wife; circumstances relating to the alleged forgery of the will, and forgery of one of the beneficiary supplements; his securing a signature thereto of the former agent of defendant after his wife’s death; circumstances testified to by Mr. Brewer as to the compromise of a suit in Mississippi about some land of his wife, in which he was openly and directly charged with being responsible for the death of his wife. These were facts and circumstances proven by independent testimony, and not by the admissions of the complainant.
The letters of the wife referred to are as follows: “I am real sorry that I could not come down to see you, but
The other letter was written August 28,1907, and was
It was also proven, at the time of her marriage to complainant, August 28,1905, the intended wife had a $2,000 policy on her life in the New York Life Insurance Company. On the 4th of June, 1906, the beneficiary clause
- Since the case must be reversed, we shall not discuss these facts, nor state their tendency toward any particular conclusion. It is certain, however, that, all of them being matters within the knowledge of complainant, it wras incumbent upon him to speak in reference to them. The chancellor had no right to assume, and so direct the jury, nor did the jury have a right to assume, that all of these facts had been proven in the case of the Pacific Mutual Life Insurance Company, and that they were embraced in the transcript of the evidence of complainant in that case which the counsel for defendant held in his hand when he examined the statement; or, even if it were proper to entertain such an inference, still there may have been something which was omitted by counsel in the former examination, or a reference to some other topics. In addition to this, the fact' that there had been proven against him the admissions above referred to, taken from his cross-examination in the case of Pacific
“It is a well-settled rale of evidence that when the circumstances in proof tend to fix a liability on a party who has it in his power to offer evidence of all the facts as they existed, and rebut thé inferences which the circumstances in proof tend to establish, and he fails to offer such proof, the natural conclusion is that the proof, if produced, instead of rebutting, would support, the inferences against him, and the jury is justified, in acting upon that conclusion. £It is certainly a maxim,? said Lord Mansfield, ‘that all evidence is to be weighed according to the proof which it was in the power of one side to have produced, and in the power of the other side to have contradicted.’ Blatch v. Archer, Cowp., 63, 65. It is said by Mr. Starkie in his work on Evidence (volume 1, p. 54) : ‘The conduct of the party in omitting to produce that evidence in elucidation of the subject-matter in dispute which is in his power and which rests peculiarly within his own knowledge frequently affords occasion for presumptions against him, since it raises strong suspicion that such ■ evidence, if adduced, would operate to his prejudice.’ ”
The assignment of error is well taken, and must be sustained.
The third assignment is on the same general subject. It is based upon the refusal of the trial judge to give the jury in charge special request No. 26 offered by counsel
“It is the duty of a party to a suit in a court of equity to mate disclosure of all of the material and relevant facts in his possession bearing upon the issues in the suit, and to withhold none, so that the merits of the controversy may be fairly and properly determined. The plaintiff, J. B. Fisher, is a competent witness under the laws of this State, but has not testified as a witness in this suit. His failure to testify is unaccountable upon any other reasonable hypothesis than that he could not deny the truthfulness of the testimony given against him as to his conduct about the time of his wife’s injury, and as to the admissions made by him at the former trial; nor can his failure to take the stand and testify concerning the symptoms and conditions and appearance of his wife after the injury be accounted for upon any reasonable ground, except that, if he testified, his testimony would have tended to disprove that her death 'resulted from accidental means.”
This was in effect what the trial judge, said, aside from the matter which we have reproduced in italics under a former assignment in the paragraph just quoted.
As we have stated in disposing of the former assignment, the trial judge might have gone much further than he did, and yet been within our authorities. In Dunlap v. Haynes, supra, the question was whether a
“John Haynes and W. D. Haynes were both competent witnesses, and could have made the proof in support of their answer. Their failure to do so was unaccountable upon any other reasonable hypothesis than that the payment had not been made.”
In Bennett v. Massachusetts Mutual Life Insurance Co., it is said:
“It appears that there is no testimony whatever to contradict that of complainants. The soliciting agent of the company, as well’as the medical examiner, were present when the answers, were given, and neither one was examined, and this raises a presumption that they would not have contradicted the statement of the complainant. The. case is, in effect, a charge of fraud as against them, and this amounted to a challenge to them to testify. Jackson v. Blanton, 2 Baxt., 63; Dunlap v. Haynes, 4 Heisk., 476. In the absence of any testimony from them contradicting the statement of the assured, we think the chancellor was warranted in finding the facts as stated by the complainants.”
In 1 Moore on Pacts, section 571, it is said:
“Where facts are in evidence affording legitimate inferences going to establish the ultimate facts that the*486 evidence is designed to prove, and the party to be affected by the proof, with an opportunity to do so,- fails to deny or explain them, they may well be taken as admitted, with all the effect of the inferences afforded. In denying a defendant’s motion for a new trial, Mr. Justice Story spoke of the ‘most reprehensible and studied refusal of the defendant’ to testify at the trial. ‘He contented himself with a profound silence as to evidence of Ms own conduct, leaving the plaintiffs to grope their way through the cause, by doubtful and glimmering lights, gathered from his own imperfect confessions. If he has suffered by the verdict, it has been his own folly and gross negligence.’ The inference justly to be drawn against a party thus neglecting to testify is habitually stated by the courts in strong terms. ‘Judicial tribunals are established to administer justice between litigants, and the first and most important step to that end is the ascertainment of the truth of the controversies which come before them. It is only when the truth is ascertained that the law can be properly applied in the just settlement of disputes. Litigants owe the duty of assisting in every legitimate way in the elucidation of the truth. When a defendant can, by his own testimony, throw light upon matters at issue, necessary to Ms defense and peculiarly within his own knowledge, if the facts exist, and fails to go upon the witness stand, the presumption is raised, and will be given effect to, that the facts do not exist.’ In a patent infringement suit, Judge Coxe said the evidence of prior invention, as a*487 defense, was so fnll and circumstantial that lie would have accepted it as conclusive, were it not for the fact that the alleged prior inventor failed to appear as a witness, and no sufficient reason was given for his nonappearance. ‘No matter from what point of view the question was approached,’ said the judge, There was always the suspicion that if he could have corroborated the other witnesses he would have done so,’ and the defense was held not to have been proved.”
We mate the following excerpts from the notes to the above section:
“The defendant does not offer his own testimony. He prefers the adverse inferences, which he cannot but perceive may be drawn therefrom, to any statements he could truly give, or to any explanations he might make. He prefers any inferences to giving his testimony. Why? Because no inferences can be more adverse than would be the testimony he would be obliged, by the truth, to give.” Union Bank v. Stone, 50 Me., 595, 599, 79 Am. Dec., 631, per Appleton, J.
“In a suit for infringement of a patented ink, the plaintiff’s expert testified that an analysis showed the presence in the defendant’s ink of constituents in the ■ plaintiff’s combination j and the defendant’s neglect to deny their use left ‘no doubt’ that- the analysis was substantially correct.” A. B. Dick Co. v. Belke & Co. (C. C.), 86 Fed., 149.
“The ordinary rule is that one who has knowledge pe- ■ culiarly within his own control, and refuses to divulge*488 it, cannot complain if the court puts the most unfavorable construction upon his silence, and infers that a disclosure would have shown the fact to be as claimed by the opposing party.” Societe, etc., v. Allen, 90 Fed., 815, 817, 33 C. C. A., 282, 284, per Taft, C. J.
“In a civil action to abate a liquor nuisance, the defendant did not contradict - direct testimony to his unlawful sale of liquor. ‘With his property thus in peril, and his building likely to be closed under the proceedings, we must believe he would have spoken the truth, if it would have been in the interest of his protection,’ said the court. ‘We regard the case, upon the whole, as a practical confession of the defendant’s guilt.’ ” Dickinson v. Bentley, 80 Iowa, 482, 45 N. W., 903, per Granger, J.
In the present case there were certain facts within the complainant’s knowledge to which no one could have testified but himself. He alone was with his wife at the time of the alleged accident, and knew what her physical condition was. He alone knew what could have caused her to fall or sink down in the car when there was not the slightest evidence of a jar or a jolt, and when the swerve of the car which it is claimed produced the fall would under the operation of natural, physical laws have thrown her in the opposite direction. He alone could explain all the circumstances surrounding the alleged accident, for he was in touching distance of his wife, and between her and- Dr. Leibkeman. He alone could explain why she did not endeavor to support herself or
We think these facts, and other facts referred to un-. der the preceding assignment, made it extremely important that the complainant should have gone before the jury. It is not a sufficient explanation of his failure to do so that he shrank from the humiliation of having to repeat again his infidelities to his wife, and his having borrowed money from her to get married on, and to take his bridal trip on. These were important matters, but not to be compared with the dark inferences which defendants sought to draw from his silence.
However, the request under consideration was stated in language too strong, and direct, and would have resulted in invading the province of the jury if it had been given. The assignment must therefore be overruled.
The fourth assignment of error is based upon the following excerpt from the charge:
“If yon find that there is evidence in the case tending to show discord between Dr. and Mrs. Fisher, or bad treatment of Mrs. Fisher by Dr. Fisher, or immoral conduct of Dr. Fisher, or that he forged the will purporting to be the will of Lula A. Fisher, or was guilty of other wrong conduct, yon can consider said evidence as a part of the circumstances surrounding and preceding the death of Mrs. Fisher, in determining the cause of her death; but if yon conclude, from the preponderance of the evidence, that the injury received on the street car, directly and independently of all other causes, through external, violent, and accidental means, resulted in and caused her death, then you should not allow any prejudice against the complainant, Fisher, by reason of evidence reflecting on his character, to affect your verdict. If you believe from the proof that his character is bad, you may consider this as bearing on the probability or improbability of bad conduct on his part, as bearing on the question whether he was impelled by good or bad motives; but, if he has made out his case by a preponderance of the proof, he is entitled to recover, no matter how bad you may believe his character to be.”
This assignment is therefore overruled.
The fifth assignment is based on the following excerpt from the charge:
“Evidence is introduced in regard to the execution of a will by Mrs. Lula A. Fisher. This testimony is material only as a part of the circumstances surrounding and antedating her death, and as bearing upon the question of what, if any, motive Dr. Fisher had to cause his wife’s death, .and you can consider this testimony only in this connection.
“The court charges you that the Code of Tennessee provides that a will shall be proved and recorded, and .letters testamentary granted, in a court of the county where the testatrix had her residence at the time of her death, and that if you find that Mrs. Lula A. Fisher’s will was proved and recorded in Shelby county, then this*492 would be tbe legal way of proving said will, and no inference derogatory to complainant can be drawn from bis proving it here, though the testatrix may have had land in Mississippi.
“The court charges you that, under the laws of Mississippi, where a wife dies leaving no children, the husband, by virtue of the marital rights, and independent of any will, inherits the real estate of his deceased wife, and, therefore, that it is immaterial whether said will is proven in Mississippi, or not, in so far as his inheritance of such real estate is concerned.”
We are of opinion that the first paragraph was correct.
The second paragraph was immaterial, and should not have been interposed, because it was of a nature likely to mislead the jury.
The third paragraph was also improperly given to the jury, since it does not appear in the evidence that the complainant knew what the law of Mississippi was at the time the will is said to have been forged by him, nor would there be any presumption that he was informed of the law of the foreign State. If lie had known such foreign law, it would probably have been an argument against his forging the will, but not otherwise.
The assignment is sustained as to the second and third paragraphs.
The sixth assignment is based on the exclusion by the court of Exhibit No. 1 to the testimony of David N. 'Carvalho, which was a copy of the alleged signature of
We think there was no error in this action of-the court. The argument in support of the assignment is that there was a controversy between counsel as to whether a forged signature should resemble the original in order to be a deceptive forgery. That fact goes without saying. No useful purpose could have been served by permitting the witness to imitate the signature of Mrs. Fisher. The witness Carvalho testified that he was a very expert man, and had testified in trials more than 1,300 times. If it had been conceded that he could imitate the signature with great ease, owing to his skill, that would not be a reason for believing that any other less skilled person could make a similar imitation with equal ease. The evidence was wholly immaterial and irrelevant.
We shall consider together the seventh and eighth assignments. These two assignments are based upon certain excerpts from the charge of the court. In order that we may properly understand the bearing of these two portions of the charge, it is necessary that we should read in connection therewith other parts of the charge. The eighth assignment is based on that part of the charge which is first reproduced in italics in the excerpt
“The fourth issue is: ‘Did the said Mrs. Lula A. Fisher, on or about the 6th day of October, 1907, during the period covered by said policy, receive a bodily injury, while riding as a passenger, in a railway passenger car of the Memphis Street Railway, propelled by electricity, which injury, directly and independently of all other causes, and through external, violent, and accidental means, resulted in the death of the said Mrs. Lula A. Fisher, on or about October 8,1907?’
“In determining this issue, you will consider, first, Avhether or not Mrs. Lula A. Fisher received a bodily injury while riding as a passenger in a car of the Memphis Street Railway; second, if she did receive a bodily injury in this way, did said injury result in her death, directly and independently of all other causes, and through external, violent, and accidental means?
“There is no controversy as to the fact of the death of Mrs. Fisher, or the time of it. There is no conflict as to the time and place of the alleged accident on the street car.
“The defendant insists that Mrs. Fisher received no injury capable of producing death, and, therefore, her death resulted from other causes. The defendant also contends that, even if the injury was capable of causing*495 death, the death did not result from said injury, directly and independently of all other causes.
“If you find that she was not injured in the manner claimed, or that the injury so received did not cause her death, you should answer, this fourth issue, ‘No.’
“If, however, you find that she was so injured, and that the injury caused her death through external, violent, and accidental means, then it will be necessary for you to consider whether said injury caused said death directly and independently of all other causes. If you find this to be so, you should answer this issue, ‘Yes.’ Otherwise, you should answer, ‘No.’
“If the injury was caused by an unintentional fall against a seat on a street car, it would he through external, violent, and accidental means, within the meaning of the policy, but you would still have to determine the other questions indicated.
“The plaintiff, J. B. Fisher, cannot recover upon either policy of insurance sued upon in this suit unless it appears from a preponderance of the evidence that the death of Lula A. Fisher was the direct result of injuries caused by accidental means, and independently of all other causes. The expression, ‘independently of all other causes,’ as used in each of these policies, has a definite meaning, and requires the plaintiff to prove, by a preponderance of the evidence, that the injuries claimed to have been sustained by Lula A. Fisher- were proximately the sole cause of her death, or, in other words, that the injuries were alone responsible for her*496 death. So, if you believe from the evidence that morphine, or any other drug given to her in the course of medical treatment, caused or directly contributed to her death, the company would not be liable; or, if you believe that the injuries and the drugs given Lula A. Fisher, acting together, caused her death, the company would not be liable; and, in either event, you should answer issue No. 4 in the negative.
“The evidence introduced in this suit shows that Lula A. Fisher, after she had claimed — after it had been claimed — that she was injured, had morphine and other poisonous drugs given her in the course of medical treatment. The company in this case show that Lula A. Fisher, after it had been claimed that she was injured, had morphine and other poisonous drugs given to her in the course of medical treatment. It is immaterial whether such treatment was proper, or improper, or whether it was the intention and purpose of saving or prolonging her life. If you find from the evidence that the medical treatment caused, or in any wise contributed to, or acted, in conjunction with the. injuries, to bring about her death, or hastened her death, there can be no recovery, and you should answer issue No. 4 in the negative. You may, however, consider whether or not the said medical treatment was in accord with the practice of reputable physicians, and if you find it was you may look to this in determining whether or not said medical treatment contributed to, or hastened her death.
“In determining this fourth issue, you may look to all*497 the circumstances antedating and surrounding the death of Mrs. Fisher, as bearing upon the question of the cause of her death.”
Then follow some instructions upon the subject of the will alleged to have been forged, the probate thereof in Tennessee, the presumption against suicide, and then the charge upon the autopsy, which was as follows:
“The court further charges goto that the purpose of an autopsy is to ascertain the exact cause of death, and that a chemical analysis is for the purpose of ascertaining whether or not there was any poisonous substance in the stomach of the said Lula A. Fisher; so that, if you find that the body of Lula A. Fisher was exhumed in five or six days after its burial, and an autopsy thereon made by competent physicians and that a chemical analysis was afterwards made of the contents of the stomach by competent physicians and chemists, and no morphine toas found in the contents of said stomach, then the court charges you that you may consider these facts in determining whether or not Lula A. Fisher came to her death by morphine poisoning, accidental or otherwise, or came to her death as the result solely of the accident
The objection made in the seventh assignment to the charge upon the subject of the autopsy is that it unduly emphasized this particular feature of the testimony, and tended to mislead the minds of the jury with respect to a leading theory relied upon by the defendant, based upon the testimony of physicians, which was as follows: There was evidence showing that certain articles of un
We think there was no error in the matter objected to in the eighth assignment, which appears, as we have stated, in that portion of the above excerpt which we have first italicized.
The ninth assignment is based upon the charge which the trial judge gave upon the subject of expert evidence. His instruction upon this subject was as follows:
“A number of expert witnesses have been introduced in this case, and the court charges you that you must receive and consider this class of testimony with great caution, and you must make a careful and painstaking investigation of all the facts, with the view of getting at the truth, and,must not be misled or confused by expert testimony, because, while expert testimony is sometimes the only means of, or the best way to, reach the truth, yet it is largely a field of speculation, beset with pitfalls and uncertainties, and requires patient and intelligent investigation to reach the truth; and I charge you further that, in weighing expert testimony, you must look into all the evidence, and determine whether the facts which*500 are supposed to exist in the hypothetical questions that are ashed of the expert witnesses do actually exist, and whether the facts supposed to exist he true, or not, because, if one fact supposed to be true, included in the hypothetical question, is untrue — that is, not supported by the evidence — then the opinion of the expert would be valueless. He gives his opinion upon a certain state of facts supposed to be true, and we do not know what his opinion would be if one of those facts was withdrawn. And I charge you further that, in weighing such testimony, you may consider the capability of the witness, the fact whether or not he has been employed by one side or the other, his interest or lack of interest in the result of this suit, and you may consider whether the testimony of the experts concur or disagree.”
In order to consider the objections raised to .this instruction, it should' be divided into two parts: First, that portion which refers to expert evidence in general; and, secondly, that portion which refers to that part introduced by the method of stating hypothetical questions.
As applied to the general subject of expert evidence, the court said:
“You must receive and consider this class of testimony with great caution, and you must make a careful and painstaking investigation of all the facts, with the view of getting at the truth, and must not be misled or confused by expert testimony, because, while expert testimony is sometimes the only means of, or the best way to,*501 reach the truth, jet it is largely a filed of speculation, beset with pitfalls and uncertainties, and requires patient and intelligent investigation to reach the truth.”
It is insisted that his honor, in this part of the instruction, discriminated too strongly against this class of evidence, especially in warning the jury that they must pot be “misled or confused by expert testimony.”
This language we suppose was drawn by his honor from an expression used in the opinion of this court in the case of Wilcox v. State, 91 Tenn., 106, 112, 28 S. W., 312. The language referred to was not quoted by the judge who delivered'the opinion in that case from the charge under examination, but used merely in stating the reason, why the trial judge gave the charge that he did. What was quoted from the charge, and approved, was this: “While expert testimony is sometimes the only means of, or the best way to, reach the truth, yet it is largely a field of speculation, beset with pitfalls and uncertainties, and requires patient and intelligent investigation to reach the truth.” The court said: “This is only the closing extract from a long and lucid charge as to the weight to be given to such testimony, both that of nonexpert and that of expert, and the whole is substantially in conformity to the rule laid down that expert testimony is to be received with caution” — referring to Persons v. State, 90 Tenn., 291, 16 S. W., 726.
In that case the trial judge said, in his charge: “The retaining of experts by a fee proportioned to the importance of their testimony is now, in cases in which they are
In considering this charge this court said:
“It was highly proper in the court to instruct the jury to scrutinize the testimony of experts. It was his duty to instruct them to look to their character, manner, and capability, to the circumstances that brought them in as witnesses, to the fact of compensation, and to what extent, if any, under all the circumstances, their credibility anight be affected thereby; but it was error to say in almost direct terms that, while the medical experts intro*503 duced by defendant were admissible in law as witnesses, they were not entitled to credit.”
In tbe case of Bateman v. Ryder, 106 Tenn., 712, 715, 64 S. W., 48, 49, 82 Am. St. Rep., 910, tbe following occurs npon tbe subject of expert evidence.
“It is said that the trial judge erred in charging tbe jury that ‘the testimony of experts, introduced for tbe purpose of establishing insanity or mental unsoundness, if paid for, should be received with great caution and carefully weighed by tbe jury.’
“The court charged further upon this feature of the case that ‘it was lawful, and proper for an expert physician to charge a reasonable compensation or fee for his professional opinion or services.’
“We think that the rule laid down by the trial judge is in substantial conformity to that announced in Persons v. State, 90 Tenn., 291 [16 S. W., 726], and Wilcox v. State, 94 Tenn., 112 [28 S. W., 312.]”
In Atkins v. State, 119 Tenn., 458, 472, 105 S. W., 353, 356, 13 L. R. A. (N. S.), 1031, the charge under examination was as follows:
“Expert and nonexpert witnesses have been allowed to testify to you as to the truth or falsity of the plea of defendant of unsound mind. In reference to the expert testimony offered you in this case, and which you should weigh and consider along with the other proof in the case, I charge you in regard to it that expert testimony should be received with caution. While expert testimony is sometimes the only means of, or the best way to*504 reach the truth, yet it is largely a field of speculation, beset with pitfalls and uncertainties, and requires patient and intelligent investigation to reach the truth. You should give just such weight as you do all the other testimony in the case, governed by a rule to arrive at the truth, giving fair and impartial estimation of all the evidence adduced in the case.”
Commenting upon this part of the charge, this court said:
“It is said that this portion of the charge singles out expert evidence and discriminates against it, practically telling the jury that it is without value. We do not think this is an accurate criticism. The judge merely cautions the jury against the infirmities attaching to this particular species of evidence, and he adds in the 'last sentence that the jury must give it such weight as they do all the other testimony, having in view a purpose to arrive at the truth, and being careful, at the same time, to give to this evidence a fair and impartial estimate or value, as they must do to all the evidence adduced.”
Now, in the charge commented on in that case, the trial judge first told the jury that expert evidence must be received with caution, and gave as a reason for it that this kind of evidence is “largely a field of speculation, beset with pitfalls, and uncertainties.” He then told them that they should be careful to give such evidence patient and intelligent investigation to reach the truth. Further, he said to them, in substance, that, having in
In 2 Elliott on Evidence, section 1047, it is said:
“The better rule, and that which seems to be supported by the weight of authority, is that the opinions of experts are not conclusive, at least where there is other evidence from which a contrary conclusion may be legitimately drawn; nor, on the other hand, are'they necessarily entitled to less weight than other evidence, and it is error to instruct the jury that they are entitled to less weight and must be received with caution. They are, in general, to be received and weighed by the jury like other evidence. Some courts, however, have held that it is not error to instruct that they are not entitled to the same weight, or that they should be received with caution.”
This court, by the cases already cited, is thoroughly committed to the doctrine that such evidence must be. received with caution, and that where it is paid for, it must be received with great caution • but further than this we have not gone. There is evinced in the case of Atkins v.
The second part of the charge upon this subject has reference to that part of thé expert evidence which was based upon responses to hypothetical questions. The objections is that he instructed the jury that in weighing the answers of experts to such questions, they must look into all the evidence and determine whether the facts supposed to exist, in the hypothetical. questions asked, did actually exist, “because, if one fact supposed to be true included in the hypothetical question, is untrue, that is, not supported by the evidence, then the opinion of the expert would be valueless. He gives his opinion upon a certain state of facts supposed.to be true, and we do not know what his opinion would be if one of those facts was withdrawn.” We think this is in substantial accord with the authorities. In the section above referred to of Elliott on Evidence, it is said:
“It has also been held proper, where the opinion of a medical expert is based on a hypothetical question, to instruct the jury that if the assumed facts, or any of*507 them, are not true, the opinion should be rejected.” The author adds: “But it would seem that such instruction would be too broad, at least, in some cases.” The instruction is also supported by section 392 of 1 Brickwood’s Sackett’s Instructions to Juries.
The objection made by counsel for the defendant is that there might be an immaterial variation between the fact assumed in the hypothetical question and the evidence supporting it. Of course, those who prepare hypothetical questions must be careful to embody only material facts. The jury is not supposed to be able to discriminate between the material and immaterial facts in such cases. They act only upon the evidence submitted to them, and upon all of the' evidence. The expert is a scientific person, and it cannot be known to the jury what he regards as material or immaterial in making up his answers. By cross-examination the immaterial matters are frequently sifted out, and the net residuum is found on which the real opinion of the expert is based. If this is not done, however, the hypothetical question is put at the peril of the party who propounds it. If he has doubts as to the materiality of certain points in the question, or as to whether certain items of a supposed fact contained therein are sustained by the evidence, he may frame other hypothetical questions, leaving those out. But, whether the questions framed be one or many, he must stand on each separate question as framed. Of course, ,there may be small, trifling, variations as to dates and names, times and places, etc., which would not affect,.in
The tenth assignment is based on the following excerpt from the judge’s charge: ■
“The court further charges you that the complainant is entitled to a presumption that his wife did not commit suicide, and that his wife was not murdered by him or any one else. Each of these presumptions may be overcome by facts and circumstances which establish the contrary ; but the court instructs you that they stand until they are overcome by the preponderance of the evidence, sufficient for that purpose.”
The special objection raised to this portion of the charge is based upon the use of the word “establish,” which was defined in Knights of Pythias v. Steel, 107 Tenn., 1, 7—11, 63 S. W., 1126, 1128, to mean “to settle certainly or fix permanently what was before uncertain, doubtful, or disputed.” In that case it was used in connection, however, with the words “to the satisfaction of the jury,” and the words “satisfaction” was held to import a degree of evidence amounting to placing a disputed proposition beyond the pale of reasonable doubt. So that the instruction that it was incumbent upon a party “to establish the fact to the satisfaction of the jury” was
Complainant’s counsel say that this portion of the charge was taken from a charge approved in Insurance Co. v. Bennett, 90 Tenn., 256, 16 S. W., 723, 25 Am. St. Rep., 685. The word “establish” was used in the charge referred to, but no point was made upon it, and the question was not considered' in that case, and that was not the point of inquiry at all. In the later case it was considered, as we have shown.
As to the eleventh assignment, we think the objection made is hypercritical, and this need not be further noticed.
The fourteenth assignment is based upon the refusal of the circuit judge to give in charge the following special request or instruction offered by the defendant below:
“Both policies of insurance sued upon in this suit required the plaintiff, J. B. Fisher, to furnish the defendant, the Travelers’ Insurance Company, at the home office at Hartsford, Conn., affirmative proofs of the death of Lula A. Fisher, after the happening of the injuries. This requirement is a condition precedent to a recovery, and it is incumbent upon the plaintiff to prove upon the trial of this case such proofs of death were furnished as required by the policies. The court charges you that there is no evidence in this case that the proofs were furnished in the manner required by the policies, and you should answer issue No. 5 in the negative.”
The complainant endeavored' to prove, by Dr. Farris, that the proofs had been sent to the company'; but, on cross-examination, this witness testified that he only knew that he had made out the proofs, but he had no knowledge as to whether they had been sent to the company.
It is insisted that this was an admission that they were either handed into the office or sent to the company; but in another part of the -same deposition he says that he was not in the office at the time the alleged accident occurred, and he did not know whether any notice had been sent there or not. He did not profess to know what was on the records of the company in Hartford. We do not think his evidence can be taken as sustaining in any sense the fact that the proofs were sent either to his office or to the company. Moreover, the policies required that notice should be sent to the home office at Hartford, and this would have to be complied with.
So, if nothing else appeared, except what has just been stated, the instructions should have been given. However, it appears that the company demanded an autopsy; and, of course, this was a waiver of the proofs of loss. It was necessarily implied from this requirement that the company considered itself bound, in case an accident had occurred from which death proximately followed, independent of all other causes.
The fifteenth assignment is based upon the refusal of the trial judge to grant a new trial on account of newly discovered evidence, as set forth in the affidavits of M. P. Griffin, Irene Haynes, W. M. Griffin, T. B. Turley and G. T. Fitzhugh, filed as exhibits A, B, O, and D, respectively, to the written motion for new trial.
It is unnecessary to consider this assignment, because, as the case must be reversed on other grounds, the evidence referred to may be introduced at the next trial, if then deemed material.
The sixteenth assignment of error is based upon the action of the trial judge in giving the following instructions to the jury:
“The second and third issues axe practically the same in regard to the beneficiary supplements on the other policy. The second and third issues are intended to present the same question as to the other policy, No. E33730. In this instance, however, there are two beneficiary supplements attached to the policy — one, No. B. S. 82887, dated May 20, 1907; the other, No. B. S. 96377, dated July 13, 1907. It is the purpose of those issues to have you say whether or not either of these beneficiary supplements was in force on the 6th, 7th, and 8th days of October, 1907. These supplements contain this language : ‘Provided, second, that the beneficiary signs consent below to the insurance herein given and warrants all the following statements to be true.’ They also contain at the bottom a.blank line, intended evidently for*513 tlie signature of the beneficiary under the supplement. The first supplement contains no signature purporting to be that of the beneficiary, Lula A. Fisher. The second supplement does contain such a signature, which the defendant insists was not signed by Lula A. Fisher, nor by any one for her, by her authority, and with her-knowledge and consent. It is also insisted that the first supplement was released by J. B. Fisher and his wife. In order that you should answer either of these issues, 'Yes,’ you should find either that Lula A. Fisher signed one of them, or that she knew of and consented to the signature of her name by some one else, or that the defendant company waived such signature. If the agent of the company knew that- the original supplement, dated May 20, 1907, was not signed, and did not insist on that signature, and did not intend to insist on said signature, and the company collected the premium, then the : company could not be heard to say afterwards that the supplement was void. If the purpose of J. B. and Lula A. Fisher, in releasing said first supplement, was merely because it was lost, and in order to substitute another, and you find that the signature to said first supplement .was waived, then you may answer either or both of said issues in the affirmative.
"If, however, you find that the purpose of Mrs. Lula A. Fisher in releasing said first supplement was to prevent any such insurance being in force as to her, and that she did not know, or consent to, the second supplement, you should answer these issues, ‘No.’ ”
“The court charges the jury that in the express provisions of the contract known as ‘Beneficiary Supplement B. S. 96377, it must he signed by the beneficiary, Lula A. Fisher, before the same is valid and binding on the de- ■ fendant company.
“The court charges you that the undisputed evidence is that Lula A. Fisher did not sign her name thereto, but' that her name was signed thereto by some' one else. You should therefore answer issue No. 3 in the negative.”
The eighteenth assignment makes the point that there is no material evidence to support the findings of. the jury on Nos. 3 and 8, or either of them, as to beneficiary supplement No. 96337, for f5,000, and asserts that the undisputed evidence is that the signature thereto was forged by complainant, and that, as matter of law, this signature was essential to the validity of the supplement.
These three assignments must be overruled. Aside from the question whether beneficiary supplements Nos. 82887 and 96337 should have been signed by the wife' in the ordinary course of dealing, we think the defendant is "estopped in the present case from making the point. We base this conclusion upon the fact that No. 82887 was issued to complainant, and the premium paid, and kept by the company, without requiring the signature
We need not consider assignments Nos. 19 and 20, these being now immaterial in this court, since under other assignments already considered there must be a new trial.
The same observation is true of assignment No. 21.
This disposes of all of the assignments.
Let the judgment be reversed, and the cause remanded for a new trial.. The complainant will pay the costs of the appeal.