134 W. Va. 333 | W. Va. | 1950
Lead Opinion
On September 14, 1949, Shirley Harrison, administrator of the estate of Biddie May Harrison, instituted an action at law against Milford G. Fisher and Mrs. Walter Ham-mack, in the Circuit Court of Kanawha County, seeking a recovery of damages on account .of the death of Biddie May Harrison, allegedly the result of negligence on the part of Fisher in the operation of an automobile by the said Fisher, while acting as the agent and servant of the owner Hammack. On or about the same date, a warrant for the arrest of the said Fisher was issued and served, on a charge of manslaughter, growing out of the alleged negligent operation of the said automobile. Process in such
The declaration in said law action was filed in said Circuit Court at October Rules, 1949. At November Rules, 1949, Fisher, who will be hereafter designated as petitioner, filed his plea in abatement, duly verified, setting up the fact that process in said action had been served on him while he was appearing in the Municipal Court of the City of Charleston pursuant to an order of that court and subject to a preliminary hearing on the charge of manslaughter aforesaid, which plea craved judgment of the writ and return, and prayed that the same be quashed on the ground that the said service was void. A demurrer to said plea was entered by the plaintiff in said action on November 30, 1949; and on February 16, 1950, an order was entered by the Circuit Court of Kanawha County sustaining the demurrer aforesaid, on the ground that the rule of immunity from service of civil process under the circumstances set up in said plea in abatement should be applied, under present day conditions, only when the immunity is sought by a defendant who is a nonresident of the State, or a nonresident of the county wherein the action is brought. Whereupon, petitioner applied to this Court for a writ of prohibition inhibiting the respondent from further proceeding against the said petitioner on the basis of the allegedly void service of process attempted to be made upon him. On March 6, 1950, we awarded a rule returnable on April 11, following, to show cause why the writ should not be awarded. There was no general appearance in the trial court by the petitioner, such appearances made by special appearances for the filing of the plea in abatement aforesaid.
Code, 53-1-1 provides that:
“The writ of prohibition shall lie as a matter of right in all cases of usurpation and abuse of*335 power, when the inferior court has not jurisdiction of the subject matter in controversy, or, having such jurisdiction, exceeds its legitimate powers.”
While the writ will not be awarded in cases where it does not clearly appear that the petitioner is entitled thereto, it goes as a matter of right in cases where a clear showing is made either of the absence of jurisdiction to hear the case, or where the legitimate powers of a trial court are exceeded. Another rule is that a writ of prohibition will not be permitted to be substituted for a writ of error or appeal. In this case, no question is raised as to the propriety of the form of the remedy chosen by the petitioner, and the cases of Morris v. Calhoun, 119 W. Va. 603, 195 S. E. 341, and White Sulphur Springs, Inc. v. Ripley, 124 W. Va. 486, 20 S. E. (2d) 794, would seem to justify the use of the writ in this case. This being true, it is quite clear that the sole question presented in this proceeding is whether the defendant in a civil action is immune from service of a civil process in the county of his residence while attending court as a litigant.
The claimed right to such immunity is based upon a long existing rule, both in England and in this country, that courts will not permit their proceedings to be disturbed by the arrest in a civil case of attorneys, litigants and witnesses. Such immunity was established in the early days in England, has been treated in this country as a part of the common law, and, unless restricted by statute, is in force in this State under the provisions of Article VIII, Section 21, of our Constitution. When we examine the English cases, we find that such immunity was against arrests in civil proceedings, and was enforced under the peculiar conditions which existed in England, one being that the writs of the courts ran throughout the Kingdom, and no question of venue ever arose. The rule was followed in Virginia in the case of Commonwealth v. Ronald, 4 Call. 98 (1786). It was there held that: “Judges, at-tornies, witnesses, and suitors are exempt from arrest in civil suits' during their attendance at court.” And in Richards v. Goodson, 2 Va. Cases 381 (1815), it was held:
While the early cases in England and in Virginia seem to provide immunity against arrest, there does not seem to have been at that time any such immunity from the service of an ordinary civil process.
We gather from those cases that an arrest of a creditor was the usual step taken to collect a debt, presumably on account of limitations then existing on the right to subject real and personal property to the payment of debts, particularly real estate. All of this has been changed, and now, except in cases provided by Article 7 of Chapter 53 of the Code, arrests in civil cases are not permitted in this State. The extension of the principle of immunity from service of civil process in certain cases seems to have been of comparatively recent development. In Whited v. Phillips, 98 W. Va. 204, 126 S. E. 916, this Court, in the body of the opinion, said:
“Anciently, it would seem, as well as in some of the earlier cases in the States, this rule was limited to exemption of a defendant from arrest, rather than from service of a civil process which did not involve arrest. But, as years went by, the rule was enlarged so as to afford full protection to suitors, witnesses and court officials, from all forms of process, whether in civil or criminal cases. The reasons for the rule have also been enlarged. It is now regarded as the privilege of persons attending court in their several capacities, as well as, the privilege of the court. * * *”
That such immunity does now exist against service of civil process in certain cases is well established by the Whited case, supra, and by Lang, et al. v. Shaw, Judge, etc., 113 W. Va. 628, 169 S. E. 444, wherein it was held:
“A party who is charged with a criminal offense in a county other than that in which he resides, and who was released on his own personal recognizance, and who, in pursuance thereof, appears and answers to the charge on the day set*337 for trial, it is not liable to be served in such county with process in a civil action until after a reasonable time has elapsed to enable him to return home.”
See also Morris v. Calhoun, Judge, 119 W. Va. 603, 195 S. E. 341, where we held:
“A defendant in a civil action cannot be legally served with process therein in a county other than that of his legal residence, when in such county in obedience to legal process' or its equivalent; and while in such county in obedience to a citation of a member of the Department of Public Safety to answer a criminal charge, may not be served with such process so long as the necessity for his presence to answer such charge continues, and a reasonable time thereafter.”
Under the ruling in these cases, it is clear that a nonresident of the county, in which he is required to appear in court, may not be served with process in a civil action in that county while in attendance on such court, and for such reasonable time thereafter as will permit him to return to the county of his residence.
This leaves open the question of whether such immunity exists where a person is required to attend court in the county of his residence. As indicated above, in England process issued from a court whose writs ran throughout the Kingdom, and the question of venue was never presented. In this country a different situation exists. First, because of the federal union of sovereign states, and the limitation of the jurisdiction of the courts of the several states to their own boundaries; and second, because in this State certain statutory rules govern the venue of all suits and actions as clearly set out in Code, 56-1-1 and 2, providing that an action may be brought against a natural person in the county of his residence, or in the county in which the cause of action arose; but in the latter instance, the .defendant, or if more than one defendant, one or more defendants, shall be served with process or notice commencing such action, suit or proceeding, in the county where the cause of action arose. In the
We are impressed with the view that in no case decided by this Court has it ever been held or intimated that the immunity exists in favor of a defendant in a civil action where he is served with process in the county of his residence. It will be noted in the Lang case, supra, that the holding is based on a situation where there is “A party who is charged with a criminal offense in a county other than that in which he resides * * In the Morris case, supra, it was held “A defendant in a civil action cannot be legally served with process therein in a county other than that of his legal residence.” This indicates to us that this Court has never considered the immunity as existing where the service of process could be had in the county in which the defendant resided. Another reason in support of this view is the fact that under our statutes personal service of process or notice is not necessary as other methods of securing service of process on which a personal judgment or decree may be obtained are provided for. Code, 56-2-1 and Code, 56-3-12. No one, we think, would contend that service of process could not have been had on petitioner by delivering the process at his usual place of abode, or by posting at his usual place of abode, by the methods provided by statute; nor do we think it will be contended that process could not have been served on the petitioner in this case in the county of his residence at any time after he left the presence of the Municipal Court of the City of Charleston. The rule favoring immunity, as now established in this State, being a development and expansion of the ancient rule against arrest in civil cases, should not be interpreted to protect a defendant in his own county from the service of civil process. The rule as
In State ex rel. Godby v. Chambers, Judge, 130 W. Va. 115, 42 S. E. (2d) 255, we held that a person brought in from another county and placed in jail was not immune from the service of civil process while serving a term of imprisonment, but it was stated in that case that the reasons for the immunity rule did not apply after conviction and sentence.
The views we express are, in our opinion, sustained by general authority. In 50 C. J. 551, it is stated:
“In the absence of statute otherwise providing, witnesses and suitors attending court in counties of their residence are not entitled to imnriunity from service of civil process.”
In the case of Case v. Rorabacher, 15 Mich. 537, (1867), it was held:
“There is no general exemption from the service of process without arrest, merely because a party is attending court awaiting the trial of a case.”
For the foregoing reasons, we are of the opinion to deny the writ.
.Writ denied.
Dissenting Opinion
dissenting:
Because the decision in this case entirely ignores the reasons which gave rise to the rule granting immunity from service of criminal and civil process to litigants, witnesses and other persons, while attending court, and completely overlooks and disregards its historical growth and development, I respectfully dissent.
In Whited v. Phillips, 98 W. Va. 204, 126 S. E. 916, 40 A. L. R. 63, the rule is referred to as “a principle established by the common law of England, by the early courts of Virginia (whose decisions are binding upon us), and upheld by principles of right and justice.” In discussing the scope of the rule, the reasons upon which it is based, and its historical development, in the opinion in that case, this Court used this language:
“The rule that parties to judicial proceedings, as well as witnesses, and court officials, shall be immune from service of process while attending court, is of very ancient origin. Reference is found to it in the Year Books of England, as early as Henry VI. In its inception, its purpose
“Anciently, it would; seem, as well as in some of the earlier cases in the States, this rule was limited to exemption of a defendant from arrest, rather than from service of a civil process which did not involve arrest. But, as years went by, the rule was enlarged so as to afford full protection to suitors, witnesses and court officials, from all forms of process, whether in civil or criminal cases. The reasons for the rule have also been enlarged. It is now regarded as the privilege of persons attending court in their several capacities, as well as the privilege of the court. It is well said that if there is ever a time when a man should be relieved of all other concerns, and when he should be permitted to use unhampered his every faculty, it is when he is on trial under a charge of a crime. Judicial reasoning also recognizes the right of a man, ordinarily, to be tried by a jury in the vicinity in which he resides, so that he may have such advantage and safeguard there as his conduct and character shall merit. An additional argument for the extension of the rule is that a person should not ordinarily be drawn into a foreign jurisdiction ‘and there be exposed to entanglements in litigation far from home, which means he shall be attended with augmented expense.’ ”
As indicated in the foregoing quotation, the original purpose of the rule was to support the authority and the
From the foregoing quotations it is manifest that the privilege applied to residents of the jurisdiction in which they were served with judicial process; that its purpose was not primarily the protection of the person served against hardship or inconvenience but the maintenance and the preservation of the dignity of the court and the integrity of judicial proceedings; and that long after the privilege had been firmly established and its application to those within the jurisdiction who were served with process had been widely recognized, it was “extended”, by and as a result of the decision in the Walpole case, to persons who were not residents of the jurisdiction in which they were served. The situation just outlined was the status of the privilege at common law as if existed when Article VIII of the Constitution of West Virginia became effective, and Section 21 of that article declares that “Such parts of the common law, and of the laws of this State as are in force when this article goes into operation, and are not repugnant thereto, shall be and continue the law of this State until altered or repealed by the Legislature.” As no statute of this State deals with the immunity of a person from service of civil or criminal process while attending court, the character and the scope of the privilege which applied alike to persons residing within as well as without the jurisdiction in which they were served remain the same as they were at common law when Article VIII of the Constitution was adopted. It is clear, therefore, that at common law and by virtue of the constitutional provision just referred to the petitioner, Fisher, was immune from service of process in a
The decisions of this Court in the cases of Whited v. Phillips, 98 W. Va. 204, 126 S. E. 916, 40 A. L. R. 83; Lang v. Shaw, 113 W. Va. 628, 169 S. E. 444, and Morris v. Calhoun, 119 W. Va. 603, 195 S. E. 341, cited and discussed in the majority opinion, recognize and uphold the common law rule of immunity from service of process of a person while attending court, and there is no pronouncement or statement in any of them which expressly or by necessary implication limits it to persons who are not residents, or denies its application to persons who are residents, of the jurisdiction in which they are served. In those cases the question of immunity from service of process of persons residing within the jurisdiction in which they were served was not presented or considered. In the Whited case the person served with process in a civil action in Roane County, West Virginia, was a resident of the District of Columbia who had voluntarily come into the jurisdiction of the circuit court of that county to answer an indictment in a criminal proceeding. In the Lang case and the Morris case the persons served were residents of counties in this State other than the particular county in which each of them was present to defend a criminal charge and was served with process in a civil action instituted in the county in which the process was executed. Those cases simply recognize the rule and apply it to nonresidents of the jurisdiction in which each of them was served with civil process. None of those cases sustains or justifies the holding of the majority in denying the application of the rule to persons who are residents in the jurisdiction in which the process is served.
In the light of the basic purpose of the rule of immunity from service of process of persons while attending court of protecting and maintaining the dignity and the power of the courts in the conduct of judicial proceedings, and from the standpoint of its historical scope and develop
An additional objectionable feature of the decision in this proceeding is that, contrary to the primary purpose of the rule as it existed at common law, which was not originally intended to be for the convenience or the benefit of the person upon whom process was served, the application of the rule as now restricted,gives a nonresident of the particular jurisdiction an unmerited advantage over a person who resides within it. The rule, when applied to a nonresident, effectively prevents the institution of any civil proceeding against him in the jurisdiction in which he may be while attending court. In effect he can not be sued except in the jurisdiction in which he resides. The local suitor who has a claim against him must follow him into the jurisdiction of his residence and there sue him or, for all practical purposes, abandon the claim. As to a person, however, who attends court in the jurisdiction in which he resides, and who by a proper application of the rule would be immune from service of process only during his presence and for a reasonable time after his attendance at court ends and may then be served, the rule, as now restricted, does not apply and he is subject to service of process while he is present in court even though he may at the time of such service be engaged in the actual trial of a case. In the one instance the prospective defendant is immune from service of process while at court and until, within a reasonable time, he leaves its jurisdiction, but in the other he can not get out of the courthouse or even off the witness stand without being subject to action at the hands of the process server. This presents a strange and unwarranted example of the discriminatory effect of the rule as now restricted and applied by this Court in favor of a nonresident of West Virginia and against a resident of any section of this State who is served with process in the jurisdiction in which he resides. Such a harsh and indefensible result is wholly for
It is also pertinent to remark that the restriction by the present decision of the application of the rule to a nonresident of the jurisdiction is entirely unnecessary in this instance, as there is no showing that the petitioner, Fisher, could not have been served in the jurisdiction of his residence with process in the civil action against him upon the expiration of a reasonable time after he had left the room of the municipal court. In the situation disclosed by the record it was not necessary to serve him with process while he was actually present at court.
I would recognize and apply the rule of immunity from service of process as it existed at common law and, in so doing, award a writ of prohibition in this proceeding.