101 Neb. 553 | Neb. | 1917
Lead Opinion
Action to quiet the title to certain lands in Burt county. Both parties claim title by inheritance from Augustine Sklenar, deceased, who died intestate in that county on the 27th day of December, 1909.
The plaintiff claims by mesne conveyances from Marie Anna Hamernik, a resident and citizen of Bohemia. The facts upon which plaintiff bases his claim of title are as follows: In the settlement of the estate of Augustine Sklenar, deceased, in the county court of Burt county, upon the application of the administrator for final settlement of the estate, a petition was filed in behalf of Mrs. Hamernik alleging that deceased died unmarried and without father or mother, that she was the illegitimate child of the deceased, that he had acknowledged himself in writing to be her father, and that she was his only child and sole heir, and praying that she be so adjudged and declared. She was so found and adjudged by the county court on August 27, 1912, and the real estate was duly assigned to her by said court.
The defendants are brothers and sisters of Augustine Sklenar, deceased, and parties claiming title under them. They admit that the deceased died intestate and unmarried, but deny that he had any children or issue either illegitimate or legitimate, and deny that he ever acknowledged himself to be the father of Mrs. Hamernik. They admit the administration proceedings, upon due notice, and the entry of the decree finding Mrs. Hamernik to be the sole heir and assigning the real estate to her, but deny that the same was made with jurisdiction or power in the court to enter such decree. They also allege that the deeds and conveyances from Mrs. Hamernik to the grantees therein under whom the plaintiff claims title are null and void as to these defendants and their grantees because they are in violation of the common law, of the Nebraska nonresident alien land statute, sections 6273, 6276, Rev. St. 1913, of the treaty of 1848 between the United States and Austria j of the Fourteenth Amendment to the Constitution of the
Three points are presented for review: (1) Was the.decree of the county court a final and competent adjudication of heirship in Mrs. Hamernik? (2) Was this made with jurisdiction of the subject-matter and of the parties, and was it conclusive and res judicata as against the defendants and all persons claiming through of under them? (3) Granting that said finding was a conclusive adjudication that Marie Anna Hamernik was the daughter and sole heir of the deceased, did the failure on her part to sell and dispose of the real estate within two years from the death of the intestate under the terms of the treaty deprive her of any interest which she may have had in the land and operate to carry the title to the brothers and sisters of the intestate?
The statute, sections 1494,1495, Rev. St. 1913, provides: “1494. After the payment of the debts, * * * the county court shall, by a decree for that purpose, assign the residue of the estate, if any, to such other persons as are by law entitled to the same.” “1495. In such decree the court shall name the persons, and the proportions or parts to which each shall be entitled.” The decree found that Mrs. Hamernik was “the sole and only heir at law” of the deceased, and it assigned the real estate, which was described in the decree, to her by name. It may be conceded that it would have been better for the court to have made a more specific and formal entry adjudging that Marie Anna Hamernik was the child of Augustine Sklenar, was duly acknowledged to be such by him, and is his sole heir. Proceedings to administer estates of.deceased persons in probate courts are statutory. When the record shows that the statutory findings and orders have been made, it is sufficient, even though not in the ordinary form. A
Under the statutes of 1855, 1856, and 1866, the probate courts were given power to decree sales of real estate to pay debts, and to make partitions of real estate. In 1867, however (General Laws 1867, p. 123), the decedent law was amended by substituting the word “district” for “probate” in a number of sections, so that the- power, to sell or partition real estate was thereby taken from the probate
The statutory provisions involved under which the county court acted are sections 1494, 1495, Rev. St. 1913, hereinbefore in part set forth.
Defendants insist that on account of the prohibitions in the Constitution the county court obtained jurisdiction only of the personalty of the estate by administration proceedings ; that a finding as to heirship made in such proceedings can only have the force to protect the administrator in the distribution of the personal estate, and therefore the decree of the court is of no force, validity or effect as evidence of heirship in a controversy over the title to land. It is said that to hold otherwise would require an adjudication of heirship by a county court as a prerequisite to the passing of the title to real estate of deceased persons, and would imply that no title passing through an intestate is good which does not show upon the records or upon the abstract such a decree of heirship. This conclusion does not follow. We have held that heirship may be proved in many ways. Jetter v. Lyon, 70 Neb. 429, The heir may maintain ejectment while probate proceedings are pending, unless the administrator takes possession under the statute. Lewon v. Heath, 53 Neb. 707; 2 Woerner, American Law of Administration (2d ed.) sec. 337. We have held that the proceeding in the probate court to settle the estate of a decedent is a proceeding in re to. Every one-interested is a party in the probate court, whether he is named or not, and this is particularly true
The question is whether proceedings in the county court by which that court ascertains who are the heirs of the decedent to whom the administrator must yield possession of the estate are “actions in which title to real estate is sought to be recovered or may be drawn in question,” of which class of actions that court has no jurisdiction under the Constitution.
Under the statute, on the death of an owner of land, the same descends eo instanti to his heirs, whomsoever they may be, unless, hoivever, he has disposed of the same by will. Prima facie no will exists, and, until the existence of the writing has been shown and the instrument probated and established as having been executed in accordance with the statute, there is no cloud upon the title of the heirs to the real estate. Brown v. Webster, 87 Neb. 788. If, however, a will is produced, Avhich by its terms grants and devises lands of the testator to others than his natural heirs, a decree of the court establishing the fact that the instrument is the last will of the testator
The object of a decree of distribution is to determine to whom the estate of the deceased should be delivered. Neither adverse claims, nor title to the property can be litigated in the proceeding. The title itself may not be drawm in question. No title passes by the decree to the persons named as heirs. It passes by the statute of descent, and not by the decree, which merely determines which persons are wdthin the class to which the statute of descent applies. 11 R. C. L. 183. The county court has no power to determine the title of any one of them to any particular tract of land, since the power to partition real estate has been taken aw7ay from it by the Constitution and is now vested in the district court. “Since the functions of probate courts are limited, in respect of executors and administrators, to the control of the devolution of property upon the death of its owmer, it is not their province to adjudicate upon collateral questions. The right or title of the decedent to property claimed by the executor or administrator against third persons, or by third per-
The decree of the county court which ascertains the. persons who are the heirs of a deceased person finds a fact and adjudges a status. It is a common thing that courts which have no jurisdiction to act upon certain matters may have jurisdiction to determine certain basic facts upon which the decision of the other matters may eventually depend. For instance, the courts of .this state have no right to grant or refuse a license to sell intoxicating liquors in a given locality. The matter rests solely within the jurisdiction of the respective local administrative bodies, but the courts have the right to determine whether the jurisdictional facts exist which authorize the administrative officers to act. »While the ultimate result may be to stop the issuance of a license, and the court has no power to grant or refuse it, yet the determination of the question is within its jurisdiction.
Field v. Clark, 143 U. S. 649, 12 Sup. Ct. Rep. 495, was a case in which the reciprocity act, which authorized the president to suspend the provisions of the act relating to the free introduction of sugar and other articles of commerce as to any countries “which he ‘may deem to be reciprocally unequal and unjust/ ” was attacked as unconstitutional because it gave the president both legislative and treaty-making powers. The court said (quoting from Locke’s Appeal, 72 Pa. St. 491) : “The legislature cannot delegate its power to make a law, but it can make a law to delegate a power to determine some fact or state of things upon which the law makes, or intends to make, its own action depend.” It was also considered, reviewing the precedents, that- congress had many times made the suspension of certain provisions and the going into effect of other provisions of acts of congress depend upon the as
The proviso in section 16, art. VI, Const., is that county courts shall not have jurisdiction “in actions” in which the title to real estate is sought to be recovered or may be drawn in question. The word “actions” is not usually considered to include such proceedings as the settlement of estates, the probate of wills, or the distribution of property, though proceedings ancillary thereto may partake of the nature of actions, and issues may be raised as to title. In any such proceeding before the county court, if “title to real estate is sought to be recovered, or may be drawn in question,” that court cannot make a final determination of such title. The history of legislation in this state seems to demonstrate that the intention was not to curb and limit the jurisdiction of county courts in purely probate matters, but in the civil and criminal jurisdiction which might be conferred upon them by the legislature. The proper construction of section 16, art. VI of the 1875 Constitution, is (though perhaps not in accordance with the punctuation) that the limitation therein contained only applies to and limits the last clause of the preceding sentence. After giving county courts original and unlimited jurisdiction in probate matters and in the settlement of estates of deceased persons, it is provided that such courts shall have such other jurisdiction as .may be given by general law. “But they shall not have jurisdiction in criminal cases in which the punishment may exceed six months’ imprisonment, or a fine of over five hundred dollars; nor in actions in which title to real estate is sought to be recovered, or may be drawn in question; nor in actions on mortgages or contracts for the conveyance of real estate; nor in civil actions where the debt or sum claimed
Heretofore it lias been assumed that the county court had. power to determine the persons who were the heirs of a deceased intestate, and also to decide whether a person claiming to be the Avidow of an intestate and entitled to share in the distribution did in fact sustain such relationship. Security Investment Co. v. Lottridge, 2 Neb. (Unof.) 489; Sorensen v. Sorensen, 56 Neb. 729, 68 Neb. 483, 490. In the former case Ave find the following, after citing the statute as to the decree of distribution set forth hereinbefore: “The effect of these provisions seems to be to give the executor or administrator the possession pending settlement of the estate, and to require an order for delivery of the real estate in bulk to its .owners when this is
The statute, section 1366, Rev. St. 1913, gives the administrator the right to the possession of the real estate of the deceased, other than the homestead, and to its rents and profits “until the estate shall have been settled, or until delivered over, by order of the county court, to the heirs or devisees.” And he may maintain ejectment to recover possession. Dundas v. Carson, 27 Neb. 634; Tillson v. Holloway, 90 Neb. 481. In order to relieve the personal representative of liability for rent and profits, the real estate must be delivered by him to the parties entitled thereto, and the ascertainment of the proper persons is strictly within the jurisdiction of the county court. Boales v. Ferguson, 55 Neb. 565; Fauber v. Kein, 88 Neb. 379.
As to what has been said by the appellants with reference to the contemporaneous construction of this statute, if construction by the legislature itself has any weight, that body has assumed that the power to determine who are the heirs of a deceased person resides in the county court by enactment of sections 1356-1360, Rev. St. 1913, passed in 1905, whereby proceedings for the ascertain
It may be true that the county courts of this state have not fully realized heretofore the exceeding importance and gravity of the proceedings in such courts ascertaining the persons who are the heirs or next of kin of a decedent whose estate is being, administered. No such finding should be made without competent sworn testimony. The record should show the names of the witnesses examined and the fact of such examination, and, if the court is not fully satisfied with the proof, it should investigate on .its own motion. It has been said that the title to all the property of the state passes through the probate court periodically in á comparatively short interval of time. This is
The following cases, mainly from states whose probate laws are based on that of Massachusetts, in which no such limiting clause is found in the Constitution, but in some of which county or probate courts have no other than probate jurisdiction, are in line with the views herein expressed. Space forbids quotation or exegesis of the holdings therein. Christianson v. King County, 239 U. S. 356; Jones v. Roberts, 84 Wis. 465; State v. Probate Court of Ramsey County, 25 Minn. 22; Greenwood v. Murray, 26 Minn. 259; McNamara v. Casserly, 61 Minn. 335; Ladd v. Weiskopf, 62 Minn. 29; Case of Broderick’s Will, 88 U. S. 503; Fitzpatrick v. Simonson Bros. Mfg. Co., 86 Minn. 140; Morse v. Morse, 42 Ind. 365. An interesting case is Keahi v. Bishop, 3 Hawaii, 546.
We conclude that the decree of the county court finding that Mrs. Hamernik is the sole heir of Augustine Sklenar, deceased, is a valid and binding adjudication of that fact, and cannot be assailed in this proceeding.
*570 “Article I. The citizens or subjects of each of the contracting parties shall have power to dispose of their personal property within the states of the other, by testament, donation, or otherwise, and their heirs, legatees, and donees, being citizens or subjects of the other contracting party, shall succeed to their said personal property, and may take possession thereof, either by themselves or by others acting for them, and dispose of the same at their pleasure, paying such duties only as the inhabitants of the country, where the said property lies, shall be liable to pay in like cases.
“Article II. Where, on the death of any person holding real property, or property not personal, within the territories of one party, such real property would, by the laws of the land, descend on a citizen or subject of the other, were he not disqualified by the laws of the country where such real property is situated, such citizen or subject shall be allowed a term of two years to sell the same; which term may be reasonably prolonged, according to circumstances; and to withdraw the proceeds thereof, without molestation, and exempt from any other charges than those which may be imposed in like cases upon the inhabitants of the country from which such proceeds may be withdrawn.”
Section 6273, Rev. St. 1913, is as follows: “Nonresident aliens and corporations not incorporated under the laws of the state of Nebraska are hereby prohibited from acquiring title to or taking or holding any lands or real estate in this state by descent, devise, purchase or otherwise, only as hereinafter provided, except that the widow and heirs of aliens who have prior to March 16, 1889, acquired lands in this state under the laws thereof, may hold such lands by devise or descent for a period of ten years and no longer, and if at the end of such time herein ■ limited, such lands, so acquired, have not been sold to a bona fide purchaser for value, or such alien heirs have not become residents of-this state, such lands shall revert and escheat to the state of Nebraska; and it shall be the duty
Section 6276, Rev. St. 1913, allows nonresident aliens who have acquired liens upon real estate in this state to take a valid title to the real estate, provided that such land shall be sold within ten years. It is also provided that the provisions of the article shall not apply to real estate lying within the corporate limits of cities and towns. It is held in Pierson v. Lawler, 100 Neb. 783, that, under a treaty providing that the term in which to sell real estate inherited by a nonresident alien shall “be reasonably prolonged if circumstances render it necessary,” it is a question for the judiciary whether the circumstances were such as to prolong the prescribed period. The language of the treaty under consideration is that the term of two years “may be reasonably prolonged according to the circumstances.” Whether the circumstances in this case justify the prolongation can only be determined by the courts. It is clear that the term of two years provided in the tre'aty merely prevents the state from limiting the term below that period. If the state chooses to extend the term by statute, there is nothing in the treaty which in any wise controls or interferes with its discretion. Its power is supreme unless in such matters controlled and governed by the treaty, which by the federal Constitution is a law of the United States. Considering the liberal policy on the part of this state with reference to allowing a reasonable time for disposing of land, and, if sold, reserving to the alien heirs the value of the land, these treaties and statutory provisions should not be construed with undue harshness. Rev. St. 1913, secs. 6272-6276. That treaties are to be construed in a liberal method so as to protect citizens and subjects of both countries is held in Doehrel v. Hillmer, 102 Ia. 169; Geofroy v. Riggs, 133 U. S. 258. A case much like this arose in Illinois (Scharpf v. Schmidt, 172 Ill. 255), in which it was held that the provision that the “term may be reasonably prolonged,” used in a like treaty,
Under our statute the administrator is entitled to possession of real estate pending administration. Not until eight months after the two year period had expired was the decree rendered which found that Mrs. Hamernik was the sole heir of the deceased. Within 15 days thereafter she disposed of the property to a bona fide purchaser, and through him the plaintiff and other appellees derive their interest in the property. Having in mind the peculiar facts as to illegitimacy and other circumstauces in the case, following the rule of liberal construction, and considering the policy of the state as shown by the statute, we are of opinion that the prolongation of the term from December 24, 1911, to September 10, 1912, was not unreasonable, and that Mrs. Hamernik had the right to sell and dispose.of the property at the latter date.
We -find no error in the judgment of the district court on the facts set forth in the pleading, and it is therefore
Affirmed.
Concurrence Opinion
concurring.
I concur in the conclusion of the majority opinion as 1 understand it. In the 47 years which I have spent endeavoring to follow and understand, the decisions of this court, perhaps no more important question has been considered than that disposed of in this case. I believe that the district court has jurisdiction in the first instance to try title to land, and that the jurisdiction of the county court is confined in land cases to such subjects as may be properly considered in the adjudication of probate matters. I do not believe that title to land should pass under the de
Much of the business of the county court is of a probate character, and the proceedings are often nearly or quite ex parte. They may be without actual notice to the real parties in interest. I believe that the exclusive jurisdiction of the county court is confined, where the title to land is sought to be brought in question, to the disposition of matters of probate, and that such jurisdiction should not be extended so as to oust the jurisdiction of the district court concerning the matters in which the title to land is in dispute. I so construe the decision which we have rendered.
I write this to avoid ambiguity and to make my position manifest and clear.