Plаintiffs initiated this action against defendants, claiming that defendants defaulted on various financial obligations owed to plaintiffs arising from a real estate development in Park City, Utah. Plaintiffs sought declaratory relief, a mоney judgment, foreclosure of its trust deeds, appointment of a receiver, and general equitable relief. Defendants Banberry Crossing and Banberry Development Corporation (“Banberry”) filed what has been denominаted a cross-claim against Eugene L. Kimball, Keith Garner, and the Salt Lake City law firm of Snow, Christensen & Mar-tineau (“SCM”), alleging breach of trust and slander of title. Pursuant to rule 42(b) of the Utah Rules of Civil Procedure, the trial court tried the cross-сlaim separately from plaintiffs’ action. 1 After presentation of Banberry’s case, the court directed a verdict against Banberry and in favor of Kimball, Garner, and SCM. Banberry appeals.
In reviewing a judgment of direсted verdict, “[w]e must examine the evidence in the light most favorable to the losing party, and if there is a reasonable basis in the evidence and in the inferences to be drawn therefrom that would support a judgment in favor of the losing party, the directed verdict cannot be sustained.” 2 Application of this standard does not disclose error in the court’s decision, and we therefore affirm.
In 1980, Kimball sold property in Park City, Utah, to Banberry. As security for payment, Banberry executed a trust deed on the property to Kimball. First Security Bank (“First Security”) agreed to provide financing for the development of the property on the condition that Kimball subordinate his intеrest in the property under the trust deed in favor of First Security.
In 1981 and 198¾ Kimball reconveyed to Banberry portions of the property that had been developed by Banberry but were included in the original trust deed. In 1982 and 1983, Banberry failеd to make interest and principal payments due Kimball. Kim-ball hired SCM to either collect the pur *1256 chase price money due or foreclose on the trust deed.
In 1983, David Castleton, an attorney at SCM, was substituted as trustee under the trust deed. He caused a notice of default to be recorded describing the entire tract of land recorded in the trust deed, including the portions of the property reconveyed to Banberry. Castleton had this notice mailed to Banberry and purchasers of condominiums on the reconveyed developed tracts. Sidney Horman, an officer at Banberry, complained that the description in the notice of default was faulty and slandered Banberry’s title. Castleton prepared аnd recorded an amended notice of default that excluded the reconveyed property. Ban-berry claims in part that recording and mailing the initial notice of default to condominium owners caused pending sales of the units to fail. In appealing the court’s decision, it contends that the trustee breached a fiduciary duty owed to Banber-ry, that appellees slandered Banberry’s title, and that the trial court erred when it excluded testimony of Banberry’s expert witnesses.
The first issue to be addressed is whether the trustee, Castleton, breached a fiduciary duty owed to the trustor, Banberry.
A trust deed is
[a] species of mortgage given to a trustee for the purpose of securing a numerous class of creditors ... with power to foreclose and sell on failure of the payment of- their bonds, notes, or other claims. In some of the states, a trust deed or deed of trust is a seсurity resembling a mortgage, being a conveyance of lands to trustees to secure the payment of a debt, with a power of sale upon default, and upon a trustee to apply the net proceeds to paying the debt and to turn over the surplus to the grantor. 3
Likewise, Utah Code Ann. § 57-1-19(3) (Cum.Supp.1989) defines a trust deed as a “deed ... conveying real property to a trustee in trust to secure the performance of an obligatiоn of the trustor or other person named in the deed to a beneficiary.” 4
A trust deed is similar to a mortgage in that it is given as security for the performance of an obligation. However, a trust deed is a conveyancе by which title to the trust property passes to the trustee. 5 Upon default, the trustee has power to sell the property to satisfy the trustor’s debt to the beneficiary.
The existence of the trust itself creates a duty betwеen the trustee and the beneficiary. 6 But the trustee’s duty to the beneficiary does not imply that the trustee may ignore the trustor’s rights and interests. Obviously, a trust deed trustee may not scheme to defraud a trustor. 7 And in cases where a trustor rеposes its trust or confidence in the trustee and relies on the trustee’s guidance or where the trustee could exercise extraordinary influence over the trustor or where the trustee stands in a dominant position to the trustor, it is possible that the trustee is bound by a fiduciary duty to act in the interest of the trustor. 8 In short, the existence of a duty between the trustee and the trustor may be implied by the factual situation of a particular case. 9 In this instance, however, there is no evidence of fraud or a relationship that would create a fiduciary duty. The trustee did not breach a duty to the trustor.
Next to be determined is whether appellees slandered Banberry’s title. To prove slander of title, a claimant must prove that (1) there was a publication of a *1257 slanderous statement disparaging claimant’s title, (2) the statement was false, (3) the statement was made with malice, and (4) the statement caused actual or special damages. 10 “A slanderous statement is one that is derogatory or injurious to the legal validity of an owner’s title or to his or her right to sell or hypothecate the proрerty....” 11
Appellees concede that a notice of default was published disparaging Banber-ry’s title to the property in Park City. However, they claim that if the notice was false, its falsity was due to an inadvertent errоr that is not actionable. In the same vein, they deny any malice and they assert that Banberry failed to prove actual or special damages.
Banberry contends, on the other hand, that the original notice of default was false since its description included property that had been reconveyed to Banberry. It also alleges that the amount of indebtedness purported to be in default was incorrect. Banberry basеs its claims of malice on a phone call from Castleton to Horman, a letter from SCM to First Security Bank, and the fact that Castleton recorded and then mailed a false notice of default to purchasers оf property that had been re-conveyed to Banberry.
The original notice of default erroneously described the property in default. This apparently came about by simply copying a verbatim descriрtion in the recorded deed of trust without deleting the portions previously reconveyed. A published false statement, however, does not constitute slander of title without the element of malice. Malice may be affirmatively proven or implied. Affirmative proof requires a showing that the wrong was done with an intent to injure, vex, or annoy. 12 Malice may be implied where a party knowingly and wrongfully records or publishes something untrue or spurious or which gives a false or misleading impression adverse to one’s title under circumstances that it should reasonably foresee might result in damage to the owner of the property. 13 While preparation of the originаl notice of default may have been less than proficient, there is a difference between poor performance and malice. 14
None of Banberry’s cited examples of malice constitute mаlice toward Banber-ry. The phone call from Castleton to Hor-man and the letter from SCM to First Security Bank did not malign Banberry; both assayed Horman. Although Castleton published a false notice of default, when he became aware that the notice was false, he amended it to eliminate descriptions of the reconveyed property. It appears that filing the false notice was inadvertent rather than calculated. We find no reasonable basis in the evidence to infer that appellees acted maliciously. For this reason alone, Banberry’s claim fails.
Additionally, while Banberry may have proved presumed or general damages, that is not enough. A slander of title action requires proof of actual or special damages. 15
The special damage rule requires the plaintiff to establish pecuniary loss that has been realized or liquidated, as in the case of specific lost sales. This means that general, implied or presumed damages of the kind formerly available in cases of personal defamation are not sufficient as a ground fоr recovery in a disparagement claim... 16
Banberry did not establish that its failure to sell condominium units on the recon- *1258 veyed developed tracts was a result of ap-pellees’ publishing the false notice of default. Rather, the evidénce indicates that at least one unit was sold after the original notice was filed. Other sales seem to have been lost, but the reason for the losses was never sufficiently established. Banberry claims attorney fees as special damages, but in Bass v. Planned Management Services, 17 this Court held that when “attorney fees were not incurred to clear title or to undo any harm created by whatever slander of title occurred, there [are] no special damages.” 18 Banberry did not incur attorney fees to clear its title or undo harm caused by the original notice of default and therefore did not establish special damages.
The remaining issue for determination is whether the trial court properly excluded the testimony of Banberry’s expert witnesses. Banberry offered testimony of two specialists in real estate law to determine a question of fact: What is the standard of care used by attorneys in the community in preparing a notice of default, and did Castleton breach that standard? The question before the court, however, involved a question of law: What is the legal duty a trustee owes a trustor, аnd did Castleton breach that duty? Questions of law are to be determined by the court. Based upon the court’s correct determination regarding the question of law, we find no error in its subsequent exclusion of the experts’ testimony.
Affirmed.
Notes
. The Court considered this appeal, but did not consolidate it, with the appeal of its companion case, First Security Bank v. Banberry, No. 870034, argued June 13, 1989.
.
Managеment Committee of Graystone Pines v. Graystone Pines, Inc.,
. Black’s Law Dictionary, at 1356 (5th ed.1979).
. See also Utah Code Ann. § 57-1-20 (1986) ("Transfers in trust of real property may be made to secure the performance of an obligation of the trustor or any other person named in the trust deed to a beneficiary.").
.
General Glass Corp. v. Mast Constr. Co.,
.
Denison State Bank v. Madeira,
.
Blodgett
v.
Martsch,
. Id. at 301-03.
.
Denison,
.
Bass v. Planned Management Servs., Inc.,
. Id.
.
Jack B. Parson Cos. v. Nield,
.
Howarth v. Ostergaard,
.
See Hicks v. Earley,
.
Bass,
. W. Keeton, Prosser and Keeton on the Law of Torts, at 971 (5th ed.1984) (footnotes omitted).
.
. Id. at 569.