First National Bank v. State Bank

| Or. | Feb 19, 1924

RAND, J.

Where a certain specific sum of money is delivered to a bank with directions to transmit that particular money or to substitute other money in place of it and then transmit the substituted money to a particular person or bank, the relation of principal and agent, as well as that of bailor and bailee, arises from the transaction. The bank’s possession of the money is that of a bailee, and in carrying out the instructions of the owner of the money the bank acts as agent for the owner. This fiduciary relation of the bank in respect to the money is in the nature of a trust, and the trust continues until the money is sent in conformity to the given directions. As long as the money remains in the possession of ilie hank, the party delivering it to the bank is both the legal and beneficial owner of it. As the title to the money does not pass to the bank, the money itself does not belong to the bank and become a part of its funds. If the contract is that the bank shall not transmit the particular money delivered to it, but shall substitute other moneys for it, such as currency in place of gold, or the like,, and then transmit the substituted money, the bank, in making such substitution and transmission, is acting as agent for its principal in respect to the business of its principal, and hence the fiduciary relations between the bank and its principal in respect to the substituted money, so long as it is in the hands of the bank, is not defeated, but continues unaffected by the fact that other moneys have been substituted for those originally paid to it. But there is a well marked and well recognized legal distinction between a transaction of that character and the one disclosed by the evidence in the instant case. Here, neither of the contracts, that is, the contract of the State Bank with the payer and the contract of the State Bank with the Shreveport Bank, contemplated that the State Bank should send any actual money to anyone. Under its contract with the payer, as evidenced by the receipts given for the money by the bank and accepted by the payer, the bank, in consideration for the money paid to it, undertook to telegraph the Shreveport Bank to give credit to William E. Hopkins for the sum of $3,000, and to secure a credit for him in that bank for that amount. Upon failure to comply with its undertaking, the payer could sue to recover the money back or for breach of contract. Under this contract the title to the money paid in consideration of the bank’s promise immediately passed to the hank and the money became a part of the bank’s funds. The bank, not having contracted to act as agent for the payer, the relation of principal and agent did not arise between the bank and the payer. As the money paid belonged to the bank, there could be no bailment because in all bailments possession is severed from the ownership. Hence, neither a bailment, an agency nor any fiduciary relation did or could arise from the transaction. The contract between the bank and the payer was purely legal in its nature and there was nothing of the nature of a trust in it.

The contract between the two banks, as evidenced by the telegrams, was that if the Shreveport Bank would credit the account of William E. Hopkins in that bank with the sum of $3,000 and pay him that sum, the State Bank, in payment thereof, would remit that amount by mail. The evidence discloses that there had been similar transactions between the State Bank and the Shreveport Bank, pursuant to which Hopkins had been credited with various sums under like directions and promises, and that settlement therefor had always been made by drafts drawn by the State Bank of Portland upon the National City Bank of New York, payable to the order of the Shreveport Bank, and this method is customary in dealings between banks. Giving to these telegrams that meaning which the parties themselves, through their previous dealings, placed upon them, and that which accords with the usual course of dealings between banks, the undertaking of the bank was that it would remit the amount by mail, not in actual money, but in drafts upon its correspondent, and that if the correspondent failed to pay the drafts when presented, the State Bank would take up and pay them on demand. Until the drafts were actually received by the Shreveport Bank and had been presented to and paid by the correspondent bank, the Shreveport Bank was .under no obligation to credit Hopkins’ account with or pay him the sum of $3,000, but, having credited his account with the sum of $3,000 and having-paid him said sum upon the credit of the State Bank, the Shreveport Bank became a creditor of the State Bank for that sum. The relation of debtor and creditor thus arising continued to exist until payment of the debt by the State Bank was made, and, as payment thereof became impossible through the insolvency of the State Bank, that relation still exists. In the absence of fraud, performance by the Shreveport Bank of a contract of this character did not in itself .make the State Bank a trustee for the Shreveport Bank or create any fiduciary relation between the two banks. The Shreveport Bank is therefore a general and not a preferred creditor of the State Bank: Legniti v. Mechanics’ etc. Bank, 230 N.Y. 415" court="NY" date_filed="1921-03-01" href="https://app.midpage.ai/document/legniti-v-mechanics--metals-national-bank-3582423?utm_source=webapp" opinion_id="3582423">230 N. Y. 415 (130 N. E. 597, 16 A. L. R. 185); Spiroplos v. Scandinavian Bank, 116 Wash. 491" court="Wash." date_filed="1921-08-04" href="https://app.midpage.ai/document/spiroplos-v-scandinavian-american-bank-4720609?utm_source=webapp" opinion_id="4720609">116 Wash. 491 (199 Pac. 997, 16 A. L. R. 181).

The distinction between the contract where the banker agrees to send money and one where he agrees ±o send a telegram establishing a credit with his correspondent is pointed out by the court in Legniti v. Mechanics’ etc. Bank, supra, in these words:

“There is a marked distinction between these transactions which I have just described and a direction to a bank or other person to transmit a certain specific sum of money to a person abroad. In such cases the bank or transmitter is the agent of the person paying the money, and until the money is sent holds it as agent or trustee for the owner. Such were the cases of Musco v. United Surety Co., 132 A.D. 300" court="N.Y. App. Div." date_filed="1909-05-14" href="https://app.midpage.ai/document/musco-v-united-surety-co-5211319?utm_source=webapp" opinion_id="5211319">132 App. Div. 300 (117 N. Y. Supp. 21), and People ex rel. Zotti v. Flynn, 135 App. Div. 276 (120 N. Y. Supp. 511). In these latter transactions the intention of the payer is that the money he gives to his agent shall be sent abroad. It is the amount which he gives that is to be transmitted. How it is sent may be immaterial to him. If there be time, currency might be purchased and sent. If not, it may be transmitted in any form recognized in financial circles. It is not at all necessary that the sender or agent have credit in the place to which the money is to be sent. On the other hand, in the contract for credit it is not a specific sum which is to be sent, but rather a specific credit which is to be purchased. The amount paid varies with the market. The actual thing that is done by the sender in both of these cases may or may not be the same, but the practice of the merchants and banks has recognized a difference; so have the courts.”

Where an officer of a bank, knowing it to be insolvent, receives money for a draft on a correspondent who has no funds for its payment and the bank has no assurance that the draft will be honored, the receipt of the money is wrongful and the bank holds the same as trustee, but where, as in the instant case, it clearly appears from the undisputed evidence that at the time of the transaction complained of, the bank had sufficient funds in the hands of its correspondent to pay the drafts when presented,, and having no reason for believing that the drafts would not be honored, the rule seems to be established that the holder of the draft is not entitled to preference: See annotation, 16 A. L. E. 190 et seq.

The lower court decided that the Shreveport Bank was entitled to be subrogated to the rights of a depositor in said bank for the amount of its credit, thus placing that bank on an equality with the unpaid depositors of the bank. The ruling of. the court upon this point has not been appealed from, and we are not required to pass upon it. The position thus secured by the Shreveport Bank is as favorable as it is entitled to.

The decision of the Circuit Court is therefore affirmed.

Affirmed. Rehearing Denied.

McBride, C. J., and Burnett and Coshow, JJ., concur.