FIRST CHICAGO, Appellant, v. THE INDUSTRIAL COMMISSION et al. (Sharon Skalon, Appellee).
No. 1—97—1116WC
First District (Industrial Commission Division)
February 10, 1998
294 Ill. App. 3d 685
Affirmed.
ZWICK and QUINN, JJ., concur.
Opinion filed February 10, 1998.
Hennessy & Roach, P.C., of Chicago (Daniel E. O‘Brien and Thomas G. Hennessy, of counsel), for appellant.
Arthur German, of Chicago, for appellee.
JUSTICE COLWELL delivered the opinion of the court:
Respondent, First Chicago, appeals from an order of the circuit court of Cook County dismissing respondent‘s judicial review of the Industrial Commission‘s (Commission) order awarding benefits to claimant, Sharon Skalon, under the Workers’ Compensation Act (Act) (
The facts are undisputed. On June 27, 1995, an arbitrator entered an award in claimant‘s favor. On June 10, 1996, the Commission partially modified, but otherwise affirmed, the arbitrator‘s decision. On August 12, 1996, the Commission issued a corrected decision. Respondent claims, and claimant does not argue otherwise, that it received the Commission‘s decision on August 19, 1996.
On September 9, 1996, respondent timely filed documents in the circuit court of Cook County, including an appeal bond, to institute the judicial review of the Commission‘s decision. The appeal bond was signed as follows:
“First Chicago
/s/ John A. Bradley
As principal
Safeco Insurance Company of America
/s/ Theodore C. Sevier, Jr.
As surety
Theodore C. Sevier, Jr., Attorney-in-Fact.”
On October 9, 1996, claimant filed a special and limited appearance and a motion to quash summons and dismiss the action. Claimant argued that the bond was insufficient to bind respondent because it was not signed by Mr. Bradley as an officer of respondent and did not indicate that Mr. Bradley was authorized to execute the bond on respondent‘s behalf. Claimant also complained that claimant‘s original summons erroneously referred to the June 10, 1996, Commission decision and contained an erroneous return date. Accordingly, claimant argued that respondent failed to comply with the 20-day statutory review period under
In its decision, the circuit court made no findings of fact regarding Mr. Bradley‘s authority to bind respondent. Instead, the circuit court stated a single legal conclusion—Mr. Bradley signed the bond individually. The circuit court rejected claimant‘s argument under
ANALYSIS
When the facts upon an issue are undisputed and susceptible
I. SECTION 19(F)(2)
A. Identification of Individual Signing Appeal Bond
In this case, we do not know Mr. Bradley‘s status with or relationship to respondent. The record contains no evidence identifying Mr. Bradley, and respondent‘s identification of Mr. Bradley as an officer in its brief in response to claimant‘s motion to dismiss is simply not evidence. As a result, we do not know whether Mr. Bradley is respondent‘s officer or someone else. Thus, the first issue is whether an individual signing an appeal bond (
The primary rule of statutory construction is to ascertain and give effect to the intention of the legislature, and that inquiry appropriately begins with the language of the statute. People v. Woodard, 175 Ill. 2d 435, 443 (1997). In this case,
Furthermore, where an enactment is clear and unambiguous, the court is not free to depart from the plain language and meaning of the statute by reading into it exceptions, limitations, or conditions that the legislature did not express. Woodard, 175 Ill. 2d at 443. Similarly, when the legislature is silent, a court may not fill a void through judicial interpretation. Gabriel Builders, Inc. v. Westchester Condominium Ass‘n, 268 Ill. App. 3d 1065, 1068 (1994).
According to the plain language of the Act,
B. Evidence of Authority Outside 20-day Period
The second issue then is whether a corporate respondent may present evidence after the expiration of the 20-day statutory review period under
In the line of cases involving attorneys signing appeal bonds on behalf of respondents, each of the respondents filed affidavits after the expiration of the 20-day period. See Deichmueller, 151 Ill. 2d 413 (respondent filed affidavit ratifying attorney‘s actions outside 20-day period); Berryman Equipment v. Industrial Comm‘n, 276 Ill. App. 3d 76 (1995) (respondent filed affidavit with reply in support of motion to reconsider order dismissing judicial review); Illinois Armored Car Corp. v. Industrial Comm‘n, 205 Ill. App. 3d 993 (1990) (respondent filed affidavit confirming attorney‘s authority outside 20-day period). Similarly, in Lee v. Industrial Comm‘n, 82 Ill. 2d 496 (1980), two partners filed a second bond after the expiration of the 20-day period. Accordingly, respondent should be permitted to present evidence identifying Mr. Bradley‘s status as an officer in order to prove the sufficiency of the appeal bond.
We note that the interests of justice further support our position on this issue. If we did not allow a corporate respondent to submit evidence outside the 20-day statutory review period to refute an attack on an individual‘s authority to sign an appeal bond on behalf of the corporation, the claimant would always wait until the 20-day period expired and then attack the appeal, as in this case. The respondent would not be able to prove the signing individual had authority even if that person did possess the appropriate authority. The respondent would then be punished because the individual did not identify his or her corporate office even though the Act does not contain such a requirement.
C. Effect of Signing Individual‘s Identity on Motion
Even though respondent may file evidence after the expiration of the 20-day period, our inquiry continues. The signing individual‘s
For instance, if the evidence is filed outside the 20-day period and the signing individual is the respondent‘s attorney, the appeal should be dismissed. See Berryman, 276 Ill. App. 3d 76 (an attorney who signs an appeal bond “as principal” in lieu of a corporate officer for a corporate respondent must attach to the appeal bond and file the written authority conferred upon the attorney by the party within the 20-day statutory review period to invoke subject-matter jurisdiction under the Act); see also Deichmueller, 151 Ill. 2d 413; Illinois Armored Car, 205 Ill. App. 3d 993.
Conversely, if the evidence is filed outside the 20-day period and the individual is a partner, the appeal should not be dismissed. See Lee, 82 Ill. 2d 496. In Lee, respondents, Eugene Lee and Jack Onofrey, partners doing business as LeJac‘s, sought judicial review in the circuit court of an adverse award in the Commission. Lee, 82 Ill. 2d at 496-97. One of the partners signed the bond as principal and the other signed as surety. Lee, 82 Ill. 2d at 498. The claimant moved to dismiss maintaining the bond was not in proper form, and the circuit court, on March 13, 1980, granted the claimant‘s motion. Lee, 82 Ill. 2d at 498. The respondents subsequently filed a motion to vacate on April 11, 1980, and in conjunction with the motion they submitted another bond in proper form which they both signed as principals with a third person as surety. Lee, 82 Ill. 2d at 498. The circuit court denied the motion and refused the second bond. Lee, 82 Ill. 2d at 498.
The supreme court reversed the circuit court‘s ruling because the bond was signed by one of the two partners and, thus, was signed by the party against whom the award was entered. Lee, 82 Ill. 2d at 498. As a result, the supreme court remanded the matter to the circuit court with directions that the circuit court determine the sufficiency of the second bond, even though it was filed outside the 20-day statutory period. Lee, 82 Ill. 2d at 501. If the circuit court found the bond was sufficient, it was to consider the merits of the appeal. Lee, 82 Ill. 2d at 501.
As previously stated, in this case, the record contains no evidence identifying Mr. Bradley. We may assume, however, that Mr. Bradley is not respondent‘s attorney. Neither of the parties make this claim and Mr. Bradley‘s name appears nowhere else in the record. Furthermore, we know that respondent is a corporation, and respondent claims Mr. Bradley is an officer with authority to sign the bond. The question then is whether the circuit court should dismiss the petition for review if Mr. Bradley is respondent‘s officer, and we believe that it should not.
Contrarily, the role of a corporate officer is legally distinguishable from the role of an attorney representing a respondent. Corporations act through their officers and directors and are bound by their actions when performed within the scope of their authority (Ahlgren v. Blue Goose Supermarket, Inc., 266 Ill. App. 3d 154, 162 (1994)), and a reasonable person would assume that a corporate officer has the authority to bind a corporation financially because decisions relating to a corporation‘s financial obligations are typically reserved for corporate officers and directors. Illinois Armored Car, 205 Ill. App. 3d at 999. On the other hand, a reasonable person would not assume that retaining an attorney to defend a corporation against a worker‘s compensation claim would necessarily give the attorney authority to obligate the corporation financially since it is not the customary practice for financial decisions to be made by attorneys representing the corporation. Illinois Armored Car, 205 Ill. App. 3d at 999. Accordingly, an appeal bond signed by a corporation‘s attorney is not the equivalent of an appeal bond signed by a corporate officer. See Deichmueller, 151 Ill. 2d at 414 (noting a representative of the corporation did not sign the bond as principal where the corporation‘s attorney signed the bond); Berryman, 276 Ill. App. 3d at 78-79 (stating an attorney signs in lieu of a corporate officer); Illinois Armored Car, 205 Ill. App. 3d at 997 (noting bond signed by corporation‘s attorney was not signed by an agent or officer of the corporation).
In summary, respondent should be permitted to submit evidence of Mr. Bradley‘s status as an officer. If Mr. Bradley is respondent‘s officer, Mr. Bradley would possess authority to sign the appeal bond on behalf of respondent, and the bond would be properly filed. The circuit court should then consider the merits of respondent‘s petition for review.
II. SECTION 19(F)(1)
Claimant also argues that the circuit court should have granted its motion to dismiss based on its argument under
CONCLUSION
Based upon the foregoing, the judgment of the circuit court of Cook County is reversed, and the cause remanded with directions that the circuit court allow respondent to present evidence identifying Mr. Bradley, and, if appropriate, consider the merits of respondent‘s petition for review.
Reversed and remanded with directions.
McCULLOUGH, P.J., and RARICK, J., concur.
JUSTICE RAKOWSKI, dissenting:
The majority agrees that a bond signed John E. Bradley, attorney at law for First Chicago, would not invoke jurisdiction pursuant to
Pursuant to
The definite and short period of time to secure review in the circuit court is obviously for the purpose of securing a speedy determination of all litigation. 3 T. Angerstein, Illinois Workers’ Compen-
I. IDENTITY OF INDIVIDUAL SIGNING BOND
Recently, in Berryman Equipment, we held that to allow an attorney to sign a bond without requiring the attorney‘s written authority to bind the principal would circumvent the effect of the rulings in Deichmueller and Illinois Armored Car. Berryman Equipment, 276 Ill. App. 3d at 78-79. The rationale is that it is unlikely that a reasonable person would assume that an attorney hired to defend a workers’ compensation claim would have the authority to obligate the corporation financially. “Decisions relating to a corporation‘s financial obligations are typically reserved for corporate officers and directors, not for attorneys representing the corporation.” Illinois Armored Car, 205 Ill. App. 3d at 999.
In the instant case, the record and the bond are devoid of any evidence regarding the identity of John E. Bradley. We do not know if he is employed by First Chicago or, if he is, whether he is an officer, director, or has authority to bind the corporation in financial matters. The majority simply presumes that Bradley is not an attorney at law and states that this fact is decisive. According to the majority, as long as Bradley is not an attorney, there is no need for the bond to contain evidence that he had authority to bind First Chicago.
Although all of the cases this court has reviewed regarding authority to sign bonds have involved attorneys, the rule is not so limited as is evidenced by our statement in Deichmueller: “[i]f it is not evident that the respondent is obligated by the bond during the 20-day filing period, the purpose of the bond, that a claimant has a method of collecting on an award against the respondent, is defeated, and strict compliance with the statute has not been met.” Deichmueller, 215 Ill. App. 3d at 276, rev‘d on other grounds, 151 Ill. 2d 413, 416 (1992) (supreme court adopted conclusions and reasoning of appellate court). In accord with this reasoning, I submit that the rule, in a corporate context, should be that unless the bond is signed by an officer or director, i.e., someone who customarily has authority to bind the corporation in financial matters (see Illinois Armored Car, 205 Ill. App. 3d at 999), then the authority of the party signing the bond must accompany the bond. Whether that person is an employee of the corporation, a nonemployee-agent, or an attorney is without
Moreover, a rule that only attorneys must supply evidence of authority defies logic. I repeat, the purpose of the rule is that reasonable people, who are familiar with pertinent business practices, would reasonably believe, from the face of the bond, that the person signing on behalf of the corporation had the authority to bind and, thus, the bond is valid. In Illinois Armored Car, Deichmueller, and Berryman Equipment, the employers argued that it is reasonable to assume that the attorney had authority to bind the corporation to a bond. They reasoned that the attorney was hired to defend the corporation on a workers’ compensation claim and to seek judicial review in the circuit court. Because it is incumbent upon an employer seeking judicial review to file a bond, it is only reasonable that one would assume that the attorney had authority to sign the bond. In each case, however, we rejected this argument. We stated that the issue was not whether the person had authority. Rather, the proper inquiry was whether the authority was evident from the face of the bond. Thus, despite a cogent argument that an employer‘s attorney would have authority, we nonetheless held that reasonable people would not expect the attorney to have the authority to bind the corporation in financial matters.
Turning to the instant case, there is nothing on the face of the bond that would lead a reasonable person to believe that John E. Bradley has authority to bind First Chicago financially. We do not know his relationship, if any, with First Chicago. Is he an employee? Is he an officer? Does he have authority? There is not a clue. Assume, arguendo, that Bradley is an attorney and signs the bond John E. Bradley, attorney. The appeal must be dismissed without hearing. Yet, if Bradley omits his title and simply signs John E. Bradley, the trial court must conduct a hearing regarding his authority. Such a rule serves no rational purpose.
II. EVIDENCE OF AUTHORITY OUTSIDE THE 20-DAY PERIOD
I strongly disagree with the majority‘s position that evidence of authority submitted after the expiration of the 20-day statutory period in
The majority reasons that because other cases involving attorneys signing bonds on behalf of employers allowed evidence of authority to be submitted subsequent to the expiration of the 20-day period, First Chicago should also be permitted to present evidence of Mr. Bradley‘s status as an officer. Although it is true that in Deichmueller, Berryman Equipment, and Illinois Armored Car the employer either submitted or attempted to submit evidence of the attorney‘s authority subsequent to the expiration of the 20-day period, in each case such authority was held to be without legal effect. “The failure to demonstrate this authority until after the statutory period expired does not meet the strict compliance standard required for circuit court review of Industrial Commission cases.” Illinois Armored Car, 205 Ill. App. 3d at 998, citing Arrington v. Industrial Comm‘n, 96 Ill. 2d 505 (1983). In Deichmueller, we stated “[n]othing in the record at the time of the filing of the bond or during the 20-day time frame for filing appeal documents indicated that Deichmueller‘s attorney had the authority, either actual or implied, to obligate Deichmueller to pay the bond.” Deichmueller, 215 Ill. App. 3d at 275. Accord Berryman Equipment, 276 Ill. App. 3d at 77-78. Rather than support the majority‘s position, these cases clearly say that the trial court may not consider evidence filed subsequent to the 20-day jurisdictional period in
The majority also places significant reliance on Lee v. Industrial Comm‘n, 82 Ill. 2d 496 (1980), in support of its position. Lee, however, did not involve the authority of a person signing on behalf of a corporation, did not involve subject-matter jurisdiction of the circuit court and, accordingly, has no relevance whatsoever to the instant case. In Lee, an employer seeking circuit court review of an Industrial Commission decision filed a bond signed by one partner as principal and signed by the other partner as surety. The claimant moved to dismiss on the ground the partners were improperly acting in both capacities and that a bond in proper form was jurisdictional. The motion was allowed and the respondent‘s subsequent tender of a bond with two partners as principals and a third person as a surety was refused. In reversing, the supreme court noted that the trial court relied upon Coultas v. Industrial Comm‘n, 31 Ill. 2d 527 (1964), where it held that a bond not signed by the party against whom the award had been entered was insufficient to confer jurisdiction in the circuit court. The supreme court noted that Lee was different in that one of the partners/respondents did sign the original bond. The court also distinguished Peter H. Clark Lodge No. 483 v. Industrial Comm‘n, 48 Ill. 2d 64 (1971)...
It is crystal clear in Lee that the supreme court held that a bond defect (improper surety) was not jurisdictional because the bond was signed by the partner who actually and presumptively had authority to bind the partnership. This is clearly evident from the concluding paragraph of the opinion where the court states “in accordance with the tenor of these cases [(Smith and Republic Steel—cases not involving subject-matter jurisdiction)], *** the trial court should have proceeded to determine the sufficiency of the bond tendered in connection with the post-trial motion.” Lee, 82 Ill. 2d at 501.
Unlike the defect in Lee, the issue of a party‘s authority to bind the corporation is clearly jurisdictional. Berryman Equipment, 276 Ill. App. 3d at 77-78; Deichmueller, 215 Ill. App. 3d at 276; Illinois Armored Car, 205 Ill. App. 3d at 996. Rather than supporting the majority‘s position, Lee is to the contrary. By rejecting Coultas, Peter H. Clark Lodge No. 483, and Firestone Tire & Rubber Co., and relying on cases not involving subject-matter jurisdiction, the court clearly implies that the trial court would have been without subject-matter jurisdiction had the partner signing the bond been without authority.
Until today, the rule was unambiguous. In order to vest the trial court with subject-matter jurisdiction over an appeal, an employer must file a bond within 20 days. Further, it must be apparent from the face of the bond that the signor has authority to bind the corporation financially. Thus, this division has consistently held that unless the bond is signed by an officer, or director (one who presumptively has authority), a statement of authority is necessary. Under this rule, subject-matter jurisdiction is easily determined by simply looking at the bond. Under the majority‘s rule, however, a bond may be signed by anyone, so long as he does not say he is an attorney. Then, after expiration of the 20-day statutory period, the corporation may furnish the circuit court with supplemental material regarding the signor‘s authority. A determination of subject-matter jurisdiction
For the aforementioned reasons, I would affirm the trial court‘s determination that it was without subject-matter jurisdiction.
HOLDRIDGE, J., joins in this dissent.