61 Ala. 201 | Ala. | 1878
The practice in criminal cases, which has been observed in this State, from an early day, and sanctioned by repeated decisions of this court, is, that a defect in the indictment which would have been fatal on demurrer,, or error in the record of the proceedings, which would have;
A motion in arrest of judgment is not confined to the indictment alone. That may be sufficient, averring with certainty, the commission by the accused of the particular indictable offense imputed to him; and yet it may appear from other parts of the record, that irregularity, or illegality has intervened, which vitiates the judgment.
An indictment is defined by Mr. Bishop as “ a written accusation, presented on oath by at least twelve of a grand jury, charging a person named therein with a crime which it specially defines, and returned by the grand jury into court, where it becomes matter of record.” — 1 Bish. Cr. P. § 141. The statutory definition, when taken in connection with the provision, that twelve of the grand jury must concur in its finding, is substantially the same: “ An indictment is an accusation in writing, presented by the grand jury of the county, charging a person with an indictable offense.” — Code of 1876, § 4782. An indictment proceeds entirely from the grand jury — it is the result of their deliberations on the evidence produced before them. The court has no agency, in causing the finding of an indictment, and can exercise properly no influence, beyond charging the grand jury when impanneled, as to the duties they are required to perform, or advising them on their request subsequently, as to any matter of law.
While the grand jury is a constituent of a court of criminal jurisdiction, they are a distinct, independeht body, and must so deliberate and act, free from influence, fear, favor, affection, reward, or the hope thereof, proceeding from or without the court. They are selected and drawn by a body of officers appointed by the statute; and not under any order or process made or issuing under the authority of the court. When selected and drawn, the clerk of the court, (who is one of the officers charged with the duties of selecting and
An accusation of a criminal offense, not the finding and presentment of a grand jury, is not an indictment, and confers on a court no jurisdiction to put the accused on a trial before a petit jury. A verdict and judgment pronounced on such an accusation are absolutely void. The Circuit Court is a court of superior jurisdiction; and it'may be, if its records are silent, or general in their recitals, as to the organization of a grand jury, that the presumption of regularity and legality will be indulged to support its judgments. But if its records affirmatively disclose, that a body of men has been organized as a grand jury, in violation of the statutes which prescribe the mode of organizing such a jury, clothed with the power of making presentments which operate as criminal accusations against the citizen, all the acts of that body must be pronounced void — no solicitation, or laches, on the part of the accused can cure the illegality. It would be ground of motion in arrest of judgment — and if no such motion is made, of assignment of error in an appellate tribunal; and if not assigned, it is of that class of errors this court.
The present record discloses that a venire was regularly issued by the clerk of the court directed to the sheriff of the county, commanding him to summon eighteen persons whose names, places of residence, and respective occupations are stated, to serve as grand jurors. The venire was returned into court, but only ten of these persons appeared — three of whom were excused. The record proceeds: “By order of the court a sufficient number of names to complete the grand jury from the by-standers in the court-room was placed upon slips and regularly drawn, and the grand jury stood as follows:” (reciting the names of seventeen persons).
It is apparent the court did not exercise, and did not intend to exercise the power the statute confers, of supplying deficiencies in the panel of grand jurors. The order the statute required the court to make, was a direction and mandate to the sheriff; and in the execution of the order, the statute is imperative; the sheriff must summon, not from any designated or limited class of persons — not from the bystanders who are in, or near to the court-room, but from the qualified citizens of the county. "Without the agency of the sheriff, but in exclusion of it, the court orders a sufficient number of names to complete the grand fury from the bystanders in the court-room, to be placed upon slips and drawn. The statute imposes on the sheriff the duty and responsibility of summoning the persons, from whom a sufficient number to complete the grand jury are to be drawn, and the court could not exclude him from the performance of the duty, or transfer it to another, or assume to perform it. Nor could the court limit the summoning to the by-standers in the courtroom. The statute defines the power of the court, and the exercise of any other power is unnecessary and unwarranted. Unnecessary, because before administering the oath to grand, or petit jurors, it is the duty of the court to examine them in reference to their qualifications — to ascertain whether they “ are competent to discharge, the duties of grand and petit jurors with honesty, impartiality, and intelligence, and .are esteemed in the community for their integrity, fair character, and sound judgment.” — Code of 1876, § 4760. If there is reason to apprehend, that the sheriff in violation of his official oath and duty, would introduce into the jury box, persons wanting in these qualifications, or any one of them, the preventive must be found in a vigilant and discreet
If the court was correct in limiting the summoning to the bystanders in the court-room, it has an unlimited power in this respect, and would then have unlimited power and influence in the selection of the persons who were to fill deficiencies in the panel, and to serve in the capacity of grand jurors. With equal propriety, the court could have designated the particular by-standers from whom the deficiencies were to be supplied. The exercise of such a power by the court, would be in violation of the spirit of all our legislation, and would convert the grand jury from a distinct, independent body, drawn and summoned by officers specially charged with that duty, into a mere dependency of the court, chosen by its absolute will. The practical results of such a power, are too apparent to require discussion or statement. There is no reason for imputing to the court in this instance, more than mere error; but the power exercised, in the hands of a capricious, or an unscrupulous judge, would destroy the purity and independence of the grand jury, and pervert it from all the purposes of its institution.— O’Byrnes v. State, supra; Portis v. State, 23 Miss. 578; Keitter v. State, 4 Iowa, 291. The record affirmatively disclosing that this accusation is not an indictment — that it proceeds from, and is the act of a body of men, organized as a grand jury in violation of law — it follows the judgment of conviction must be reversed. It is proper to add, however, that the appellant has not been in jeopardy, and this judgment will not be a bar to a legal prosecution, if he is guilty of the offense charged. Under the influence of the statute, (Code of 1876, § 4819,) the cause will be remanded, that the accusation may be quashed; the prisoner must remain in custody, until discharged by due course of law.