Finkelston v. Chicago, Milwaukee & St. Paul Railway Co.

Marshall, J.

If thеre is anything in this case to warrant the inference that the destruction of plaintiff’s property was caused by fire which proceeded from defendant’s locomotive, it consists of evidence tending to show that sparks in unusual quantities and of unusual size, on the occasion in question, were projected from thе smokestack to the height of from twenty to forty feet, and then carried by a light wind in the direction of the warehouse, some of them settling upon the roof, and others passing over the structure, and the fire in the building that manifested itself about one hour and a half thereafter. The evidence of the escape оf fire from the ashpan to the ground need not be considered, because it is conceded by plaintiff’s counsel that, if the fire from the locomotive started the conflagration, it must have proceeded from the smokestack to the open window in the south side of the cupola, thence through such window and downward through the elevator shaft to a lodgment somewhere between the lower and second floor, at the point where tbe building was ignited. It cannot seriously be contended that there is evidence tending to sustain any other theory by which the fire was started, from any cause for which defendant is responsible; hence, unless such evidence, under the most favorable construction it will legitimately bear, including all reasonable inferences therefrom, assuming that it establishes all that it tends to establish (O'Brien v. C. & N. W. R. Co. 92 Wis. 340; Fitts v. Cream City R. Co. 59 Wis. 323; Spensley v. Lancashire Ins. Co. 54 Wis. 433), is sufficient to produce conviction in the minds of men of ordinary understanding, to a reasonable certainty (Pelitier v. C., St. P., M. & O. R. Co. 88 Wis. 521), of the existenсe of the ultimate fact in issue, i. e. that the fire which did the work started from the smokestack of the locomotive, it was not only proper for, but it was the duty of, the trial judge to direct a verdict for defendant.

This court rigidly maintains, inviolably, the right of trial by jury, rejecting the rule that obtains in some jurisdictions, that if the evidence is such that a verdict in favor of one party would be set aside as contrary to the clear preponderance thereof, the court is warranted in directing the proper verdict, and upholds, as the law, that inferences from the evidence in the first instance should be drawn solely by the jury, except where, in ‍‌‌‌​​‌​​​‌‌‌​​​‌‌‌‌​‌​​​‌‌​​​‌‌​‌​​‌​‌​​‌‌​​‌‌​‌‍any legitimate view of it, no reasonable inference can be drawn therefrom which will support a verdict other than one way. Then, the motion for a non-suit or the direction of a verdict requires that disposition of the case, as a matter of right, which implies a judicial duty to grant it. Such disposition by no means trenches on the province of the jury, but is the exercise of a judicial function, essential to the due administration of justice.

It follows, from the preceding statement of legal principles governing this case, that the question here presented is largely, if not wholly, one of law, arising from facts and circumstances which аre either conclusively established by the evidence or which we must assume to be established under the rules indicated. With that view, We proceed to restate briefly such facts.

We have a combination of the following: It was dark. Sparks in unusual quantities and of unusual size, some appearing to one looking at thеm through the darkness to be as large as a hazelnut or a thumb nail, were projected from the smokestack of the locomotive, standing on the side track six or eight feet from the warehouse. After reaching a height of from thirty to forty feet, they floated northerly, carried by a gentle wind, blowing from a southerly directiоn, toward the warehouse and the open window in the south end of the cupola, which was located about thirty feet from the ground and twenty-five feet north of the side track. Some of the sparks passed entirely over the building, and others settled against and upon it and disappeared. The inside of the building was dry. There was no ivay for a spark to reach the lower part of the building, between the lower and upper floors, after passing in at the window in the cupola, except by passing down the elevator shaft to a point below the bottom of the second floor, and thence out from the open side of such shaft to the east. The building, from the cupola down to and including the space between the lower and second floors, had been, during the day previous, cleaned of all rubbish, dust, cobwebs, and other loose combustible material. The structure was discovered to be on fire somewhere between the first and second floors, about one hour and a half after the sparks were emitted from the smokestack, and fire was also seen in the cupola about the same time, or soon after. It rapidly spread to all parts of the building, and consumed it and the one adjoining. Just where the fire first started does not definitely aрpear, but, looking at the evidence most favorably for plaintiff, it was somewhere in the lower story, as indicated, outside of the elevator shaft.

' Now, in view of the preceding, can a reasonable inference be drawn that a spark which escaped from the smokestack set the fire ? Can the рath of the fire, by reasonable inference from the facts established, be traced from such smokestack, starting at about 8:15 p. m., through the period of time to about 9 :45 p. m., to the point where the building ignited, so as to thereby establish the main facts in issue ? That was a question for the court. If such an occurrence is within rеason, then it was a question for the jury to say whether the fire was so caused or not. Obviously, it is no objection that the origin of the fire was not established by direct evidence; but there must be some limit beyond which the main fact' cannot be found from inference, else parties circumstanced like the defendant was mаy be held liable for all fires, occurring in the vicinity of their tracks, that can,, by any possibility, be attributed to their conduct, unless they are able to prove that the fires were not so caused. Such a rule would subject railroad companies to such penalties as to seriously and unjustly cripple a business essential to the public welfare. The origin of a fire under such circumstances must be established so as to produce conviction, to a reasonable certainty, on an unprejudiced mind, the same as any other fact; and, until there is evidence to so establish it, the defendant is not called upon to provе that the fire was not caused as alleged. Flanaghan v. C., M. & St. P. R. Co. (Minn.), 67 N. W. Rep. 794; Stratton v. U. P. R. Co. (Colo. App.), 42 Pac. Rep. 602; Denver, T. & G. R. Co. v. De Graff, 2 Colo. App. 42; Denver & R. G. R. Co. v. Morton, 3 Colo. App. 155; Sheldon v. H. R. R. Co. 29 Barb. 226.

In the light of the preceding, we will review briefly the principal cases cited by appellant’s counsel ‍‌‌‌​​‌​​​‌‌‌​​​‌‌‌‌​‌​​​‌‌​​​‌‌​‌​​‌​‌​​‌‌​​‌‌​‌‍to show that, according to precedents, this case should have been submitted to the jury.

In Gibbons v. W. V. R. Co. 58 Wis. 335, the fire was discovered three quarters of an hour after the train had passed. A strong wind was blowing towards the point where the fire started. The weather was, and had been for some time, very dry. There were old, rotten hemlock ties near the track, which were burned. The fire burned between such ties and plaintiff’s property, spreading from such property to the ’ties, or the reverse. This appears from the printed case on appeal. The question whether there was sufficient evidence to go to the jury was raised, but the cause was decided on another point.

In Tribette v. I. C. R. Co. 71 Miss. 212, the fire was discovered in some cotton bales less than an hour after the locomotive passed, which was seen to emit smoke that was blown against the bales. There had been a long drought. Odor of burning cotton was noticed ten or fifteen minutes before the fire was discovered. When the fire finally manifested itself, holes in the cotton bales on the side towards the railway track indicated that it had been slowly eating its way into them for a сonsiderable length of time. Under these circumstances, held, that the evidence warranted the inference that the fire caught from a spark emitted from the locomotive.

In Ward v. M. & St. P. R. Co. 29 Wis. 144, the statement of the case in the published reports is to the effect that about two hours elapsed between the passаge of the train and the discovery of the fire, but the element of time did not enter into the questions discussed before the court, and decided. That explains why such statement is far from being accurate. An examination of the printed case and briefs used on the argument here, shows that there was an abundance of evidence tending to prove that the fire was discovered in less than an hour after the train passed, and there were circumstances, such as direction of the wind, emission of sparks, dryness of the building, and others, leading easily to the inference that fire from the locomotive did the mischief.

In Grand Trunk R. Co. v. Richardson, 91 U. S. 454, the fire was discovered in one half to three quarters of an hour after the train passed. A strong wind was blowing. It was very dry. The fire started in the roof of a covered railroad bridge, through which the train passed, from which it was communicated to plaintiff’s ‍‌‌‌​​‌​​​‌‌‌​​​‌‌‌‌​‌​​​‌‌​​​‌‌​‌​​‌​‌​​‌‌​​‌‌​‌‍property, which was situated but a few feet from such bridge. Held by the trial court, that the circumstances warranted the inference that the fire was started by fire from the locomotive. The question does not appear to have been raised on the appeal.

In Cole v. L. S. & M. S. R. Co. 105 Mich. 549, the element of time was not involved. Distance of property destroyed from right of way was the turning point. The fire was set on such right оf way by a section boss, where there was dry grass and pieces of decayed wood. There was a very high wind, blowing directly towards plaintiff’s building, situated 300 feet away, which was filled with hay and had the windows open. Held, that the question of the origin of the fire was for the jury.

In Hagan v. C., D. & C. G. T. J. R. Co. 86 Mich. 615, there was a strong wind, blowing from the track towards the propеrty destroyed. It was very dry. As the engine passed plaintiff’s building, the fireman was poking the fire. Smoke of a bluish green color, streaked with red, was seen to roll over the building, and in a few minutes the roof was on fire on the slope toward the railway track. Held that, under the circumstances, the jury were justified in inferring that the fire was caused by sparks from the locomotive.

In Beggs v. C., W. & M. R. Co. 75 Wis. 444, the facts were that it was a very dry time. A strong wind was blowing from defendant’s track towards the property destroyed. The fire was seen soon after the train passed. It started in some dry grass on the right of way, near which, on the track, live coals had been deposited. Erom the starting рoint it was traced by a streak of burnt grass directly to the property destroyed. Held, that the evidence was sufficient to sustain a verdict for plaintiff.

"We might go on, and analyze each of the numerous cases to which our attention has been called by appellant’s coun-sel, and many more of the same character; but it would only result in the further demonstrating, what the preceding clearly shows, that they fail utterly to lit this case. In each of the foregoing citations it will be observed that there was an unbroken chain of circumstances, starting with the escape of fire from ‍‌‌‌​​‌​​​‌‌‌​​​‌‌‌‌​‌​​​‌‌​​​‌‌​‌​​‌​‌​​‌‌​​‌‌​‌‍the locomotive, and extending to the resulting fire complained of. Each fact, from start to finish,, is such that, by reasonable inference,, it is connected with the next in line,— all consistent with the rule that the plaintiff must not only prove that the fire which caused the injury may have proceeded from defendant’s locomotive, but by reasonable affirmative evidenсe, to a reasonable certainty, that it did so originate. White v. C., M. & St. P. R. Co. 9 L. R. A. 824, 1 S. Dak. 326. Here the chain of circumstances is broken where the sparks disappeared in the direction of the warehouse. It is unreasonable to infer that cinders projected from the smokestack, so light as to float for a considerable distance in a gentle breeze, would retain fire any great length of time. It is unreasonable to infer that, if such material retained fire till it floated to the vicinity of the window in the cupola, it passed through such window, and down the elevator shaft. The night being hot and sultry, after a very hot day, reason teaches that the currеnt of air in the elevator shaft must have been upward and outward. It is unreasonable, under the circumstances, to infer that if such material, still retaining fire, passed through the window, and down the elevator shaft, it found a lodgment, .and smoldered for an hour and a half without manifesting itself. The time is too long. Especially is this so iu. view of the fact that the structure had just been thoroughly cleaned of dust, cobwebs, and other loose combustible matter. In short, from the time the sparks disappeared in the direction of the warehouse, all the circumstances rebut, instead of corroborate, the theory that they had any connection with the fire that was started in the building an hour and a half thereafter. Candor compels us to say that reason and common experience in life, taking into consideration the operation of natural laws, must force this conclusion upon the ordinary understanding. All beyond the disappearance of the sparks is, аt best, mere supposition and conjecture respecting what may possibly have occurred, instead of reasonable inference respecting what did occur. The element of time, without proof of facilities for lodgment of sparks in some substance liable to keep them alive, is sufficient оf itself to break the chain of circumstances essential to reach from the alleged cause to the alleged fact. In Sheldon v. H. R. R. Co. 29 Barb. 226, the time between the alleged escape of fire from the locomotive and the discovery of the fire complained of w’as one hour and seventeen' minutes. . It was alleged that the fire started by a spark passing through the open window of the mill, situated sixty-seven feet from the railway track, that it lodged in some combustible material on the mill floor. The track master was in the vicinity twenty-five minutes after the train passed, where he would have observed a fire in the building if any had existed. The court held that, under the circumstances, even twenty-five minutes was an unreasonable length of time,because, if a live spark lodged in combustible material on the mill floor so as to start a fire, it would manifest itself before the expiration of twenty-five minutes. With this view, among others, the court sustained the nonsuit. Here, without any prоof of the existence of material in which the fire may have smoldered for a time before breaking out, the sug-gestión is that a spark passed in at the window in the cupola, thirty feet above the ground, took a devious course downward, lodged somewhere in the lower part of the building, and there remained for аn hour and a half before manifesting itself. After a thorough search for and examination of precedents, we may safely venture the assertion that no satisfactory authority can be found for carrying the inference of the existence of facts unseen from those seen so far as would be required to send this case to a jury. In the words of Mr. Justice Orton, in Gibbons v. W. V. R. Co. 58 Wis. 335, “ mere possibility can never establish a probability of a fact requisite to be proved, in order to make a railroad company or any party liable in any action whatever, and the proposition is no sounder in logic than in law.” Rut, without further discussion, we must hold that thе nonsuit was properly granted. To decide ‍‌‌‌​​‌​​​‌‌‌​​​‌‌‌‌​‌​​​‌‌​​​‌‌​‌​​‌​‌​​‌‌​​‌‌​‌‍otherwise would be to say that verdicts may rest on mere possibility, speculation, and conjecture. Vhere there is no legitimate basis for a verdict, courts certainly must be permitted to draw the line, else our system of jurisprudence cannot be maintained consistent with well-defined rules of justice and right.

By the Court.— The judgment is affirmed.

Winslow and Pinney, JJ., dissent.

Case Details

Case Name: Finkelston v. Chicago, Milwaukee & St. Paul Railway Co.

Court Name: Wisconsin Supreme Court

Date Published: Nov 4, 1896

Citation: 68 N.W. 1005

Court Abbreviation: Wis.