Lead Opinion
[¶ 1.] These consolidated appeals arise out of separate but related actions for conversion. Both actions were commenced by Fin-Ag, Inc., an agricultural lender, against two public livestock auction barns: Pipestone Livestock Auction Market, Inc. (Pipestone) and South Dakota Livestock Sales of Watertown, Inc. (SD Livestock) (collectively referred to as Sale Barns).
I.
[¶ 2.] On June 27, 2002, Fin-Ag entered into an Agricultural Security Agreement (ASA) with Berwald Brothers,
[¶ 3.] On July 2, 2002, Fin-Ag filed a UCC Financing Statement with the Secretary of State. The parties agree that this qualified as an effective financing statement (EFS) under the FSA. The EFS identified Berwald Partnership, Calvin Berwald, Michael Berwald, Kimberly Ber-wald, and Sokota Dairy, LLC as debtors. Although all livestock and farm products were listed as collateral on the UCC-1, the EFS portion of the financing statement only described the covered farm products as dairy cattle and milk.
[¶ 4.] On August 26, 2002, Fin-Ag and Berwalds executed a promissory note in the amount of $460,000, and on January 8, 2003, they executed a second promissory note in the amount of $4,110,000. The notes were secured by the collateral identified in the ASA. On August 23, 2004, Ber-walds defaulted on the promissory notes and filed Chapter 11 bankruptcy.
[¶ 5.] Berwalds ultimately filed an amended plan of reorganization, which required Berwalds to pay Fin-Ag the entire balance of its loans plus interest, costs and Fin-Ag’s attorney fees. Fin-Ag accepted this plan, and Fin-Ag receives monthly payments of $35,034.09. In the event Ber-walds default on those payments, Fin-Ag has the right to immediately liquidate and sell its collateral to satisfy the remaining debt. Fin-Ag acknowledges that the value of its collateral, including livestock, crops, equipment and real estate, exceeds the balance of the debt.
[¶ 6.] These cases were commenced as a result of several pre-default sales of cattle at the Sale Barns. Both Sale Barns are public auction barns (commission merchants) registered with the Secretary of State’s central filing system for effective financing statements. Therefore, each month they received portions of the master list identifying Fin-Ag’s debtors and
[¶7.] The Sale Barns’ business practices were quite similar. When cattle were delivered to each facility, a “yard man” asked the delivery person the name of the seller. SD Livestock also requested the identity of the owner. For each of the sales at issue except two,
[¶ 8.] The following sales and purchases, involving the following sellers and payees, are involved in these appeals:
Transactions at Pipestone
February 5, 2004: C & M Dairy sold five head of cattle through Pipestone for $8,348.06. Pipestone then issued a check to C & M Dairy for $3,848.06.
February 10, 2004: Calvin Berwald sold one head of cattle through Pipe-stone for $851.99. Pipestone then issued one check to Calvin Berwald for $351.99 and one check to C & L Farms for $500.5
February 19, 2004: C & M Dairy purchased four head of cattle for $4,675.
February 24, 2004: C & M Dairy sold nine head of cattle through Pipestone for $5,221.51. Pipestone then issued one check to C & M Dairy for $546.51 and one check to itself for $4,675 to pay for cattle previously purchased by C & M Dairy.
March 18, 2004: C & M Dairy purchased six head of cattle for $7,575.
March 30, 2004: C & M Dairy sold twelve head of cattle through Pipestone for $8,045.79. Pipestone then issued one check to C & M Dairy for $470.79 and one check to itself for $7,575 to pay for cattle previously purchased by C & M Dairy.
April 15, 2004: C & M Dairy purchased fifteen head of cattle for $19,925.
April 20, 2004: C & M Dairy sold thirteen head of cattle through Pipestone*36 for $12,538.20. Pipestone then issued a check to itself for $12,538.20 to pay for cattle previously purchased by C & M Dairy.
April 27, 2004: C & M Dairy sold ten head of cattle through Pipestone for $6,724.42. Pipestone then issued a check to itself for $6,724.42 to pay for cattle previously purchased by C & M Dairy.
Transactions at SD Livestock
July 24, 2002-June 16, 2004: C & M Dairy, on forty-eight separate occasions, sold a total of 546 head of cattle for $272,581.85 through SD Livestock. SD Livestock issued checks to C & M Dairy for that amount.
July 28, 2004: Michael Berwald sold thirteen head of cattle through SD Livestock for $12,007.60. SD Livestock then issued a check for $12,000.60 jointly payable to Michael Berwald and Dacotah Bank.
[¶ 9.] Fin-Ag initially sued Pipestone on December 17, 2004, and SD Livestock on January 4, 2005. In both cases, Sale Barns raised SDCL 57A-9-609.1 as a defense. That statute requires a lender such as Fin-Ag to “offer” to file a criminal complaint against its debtor before commencing a conversion action against an innocent third party. After apparently realizing that it had not offered to file a complaint before commencing the suits, Fin-Ag sent counsel for Sale Barns and Berwalds a letter, dated February 22, 2005, stating, “pursuant to SDCL 57A-9-609.1, Fin-Ag, Inc. hereby offers to file against the debtors, Berwald Partnership, Calvin Berwald, Michael Berwald, Kimberly Berwald, Sokota Daily, LLC, a complaint as defined [in] SDCL 23A-2-1.” After sending this letter, Fin-Ag re-filed and re-served identical summons and complaints on Sale Barns on March 10, 2005.
[¶ 10.] The parties filed cross-motions for summary judgment in both cases.
The Pipestone court (Judge Kean)
[¶ 11.] The Pipestone court held that: (1) Fin-Ag’s offer complied with SDCL 57A-9-609.1; (2) C & M Dairy was the seller under the FSA; (3) because C & M Dairy was not a listed debtor on Fin-Ag’s EFS, Pipestone took the cattle free of Fin-Ag’s security interest under the FSA for the February 5, 2004 sale in which Pipestone acted as a commission merchant; (4) for the remaining sales, the FSA did not protect Pipestone because Pipestone was acting as a lender when it applied sale proceeds to C & M Dairy’s account at Pipestone for prior purchases; and, (5) Pipestone’s application of the proceeds to its account interfered with Fin-Ag’s security interest, rendered Pipestone liable for conversion, and Fin-Ag suffered compensable damages.
SD Livestock court (Judge Timm)
[¶ 12.] The SD Livestock court held that: (1) Fin-Ag’s offer complied with SDCL 57A-9-609.1; (2) Berwalds, not C & M Dairy, were the sellers under the FSA; (3) because Berwalds were listed as debtors on the EFS, SD Livestock had notice of, and was subject to, Fin-Ag’s security interest under the FSA; and (4) SD Livestock was liable for conversion and Fin-Ag suffered compensable damages on all sales.
[¶ 13.] Sale Barns appeal raising the following issues which we have restated:
1. Whether Fin-Ag’s offer to file a criminal complaint complied with SDCL 57A-9-609.1.
2. Whether the FSA protected Sale Barns from liability for conversion.
*37 3. Whether Fin-Ag established entitlement to conversion.
Fin-Ag, by notice of review, contends that Pipestone was also liable for the February 5, 2004 sale by C & M Dairy, which Pipe-stone did not apply on account. Because all issues were decided on summary judgment we review them to:
[Djetermine whether the moving party demonstrated the absence of any genuine issue of material fact and [established] entitlement to judgment on the merits as a matter of law. The evidence must be viewed most favorably to the nonmoving party[,] and reasonable doubts should be resolved against the moving party.... Our task on appeal is to determine only whether a genuine issue of material fact exists and whether the law was correctly applied.
Consol. Nutrition, L.C. v. IBP, Inc.,
II.
1. SDCL 57A-9-609.1
[¶ 14.] Before commencing an action for conversion against an innocent purchaser or a livestock auction agency dealing in farm products, a lender must first “offer” to file a criminal complaint against the debtor. SDCL 57A-9-609.1.
[¶ 15.] Sale Barns argue that Fin-Ag’s offer to file a complaint, in and of itself, did not comply with the statute. They contend that in addition to the offer, the statute requires that a lender must also “advise” or “inform a South Dakota State’s Attorney, the South Dakota Attorney General, or a law enforcement agency of its offer to file a criminal complaint.” Both circuit courts concluded that Fin-Ag’s written offer was sufficient. Because this is a matter of statutory construction, we review the matter de novo. In re Estate of Jetter,
[¶ 16.] A fundamental rule of statutory construction is that “ ‘the intention of the law is to be primarily ascertained from the language expressed in the statute.’ ” Huber v. Dept. of Pub. Safety,
[¶ 17.] These rules create an insurmountable barrier to Sale Barn’s argument. The statute fails to require that in addition to the offer, a State’s Attorney, the Attorney General, or a law enforcement agency must be “informed” or “advised” that an offer was made to the buyer.
2. FSA Protection for Farm Products Purchased in the Ordinary Course of Business
[¶ 18.] The next issue is whether the FSA preempted the state law conversion actions and allowed the Sale Barns to take free of Fin-Ag’s security interests. Sale Barns argue that they are entitled to FSA protection from conversion because: C & M Dairy was the seller of the cattle; C & M Dairy was not on the master list of effective financing statements identifying Fin-Ag’s debtors and collateral; and therefore Sale Barns did not have the written notice necessary to disqualify them from protection under the FSA.
[IT-19.] Fin-Ag, on the other hand, argues that Berwalds, not C & M Dairy, were the 'sellers of the cattle, and that because Berwalds were on the master list, Sale Barns had written notice of Fin-Ag’s security interest disqualifying Sale Barns from protection under the FSA. Alternatively, Fin-Ag argues that even if C & M Dairy were considered the seller for purposes of notice, Sale Barns are still not protected because the FSA limits the Sale Barns’ protection to taking free of security interests “created by the seller.” 7 U.S.C. § 1631(d). And, Fin-Ag contends that C & M Dairy did not create the security interest, Berwalds did.
[¶ 20.] We thoroughly addressed these same “seller” issues involving Fin-Ag and virtually identical sales by C & M Dairy and Berwalds in Fin-Ag, Inc. v. Cimpl’s, Inc.,
[¶ 21.] -In the instant cases all but two sales
[¶ 22.] For the same reasons, Pipe-stone is protected by the FSA for C & M Dairy’s sales, and the judgment in favor of Pipestone is affirmed to the extent Pipe-
Acting as a Lender or as a Buyer in the Ordinary Course
[¶ 23.] • The Pipestone court concluded that to the extent Pipestone applied the proceeds on account, it was acting as a lender, not as a “buyer in the ordinary course of business.” Those sales occurred on February 24 ($4,675), March 30 ($7,575), April 20 ($12,538.20), and April 27, 2004 ($6,724.42). The Pipestone court concluded that there was no FSA protection for those sales, noting that they involved a priority dispute over proceeds governed by the Uniform Commercial Code. We agree.
[¶ 24.] Although a buyer in the ordinary course is generally protected by the FSA, it loses that protection when it acts as a lender by retaining sale proceeds to satisfy an antecedent debt. Consolidated Nutrition,
“Buying” does not include receiving goods or document of title under a preexisting contract as security “for or in total or partial satisfaction of a money debt,” SDCL 57A-l-201(b)(9), thereby excluding “attaching creditors and others who take goods in satisfaction of preexisting debts” from the definition of “buyer in ordinary course.”
Id. (citing Farmers & Merchants State Bank v. Teveldal,
[¶ 25.] Pipestone, however, argues that Consolidated Nutrition does not apply because this is a Minnesota transaction not governed by South Dakota law. We disagree. Even if Minnesota had the most significant relationship with these transactions (the Pipestone transactions occurred in Minnesota and involved a Minnesota sale barn) and Minnesota law applied, Pipestone’s argument is misplaced. Consolidated Nutrition involved an interpretation of the FSA, a federal enactment that is applicable in both States. Furthermore, Fin-Ag has cited no conflicting Minnesota interpretation of the FSA.
[¶ 26.] Alternatively, Fin-Ag argues that Consolidated Nutrition is distinguishable because the hog procurement contract in that case is different than C & M Dairy’s purchases on account. We again disagree. Pipestone allowed C & M Dairy to purchase cattle “on account” and Pipe-stone subsequently used the proceeds from future sales to pay the debt due on that account. Although there was no written contract as in Consolidated Nutrition, there was an open account thát created an implied contract requiring payment for the
[¶ 27.] Because the FSA governs farm products purchases rather than priority disputes between competing lenders, this Court concludes that Pipestone had no FSA protection for those proceeds it paid to itself on account for C & M Dairy’s prior purchases. Therefore, the Pipestone court is affirmed on this issue, and Pipe-stone’s liability for conversion on the transactions involving proceeds is governed by Issue 3, regarding conversion under state law. Before addressing that issue, however, one FSA issue remains: whether Fin-Ag’s EFS description of the collateral was insufficient.
EFS Description of the Collateral under the FSA
[¶ 28.] SD Livestock raises this issue as an alternative argument for FSA protection. For a creditor to be entitled to the notice exception to buyer protection under the FSA, the EFS must not only give notice of the seller, but also the collateral. 7 U.S.C. § 1631(g)(2)(D)(i)(ii). Therefore, even if Fin-Ag provided notice of the seller in its EFS as required by the FSA, Fin-Ag’s EFS must have also adequately described the cattle. SD Livestock contends that Fin-Ag’s EFS was insufficient because it only listed “dairy cattle” as collateral, whereas many of the cattle sold were not dairy cattle. Relying on the sales tickets, SD Livestock points out that many sales involved: “white-face, red, cross-bred, Charoláis, and Charolais-cross” cattle. SD Livestock contends that these are not dairy cattle, and the circuit court’s denial of FSA protection must be reversed and remanded because the circuit court assumed that all of the cattle sold were dairy cattle.
[II29.] The EFS must contain “a description of the farm products subject to the security interest created by the debtor, including the amount of such products where applicable; and a reasonable description of the property.” 7 U.S.C. § 1631(c)(4)(D)(iv). A statement that substantially complies with this requirement, “even though it contains minor errors that are not seriously misleading,” will qualify as an EFS. 7 U.S.C. § 1631(c)(4)(I). The question is whether Fin-Ag’s collateral description of “dairy cattle” was seriously misleading. Although minor errors that are not seriously misleading will not invalidate an EFS, this error could qualify as seriously misleading if a distinction between dairy and other cattle is recognized in the cattle industry.
[¶ 30.] This issue is complicated by the United States Secretary of Agriculture’s regulations and interpretive opinions,
[¶ 31.] In this ease, SD Livestock is generally entitled to FSA protection because C & M Dairy was the seller who must be regarded as creating a security interest in all but one relevant sale (the July 28, 2004 SD Livestock transaction in which Michael Berwald sold 13 head of cattle). And on that transaction, SD Livestock’s sales ticket reflects that all cattle were dairy cattle. Therefore, the dairy cattle description was not misleading, the notice exception applied, and SD Livestock was not entitled to FSA protection for that sale. Because all of the remaining SD Livestock sales involving different types of cattle were otherwise protected by the FSA, we need not decide the collateral description issue for those sales.
3. Conversion
[¶ 32.] Under this writing, the FSA did not protect Pipestone in the transactions in which it was acting as a lender or the February 10, 2004 Calvin Berwald sale. Nor did the FSA protect SD Livestock for the July 28, 2004 Michael Berwald sale. Under Justice Sabers’ writing, additional sales would not be protected by the FSA. Sale Barns next argue that even if they were not protected by the FSA, Fin-Ag failed to make sufficient summary judgment showings to support the judgments for conversion.
[¶ 33.] To prevail on summary judgment, “a plaintiff must establish each element of his or her prima facie case.” Hatchett v. Philander Smith College,
[¶ 34.] “Conversion is the unauthorized exercise of control or dominion over personal property in a way that repudiates an owner’s right in the property or in a manner inconsistent with such right.” Chem-Age Indus., Inc. v. Glover,
Were These Berwalds’ Cattle Subject to Fin-Ag’s Security Interest
[¶ 35.] To be entitled to summary judgment, Fin-Ag must have first made a prima facie showing that the cattle sold were Berwald cattle subject to Fin-Ag’s security interest. To make that showing, Fin-Ag offered a deposition of Calvin Berwald, taken in a bankruptcy proceeding, as evidence of Berwalds’ ownership of the cattle. Sale Barns objected to the use of this deposition. Sale Barns point out that they were neither present nor represented at this deposition, nor did they have notice of the deposition. In fact, they were not even aware of a potential claim against them at the time of this deposition. Therefore, they contend the deposition could not be used against them under SDCL 15-6-32(a). Sale Barns also allege that even if the deposition is considered, it does not supply evidence that Ber-walds owned the specific cattle sold in each of these transactions.
[¶ 36.] At the summary judgment stage, however, even assuming that the deposition could not be used, Fin-Ag was only required to establish a prima facie case; i.e., sufficient facts which if unanswered would justify persons of ordinary reason and fairness in believing that these were collateral cattle owned by Berwalds. See Sandner,
[¶ 37.] Regarding Pipestone, Fin-Ag showed: (1) that Pipestone withheld money from the C & M Dairy sales because Calvin Berwald owed money for prior cattle purchases; (2) that Calvin Berwald directed where C & M Dairy’s proceeds should be sent; and (3) that the proceeds checks were endorsed by Calvin or Michael Berwald. Regarding SD Livestock, the payments made to C & M Dairy were also sent to the Berwalds home and were endorsed by Calvin or Michael Berwald. This evidence, if unanswered, would justify a person of ordinary reason in believing that Berwalds had an ownership interest in the cattle that was subject to Fin-Ag’s security interest. Furthermore, Sale Barns did not identify contradictory evidence. Instead, they only argue that Fin-Ag’s showing was insufficient. This argu
Unauthorized (and Authorized) Sales
[¶ 38.] Sale Barns next contend that Fin-Ag failed to make a sufficient summary judgment showing that the sales were unauthorized. This issue encompasses both the elements of conversion and defenses. As an element of its conversion claim, Fin-Ag must have established that the sales were unauthorized; i.e. that Sale Barns exercised unauthorized control or dominion over Fin-Ag’s collateral. Chem-Age Indus.,
[¶ 39.] Fin-Ag established its prima fa-cie case of showing unauthorized sales through: (1) the ASA, which prohibited non-inventory sales without the written consent of Fin-Ag, and (2) the affidavit of Robert Goetz, the operations manager of Fin-Ag, who stated that Berwalds were not authorized to sell cattle under the name C & M Dairy. Furthermore, Sale Barns did not identify conflicting facts. Instead, they again only argued the defense that Fin-Ag authorized the sales through another provision of the ASA permitting inventory sales in the ordinary course of business. Sale Barns, however, offered no facts establishing a prima facie case that these cattle involved authorized sales of inventory. We therefore conclude that Fin-Ag met its burden showing that the sales were unauthorized.
[¶ 40.] Sale Barns next raise the defense that these were authorized sales in which Fin-Ag waived its rights because Fin-Ag impliedly allowed Ber-walds to sell over 2,000 head of cattle through C & M Dairy to various buyers over the course of two years, while never requiring that Fin-Ag be included as a co-payee.
Damages
[¶ 41.] Damages are a basic prerequisite to recovery on a conversion theory. “[T]he foundation for the action of conversion ... rests upon the unwarranted interference by defendant with the dominion over the property of the plaintiff from which injury to the latter results.” Chem-Age Indus., Inc.,
[¶ 42.] Sale Barns argue that in the event we conclude Fin-Ag established a prima facie case of conversion, Fin-Ag failed to establish compensable damages. They contend that all of the proceeds from the sales were returned to the dairy operation for which Fin-Ag made the loans. Sale Barns also contend that Fin-Ag suffered no damages because they will be made whole in the Berwald bankruptcy. Sale Barns point out that Fin-Ag is an over-secured creditor, and under the confirmed bankruptcy plan, Fin-Ag is scheduled to receive the balance of the indebtedness plus interest and attorney’s fees. Sale Barns further point out that Fin-Ag still retains an interest in Berwalds’ collateral. Thus, Sale Barns contend that Fin-Ag will be able to liquidate and sell the secured collateral to cover the loans should the plan not be completed. Sale Barns finally contend Fin-Ag failed to avoid and/or mitigate their damages.
[¶ 43.] The circuit courts did not, however, consider each of these issues. Additionally, on remand, a defense relating to conversion may be decided such that the issue of damages need not be reached. We therefore decline Sale Barns request to direct summary judgment on damages. The damage issues are remanded for consideration by the circuit courts. See Aberdeen Prod. Credit,
[¶ 44.] For the foregoing reasons, we
1. Affirm both courts’ conclusions that Fin-Ag’s offers complied with SDCL 57A-9-609.1;
2. Although there are not three votes to affirm any FSA seller issue involving C & M Dairy in favor of Fin-Ag, there are three or more votes and we therefore (to the extent not otherwise covered by this opinion) generally affirm the result of the Pipestone court judgment in favor of Pipestone and reverse the result of the SD Livestock court judgment against SD Livestock;
3. Affirm the Pipestone' court’s conclusion that the FSA did not protect Pipestone for those sales in which it applied proceeds to C & M Dairy’s account;
4. Pursuant to the parties’ agreement, reverse the SD Livestock court’s judgment regarding the nine sales that occurred prior to March 10, 2003; and,
5. Reverse and remand the judgments on any non-FSA protected sales for further proceedings consistent with this Court’s opinion on the conversion issues.
Notes
. Fin-Ag also brought similar actions against other sale barns and purchasers of the same debtors' cattle. See Fin-Ag, Inc. v. Watertown Livestock Auction, Inc.,
. Berwald Brothers is a general partnership, including Calvin and Michael Berwald as general partners.
During the second oral argument in these cases, new counsel for Sale Barns observed that "Berwald Brothers” signed the ASA, but “Berwald Partnership” rather than "Berwald Brothers” was listed on the UCC-l/EFS. The suggestion was made that this omission entitled Sale Barns to prevail. This argument was not presented to the circuit court and was not briefed in this appeal. We therefore decline to consider the argument, leaving it to the circuit courts on remand. See Millard v. City of Sioux Falls,
. On February 10, 2004, Pipestone was noti-fled that the seller was Calvin Berwald. On July 28, 2004, SD Livestock was notified that the seller was Michael Berwald.
. Although there was no written agreement, C & M Dairy purchased cattle at Pipestone on account. Pipestone would then apply subsequent sale proceeds to C & M Dairy’s account to pay for C & M Dairy’s previously purchased cattle.
. Pipestone does not contest its liability for the $351.99 check issued to Calvin Berwald if this Court determines that Fin-Ag complied with SDCL 57A-9-609.1. Because we determine that Fin-Ag complied with SDCL 57A-9-609.1, we direct judgment in favor of Fin-Ag for this amount. Regarding the $500 check issued to C & L Farms, the parties have not briefed liability for this check, and therefore we decline to consider the issue on appeal.
. SDCL 57A-9-609.1 provides:
No cause of action for recovery of security or its value may be commenced by a secured creditor against an innocent third-party purchaser of farm products as defined in subsection (34) of § 57A-9-102, nor may such a cause of action be commenced against a livestock auction agency, as defined in chapter 40-15 and § 301 of the Packers and Stockyards Act (7 U.S.C. 201), or a public grain warehouse, or a public terminal grain warehouse, or a grain dealer as defined by chapters 49-43, 49-44, and 49-45 respectively, unless such action is commenced within twenty-four months from the date the farm products are sold and unless such action is preceded by the secured creditor offering to file against the debtor, a complaint as defined by § 23A-2-1.
. SD Livestock points out that nine sales at that facility occurred prior to March 10, 2003, more than twenty-four months before the second action was commenced following the offer to file a criminal complaint. Consequently, SD Livestock argues that these nine transactions were time-barred by the twenty-four month statute of limitations in SDCL 57A-9-609.1. On appeal, Fin-Ag concedes that nine sales occurred more than twenty-four months before the filing of the second complaint and were time-barred. Fin-Ag agrees that summary judgment was incorrectly granted on those sales. Therefore, the judgment on those sales is reversed.
. It is significant that SDCL 57A-9-609.1 does not direct where the initial offer should be made. In light of this omission, it is reasonable to believe that the Legislature did not intend law enforcement entanglement at this civil stage of the controversy. It is reasonable because an innocent purchaser of collateral will only become a "victim” if the secured creditor continues to pursue the civil conversion action, thereby subjecting the purchaser to double liability. By failing to mandate law enforcement intervention at the offer stage of the civil controversy, the Legislature has given a potential victim a voice in the matter. The failure to mandate law enforcement intervention at this stage requires the secured creditor to communicate with an innocent victim, thereby allowing all parties to consider the consequences of their proposed actions before they become fully immersed in civil and criminal litigation.
The dissent suggests the Legislature did not have these purposes in mind. Instead, the dissent suggests that the Legislature was concerned with effective law enforcement, and that failing to make an offer with a law enforcement agency would not result in an effective criminal prosecution thereby making the offer a useless act. Infra UK 49-50. There is, however, nothing in the text or history of the statute to support the dissent’s speculation. If anything, the Legislature’s enactment of this measure as a statute of limitations for the filing of a civil action suggests that effective criminal prosecution was not its motivation. This is confirmed by the title of the legislation of which SDCL 57A-9-609.1 was a part: "An Act to reenact the revised secured transactions article of the Uniform Commercial Code.” See 2000 SD Laws ch. 231, § 9-609.1.
The dissent also incorrectly suggests that because Sale Barns were "aware of Fin-Ag’s claim to the proceeds from Berwalds' sale of cattle,” the offer subjects parties to a criminal misprison of a felony offense. Infra ¶51. This argument fails to acknowledge the distinction between an action for civil conversion and a criminal action for the sale of mortgage property. The dissent is correct that at the time the offer is made under SDCL 57A-9-609.1, the secured creditor is simply "aware of [the secured creditor's] claim to the proceeds.” Id. This is consistent with the pursuit of a civil action for conversion: the plaintiff need only be aware that an innocent transferee (in this case, a sale barn) has sold secured cattle. See infra ¶ 34. Awareness of wrongful conduct on the part of the debtor is immaterial. Rushmore State Bank v. Kurylas, Inc.,
Finally, the dissent's suggestion that "[o]ur Legislature has not condoned the practice” of “attempting to negotiate an arrangement that might avoid law enforcement intervention,” see infra ¶¶ 53-54 is simply incorrect. The Legislature often requires civil notice and negotiation to avoid law enforcement involvement after the commission of a crime but before a prosecution is commenced. In the area of theft alone, the Legislature has mandated similar civil notices in three instances. See SDCL 22-30A-32 (requiring a civil notice of dishonor and opportunity to pay an insufficient funds or no account check before the criminal prosecution is commenced); SDCL 22-30A-40-44 (requiring similar preliminary civil efforts to resolve criminal motor vehicle fuel theft); and SDCL 22-30A-19.3 (involving preliminary civil demands in retail theft).
. Although Sale Barns are commission merchants unlike the buyer involved in Cimpl’s, the applicable provisions of the FSA are the same. Compare 7 U.S.C. § 1631(d)(e) and § 1631(g).
. The relevant facts in Cimpl’s are also within the Pipestone/SD Livestock record. In addition to the facts present in Cimpl’s, this record further indicates that C & M Dairy was the seller. Calvin Berwald’s deposition testimony reflected:
C & M Dairy was our cattle business, and Pipestone Livestock-I mean I bought thousands of cattle from that barn when I >was in the cattle business. The only way they knew us was by C & M Dairy. ■
*40 I don't think we ever sold anything at that place that wasn’t listed and [sic] C & M Dairy.
C & M Dairy was our Clear Lake facility which we used mostly for buying and selling cattle. I mean we used that-that deal for, I mean, I suppose ten years. There was a milk permit under there, too.
. The two exceptions are the February 10, 2004 sale by Calvin Berwald at Pipestone and the July 28, 2004 sale by Michael Berwald at SD Livestock.
. In determining who was the seller, the SD Livestock court failed to consider that the Berwalds had been doing business as C & M Dairy for a considerable period of time. The FSA requires that the master list must give notice that the "seller” is subject to an EFS. 7 U.S.C. 1631(e)(3). And, an EFS must identify all persons who are "indebted to the secured party.” 7 U.S.C. 1631(c)(4)(C). This would include Calvin and Michael Berwald d.b.a. C & M Dairy.
. Fin-Ag argues that Sale Barns knew, or should have known that C & M Dairy was, in fact, Berwalds. The basis of this argument is an investigation conducted by Fin-Ag wherein Pipestone admitted that Calvin Berwald was the individual who delivered the cattle for sale at Pipestone. In that investigation, Pipe-stone also admitted that Calvin Berwald directed Pipestone how the cattle sale proceeds should be paid. Fin-Ag points out that Pipe-stone would issue proceeds checks to C & M Daily but use the same mailing address that it used for sales made by Calvin Berwald. Moreover, there is a dispute as to whose name was on the Pipestone account,’ Ber-walds or C & M Dairy. Finally, the checks issued to C & M Dairy were endorsed by either Calvin or Michael Berwald. A similar argument applies to SD Livestock.
Those allegations, however, do not create a genuine issue of material fact for trial. "A disputed fact is not ‘material’ unless it would affect the outcome of the suit under the governing substantive law.” Weitzel v. Sioux Valley Heart Partners,
. See generally 9 CFR§ 205.106.
. According to South Dakota’s filing procedures, a secured party completing an EFS must list a code for the farm products by selecting a code from a list provided. See Chris Nelson, Secretary of State, UCC Filing Procedures (2003). Notably, there is no EFS code listed for "cattle.” Instead, there are separate codes for "beef cattle” and "dairy cattle.” Id. Fin-Ag's EFS listed only "dairy cattle and milk.” The cattle at issue here would have most likely been covered by the EFS if Fin-Ag would have listed the codes and descriptions for both "dairy cattle” and "beef cattle.” However, by listing only the “dairy cattle” code and description, Fin-Ag may have excluded other types of cattle.
. The parties have not raised a choice of laws issue. They have briefed and argued this matter under South Dakota law. We therefore generally review the matter under South Dakota law.
. Sale Bams also argue that the sales were authorized, and Fin-Ag's interests were waived or extinguished because Fin-Ag had no security interest as a result of its failure to amend its financing statement/EFS to reflect material changes under 7 U.S.C. § 1631(c)(4)(D). However, we need not address the FSA aspects of this issue because we have already determined that Sale Barns are generally entitled to FSA protection.
To the extent that a failure to amend the financing statement may arise under the UCC on remand, the parties may litigate that issue. Judge Kean did not address the issue in his decision. Although Judge Timm addressed it, there are material issues of disputed fact precluding summary judgment on the issue of the duty to amend a financing statement (as well as an EFS). Those facts include allegations that Fin-Ag should have been aware that C & M Dairy was making substantial cattle sales in the region under the name C & M Dairy. There was also a prior lawsuit in which Fin-Ag acknowledged that C & M Dairy was a d.b.a. for Berwalds business. See infra n. 18. These facts are relevant to determine whether Fin-Ag should have amended its financing statement (or EFS) to preserve its security interest. Whether Fin-Ag’s research of alleged unauthorized cattle sales was reasonably sufficient to not require amendment is a question of fact that is not appropriate for summary judgment. Considering the conflicting facts, at the summary judgment stage, Judge Timm erred in finding that Fin-Ag’s research was sufficiently reasonable.
. On October 4, 2002, an un-related lawsuit was brought against Berwalds, "d/b/a C & M Dairy” and Fin-Ag, Inc. This lawsuit, Fin-Ag responds, did not pertain to the sale of cattle by Berwalds under the name C & M Dairy; instead, it concerned a debt for consulting services and breach of a loan agreement. However, the lawsuit arose when Calvin and Michael Berwald d/b/a C & M Dairy entered into a purchase agreement in which they sold 150 head of cattle to R & J Van Beek, LLC. The purchase order, incorporated into the complaint, specifically listed C & M Dairy as the seller. R & J Van Beek, LLC commenced the action against Berwalds, specifically Calvin and Michael Berwald d/b/a C & M Dairy, over this purchase agreement. Fin-Ag was also a named party in the lawsuit. In its answer in that lawsuit, Fin-Ag admitted that Berwalds, d/b/a C & M Dairy, owned and operated a dairy operation in Toronto, South Dakota. Following this acknowledgment, Fin-Ag did not amend its financing statement to include C&M Dairy as a debtor.
. Sale Barns also argue Fin-Ag authorized the sales under SDCL 57A-9-315(a)(l), providing that although a security interest continues in collateral notwithstanding its sale, its disposition may be authorized. Because this statute was not raised before the circuit courts, we decline to review this argument for the first time on appeal. See State v. OlsonLame,
.SDCL 21-3-3 provides:
The detriment caused by the wrongful conversion of personal property is presumed to be:
(1) The value of the property at the time of the conversion, with the interest from that time;
(2) Where the action has been prosecuted with reasonable diligence, the highest market value of the property at any time between the conversion and the verdict, without interest, at the option of the injured party;
(3) A fair compensation for the time and money properly expended in pursuit of the property.
Such presumptions cannot be repelled in favor of one whose possession was wrongful from the beginning by his subsequent application of the property to the benefit of the owner, without his consent.
Dissenting Opinion
(dissenting in part and concurring in result in part).
[¶ 48.] I respectfully disagree with the Court’s analysis of issue one. The Court’s
[¶ 49.] The Court is mistaken in its interpretation of SDCL 57A-9-609.1. Its rationale, in footnote 8, for holding that Fin-Ag complied with the statutory prerequisite for filing a cause of action by sending a letter to counsel for Sale Barns and Berwalds offering to file a criminal complaint, exceeds the bounds of statutory-interpretation authority vested in the courts. See Martinmaas v. Engelmann,
[¶ 50.] Either the Attorney General, a State’s Attorney or law enforcement are authorized to act upon a request to file a criminal complaint. An offer to file a criminal complaint, made to a party or agency without authority to act upon it, has no effect. Counsel for Sale Barns and Berwalds had neither the authority nor obligation to commence a criminal proceeding that would be filed pursuant to SDCL 23A-2-1, as required by SDCL 57A-9-609.1. Thus, Fin-Ag’s letter to counsel offering to file the complaint was ineffectual and failed to satisfy the statutory mandate. To find that this offer to file a complaint satisfied the statutory prerequisite to filing a cause of action is to conclude that SDCL 57A-9-609.1 can be satisfied by any irrelevant act, no matter how unlikely it is to lead to calling the attention of the appropriate law enforcement authorities to the situation.
[¶ 51.] Moreover, and more seriously, the Court’s interpretation of SDCL 57A-9-609.1 places future parties in jeopardy of violating our misprision of felony statute, SDCL 22-11-12. Sale Barns, Berwalds and Fin-Ag were aware of Fin-Ag’s claim to the proceeds from Berwalds’ sale of cattle by the date of the summons and complaint in this action and notice of offer to file a criminal complaint. This creates additional legal problems for the Sales Barns and Fin-Ag under the Court’s rationale.
[¶ 52.] SDCL 22-11-12 provides:
Any person who, having knowledge, which is not privileged, of the commis*49 sion of a felony, conceals the felony, or does not immediately disclose the felony, including the name of the perpetrator, if known, and all of the other relevant known facts, to the proper authorities, is guilty of misprision of a felony. Misprision of a felony is a Class 1 misdemean- or. There is no misprision of misdemeanors or petty offenses.
[¶ 58.] A criminal complaint in this case could allege a Class 6 felony, under SDCL 44-1-12
[¶ 54.] Our Legislature has not condoned the practice suggested 'by the Court’s interpretation of SDCL 57A-9-609.1. To the contrary, they have indicated their disfavor by enacting a chapter prohibiting obstruction of justice under which our misprision statute is found. If a felony has been committed then a private person has a legal obligation to report it. “The fundamental mission of a court in interpreting legislative acts is to ascertain and give effect to the intention of the Legislature.” Breck v. Janklow,
[¶ 55.] The Court cites SDCL 22-30A-32,
[¶ 56.] SDCL 22-30A-32 passed in 1973 and 22-30A-19.3 passed in 1989, predate the passage of SDCL 57A-9-609.1 in 2000. Since SDCL 22-30A-42 was passed in 2005, after the enactment of SDCL 57A-9-609.1, it is apparent that the Legislature has consistently maintained a policy of specificity when requiring notice be sent to the wrong-doer before a criminal compliant may be signed. “This [C]ourt assumes that statutes mean what they say and that legislators have said what they meant.” Petition of Famous Brands, Inc.,
[¶ 57.] Moreover, the language mandating the act in SDCL 22-30A-32, 22-30A-19.3 and 22-30A-42 is completely different than the requirement of SDCL 57A-9-609.1. Under the three statutes cited by the Court, the person sending the notice is to send a “notice of dishonor” or a “demand for payment” to the one facing potential criminal prosecution. This is a far cry from the dictates of SDCL 57A-9-609.1which mandates the victim offer to file “against the debtor, a [criminal] complaint as defined by section 23A-2-1.”
[¶ 58.] Thus, it is clear the Legislature was fully aware of how to enact such a requirement of notice to a wrong-doer should it have chosen to do so. However, the text of SDCL 57A-9-609.1 does not contain a requirement of notice to a wrong-doer. The only way the statute can have any effect is to offer to file a criminal complaint with a government agency authorized by law to do something with that complaint.
[¶ 59.] The language of SDCL 57A-9-609.1is clear. Before filing a civil claim, a plaintiff is required to offer to file a criminal complaint with the Attorney General, a State’s Attorney or law enforcement. In other words, prior to commencing litigation and all that that entails, the State must first be given an opportunity to de
[¶ 60.] For the above reasons, I would reverse and remand with instructions to dismiss for failure to comply with SDCL 57A-9-609.1.
. Because, in my view, Fin-Ag failed to comply with SDCL 57A-9-609.1, all sales are governed by that statute and the suits are barred. Therefore, I generally dissent, con
. SDCL 44-1-12 provides:
Any mortgagor or grantor of security interest or other lien or personal property who, while the lien of his mortgage, conditional sales agreement, or security agreement remains in force and unsatisfied, willfully destroy, conceals, sells, or in any manner disposes of or materially injures any part of the property covered by such mortgage, conditional sales agreement, or security agreement without the written consent of the holder of such mortgage, conditional sales agreement, or security agreement, or who willfully abandons the property covered by such mortgage, conditional sales agreement, or security agreement without first giving written notice to such secured party of his intention to abandon such property, or who removes any part of the property covered by such mortgage, conditional sales agreement, or security agreement from the county in which such mortgage, conditional sales agreement, or security agreement is filed except temporarily in accordance with the usual and customary use of the same or similar kinds of property while the lien of his mortgage, conditional sales agreement, or security agreement remains in force and unsatisfied without the written consent of the holder of such mortgage, conditional sales agreement, or security agreement is guilty of a Class 6 felony.
(Emphasis added).
. See SDCL 57A-9-609.1, supra note 6, for the list of entities in addition to "livestock • auction agenc[ies]” covered under the statute.
.. SDCL 22-30A-32 provides:
The holder of an insufficient funds check or no account check shall, before presenting the check to the state's attorney for prosecution, serve a notice of dishonor upon the writer of the check, by registered or certified mail, return receipt requested, or by first class mail, supported by an affidavit of*50 mailing sworn and retained by the sender, in the United States mail and addressed to the recipient's most recent address known to the sender. If the notice is mailed, and not returned as undeliverable by the United States Postal Service, notice is conclusively presumed to have been given on the date of mailing. The holder of the dishonored check, whether it be a no account check or insufficient funds check, shall, upon return of the receipt, hold the check for a period of at least thirty days if notice is given by first class mail, and upon the expiration of that period shall present the check with the attached bank return, return receipt or affidavit of mailing, and copy of the dishonor notice to the state’s attorney for prosecution. (Emphasis added).
. SDCL 22-30A-42 provides:
A motor fuel retailer may, within thirty days of the occurrence, demand payment from the motor vehicle owner for the motor fuel received by sending a notice by certified mail, return receipt requested. (Emphasis added).
. SDCL 22-30A-19.3 provides:
Any owner or seller of merchandise who is the victim of retail theft pursuant to SDCL 22-30A-19.1 may make a written demand for the amount for which any person is liable pursuant to SDCL 22-30A-19.1.... The demand for payment shall be mailed by certified mail to the person from whom payment is demanded or served personally on the person from whom payment is demanded. Personal service shall be accomplished in the same manner as the service of a summons. (Emphasis added).
Dissenting Opinion
(dissenting on all Fin-Ag cases on the FSA issue).
[¶ 61.] Incredibly, Fin-Ag presents this Court with authority from a neighboring state that is virtually on point to the circumstances of this case;. yet, the opinion goes out of its way at every opportunity in its analysis of the issues to arrive at the opposite conclusion of the Hufnagle case. Because I cannot agree with the opinion’s analysis and conclusions regarding FSA protection, I dissent.
[¶ 62.] In Hufnagle, the lender, Fin-Ag had a perfected security interest in Buck’s corn crops.
[¶ 63.] Later, Meschke bought corn from persons, the Tookers, who claimed they were the sellers. Id. at 583-84. There was no one by the name Tooker on the central filing system fist. Id. Meschke bought corn from the Tookers seven different times. Id. The proceeds from these seven transactions were deposited in the debtor’s (Buck’s) account. Id. Fin-Ag was not made a co-payee on any of these checks.
[¶ 64.] Fin-Ag sued Meschke for conversion after Buck failed to repay Fin-Ag. The Minnesota district court granted summary judgment in favor of Fin-Ag. On appeal, the Minnesota Court of Appeals affirmed. Id.
[¶ 65.] The Minnesota Supreme Court held Meschke was liable for conversion. Id. at 581. In doing so, it noted that it must determine “how section 1631 works in the situation of ‘fronting’- sales. The parties describe ‘fronting’ as being where a seller of farm products that are subject to a security interest has a third party sell them under the third party’s name.” Id. at 584. The court recognized that “both Meschke and Fin-Ag can be viewed as innocent parties in the sense that they each did everything they were required or expected to do under the FSA.” Id.
[¶ 66.] The buyer, Meschke, made arguments that are similar to the Sale Barns’ arguments in this case. For instance, Meschke argued that it is difficult for a buyer of farm products to discover a security interest in a fronting situation and lenders are better suited to police these situations. Sale Barns advanced a virtually identical argument.
[¶ 67.] Despite this argument, and the recognition of the difficulty a fronting situation presents for a buyer, the Minnesota Supreme Court found it was “constrained to apply the plain language of the statutes, as enacted by Congress and the Minnesota Legislature, and to follow where they lead.” Id. at 585. The court noted that
[¶ 68.] Due to this limitation, Meschke could not find protection, even in the fronting situation and even though he was an innocent buyer. The court noted:
The inclusion of the “created by the seller” clause in section 1631 means that the statute does not provide protection for buyers in a fronting situation where the security interest from which protection is sought was not created by the fronting parties. Under the facts of this case, no matter what factual assumptions we make, there are none under which Meschke could take the com free of Fin Ag’s security interest. This is because if we view Buck as the seller, we must conclude that Meschke’s rights are subject to Fin Ag’s security interest under section 1631 because Fin Ag filed an “effective financing statement” that put Meschke on notice of Fin Ag’s security interest in Buck’s products. And, if we view the Tookers as the sellers, we must conclude that Meschke’s rights are subject to Fin Ag’s security interest, under either section 1631 or Minnesota’s UCC, because both statutes only protect a buyer from a security interest created by the seller and not from a security interest created by an undisclosed owner, which continues in the product despite the sale.
Id. at 586 (emphasis added). Here, the same result is required, if we view Calvin and Michael Berwald as the seller, then Sale Barns’ rights are “subject to Fin-Ag’s security interest under section 1631” because Fin-Ag filed an “effective financing statement’ that put [Sale Barns] on notice ....” Id. Alternatively, if we view C & M Dairy as the seller, then “we must conclude that [Sale Barns]’ rights are subject to Fin-Ag’s security interest” because under section 1631, a buyer is only protected “from a security interest created by the seller and not from a security interest created by an undisclosed owner.” See id.
[¶ 69.] Instead, the opinion distinguishes Hufnagle by declaring “fronting” different than using a d.b.a.
[¶ 71.]' There are two different interpretations of a supposed entity, yet the same strained outcome. When defining “seller,” it is inconsistent to say that in one instance C & M Dairy is an entity distinct from the Berwalds, so C & M Dairy can be the seller and claim Sale Barns did not receive notice of Fin-Ag’s security interest, and then to say the Berwalds and C & M Dairy are “one and the same” in order to find C & M Dairy is the “seller who created the security interest.” In Hufna-gle, the Minnesota Supreme Court specifically refused to “define seller two different ways in the same analysis without a significant indication that this was the legislature’s intent. No such indication [of legislative intent] exists here.”
[¶ 72.] We certainly should not interpret seller two different ways when many commentators have criticized the limitation “created by the seller” in the context of 9-307, yet the clause has never been amended or eliminated since the UCC was rewritten in 1957. Hufnagle,
[¶ 73.] WTite and Summers have discussed the difficulties with the “created by the seller” language. See 4 White & Summers, Uniform Commercial Code § 33-13 (4th ed. 1995 & Supp. 2007) (discussing the problems produced by the created by the seller language in former UCC § 9-307). Importantly, they theorize that: “Perhaps the drafters intended that as between two innocent parties the ultimate loss should fall on the party who dealt most closely with the ‘bad guy.’ ” Id. Although this may conflict with the FSA policy, we have to presume that Congress knew what it was doing when it borrowed this language from the UCC.
[¶ 74.] In each of the cases here,
[¶ 75.] It does not end there. Again, in an attempt to distinguish Hufnagle, the opinion indicates that Hufnagle “appeared to involve collusion on the part of the buyer.” Cimpl’s,
[¶ 76.] The opinion’s analysis of this issue in Cimpl’s,
[¶77.] Finally, the.opinion in Cimpl’s,
[¶ 78.] However, failure to define a term does not automatically result in an ambiguity. Jackson v. Canyon Place Homeowner’s Ass’n,
[¶ 79.] There is a scarcity of authority on this issue. We should refuse to engage in statutory interpretation that so heavily favors the Sale Barns to a lender’s disadvantage without a clear directive from Congress to do so. The rationale and holding set forth in Hufnagle should be the law of South Dakota.
In summary:
Pipestone (#28982)
1. I agree with Judge Kean (Retired) and the opinion that Fin Ag’s offer complied with SDCL 57A-9-609.1.
2. I would reverse Judge Kean (Retired) on the FSA seller issue for the reasons stated in my writing.
3. I agree that the FSA did not protect Pipestone because Pipestone was acting as a lender (creditor) when it applied the sale proceeds to C & M Dairy’s account at Pipestone for pri- or purchases.
4. Conversion — Because summary judgment was granted on the conversion issue and because there are many genuine issues of material fact (as discussed in Justice Zinter’s writing), I agree we should reverse and remand this issue.
5. Damages — Genuine issues of material fact also exist on the damage questions raised in Justice Zinter’s writing in paragraphs 41-43 supra and I agree we should reverse and remand for trial.
1. I agree with Judge Timm and the opinion that Fin-Ag’s offer substantially complied with SDCL 57A-9-609.1.
2. I would affirm Judge Timm on the FSA seller issue for the reasons stated in my writing.
3. However, because Judge Timm granted summary judgment on the conversion issue and because there are many genuine issues of material fact (as discussed in Justice Zinter’s writing), we must reverse and remand this issue. Moreover, I would reverse and remand the issue whether the EFS description was adequate or seriously misleading as it involves disputed issues of material fact regarding the type of cattle sold and the description of the debt- or.
4. Genuine issues of material fact also exist on the damage questions raised in Justice Zinter’s writing in paragraphs 41-43 supra and I agree we must reverse and remand for trial.
5. Genuine issues of material fact also exist on the issue whether Fin Ag’s security interest was waived or extinguished.
[¶ 80.] KONENKAMP, Justice, joins this dissent.
. As the opinion acknowledges, this case is similar to Fin-Ag, Inc. v. Cimpl’s, Inc.,
. The opinion attempts to distinguish the Hufnagle case by explaining a fronting situation only occurs when a separate third person sells the product. However, what about the deliveries where Austin, Arlen, a semi-driver or some other unidentified person delivered cattle to the sale barns? Are these not third persons? Or are we to consider anyone who delivers cattle for C[alvin] & Mfichael] Dairy a part of that fictitious entity?
. Cimpl's may not have known C & M Dairy as Michael and Calvin Berwald specifically; however the deliveries were made by Austin, Calvin, Michael, or Arlen Berwald. The other sale barns had received deliveries of cattle from Michael and Calvin Berwald in the past as well.
. Either way, when compared to Hufnagle, these facts make it a much stronger case for Fin-Ag to prevail because in Hufnagle, the buyer was not dealing with the owner/debtor, Buck, but was dealing with completely unrelated sellers, the Tookers. Here, Sale Barns dealt solely with the Berwalds simply using an unregistered, fictitious name. The Sale Bams knew they were dealing with the Ber-walds fronting as C & M Dairy. Once again, it is'not rocket science that the "C” in C & M Daily stands for Calvin Berwald, and the "M” in C & M Dairy stands for Michael Berwald, especially when they or their father, Arlen Berwald, delivered the cattle.
. Under South Dakota Law, it is not only a crime to sell mortgaged property without the mortgagee's consent, see SDCL 44-1-12, it is also a crime under SDCL 37-11-1, for any person to engage in or conduct a business for profit in South Dakota "under any name which does not plainly show the true surname of each person interested in such business unless a statement is filed first.” (Emphasis added). Furthermore, South Dakota has had a fictitious name certificate statute for at least sixty-nine years. The fictitious name certificate must be filed in the register of deeds office or secretary of state’s office. Penalties are provided for failure to file and it constitutes a misdemeanor.
Although these issues were not raised in the briefs, the Sale Barns are "presumed to know the law” and should not benefit from two separate violations of the criminal law.