In
Michigan v. Summers, 452
U.S. 692,
705,
After a jury trial in the Circuit Court of Baltimore County, Devin Jermaine Fields was convicted of possession of cocaine with intent to distribute, a violation of Md.Code Ann., Crim. Law § 5-602 (2002, 2007 Supp.). In his appeal to this Court, Fields presents two issuеs, which we have reworded:
1. Whether the circuit court erred by denying Fields’s motion to suppress.
2. Whether the administrative judge abused his discretion by denying a motion to continue the trial.
For the reasons set forth below, we shall affirm the judgment of the trial court.
Background
Fields does not challenge the sufficiency of the evidence. We therefore confine our discussion to the record as it pertains to the issues before us.
See Singfield v. State,
This case involves events that took place on May 15, 2008 in Pikesville, when Baltimore County police executed a search warrant at 7402 Rockridge Road. The police arrested Fields at that address while exеcuting the warrant. As a result of evidence seized from his person after the arrest, a grand jury returned an indictment charging Fields with simple possession of cocaine and possession of cocaine with intent to distribute. As noted above, the jury returned a guilty verdict on the *137 possession with intent to distribute count. The trial court sentenced Fields to ten years’ incarceration without the possibility of parole.
The Suppression Hearing
Fields filed a pre-trial omnibus motion pursuant to Md. Rule 4-252, including a motion to suppress evidence. The circuit court conducted a hearing on the motion on March 10, 2009, at which two members of the Baltimore County Police Deрartment and Fields himself testified.
Detective John Keeney testified that the Department had obtained a search warrant for a single family house located at 7402 Rockridge Road in Pikesville to search for evidence of illicit drug activity. (The validity of the warrant is not at issue.) Keeney and another officer were assigned to a “pre-raid surveillance” of the house. From a vantage point about three blocks away, he had an unobstructed view of its front door. It was 8:00 p.m. and was still “daylight.” Keeney first spotted Fields when the latter “arrive[d] at the location, went inside, stayed briefly and then exited the location, spoke with аnother male subject, got into the driver’s seat of a black Infiniti and then left.”
About a half-hour later, the police entered the house without incident through an unlocked screen door. Once inside, the officers “secured everybody in the residence” while Keeney stood watch near the front door. At this point, the Infiniti returned. According to Keeney, Fields got out of the car and started toward the house. Keeney and other officers approached Fields to ascertain his identity and to ask him why he was there. Keeney identified Fields as the same person who had earlier visited the house.
Sergeant Mike Thayer alsо testified. He stated that, while participating in the execution of the search warrant, he saw Fields open the gate to a fence that enclosed the yard and start to walk towards the front door. By the time Fields was about halfway to the house, Thayer and Keeney went down to *138 “greet him ... to identify him.” Thayer elaborated on the encounter:
[PROSECUTOR:] Okay. And when you approached the Defendant to meet up with him, what happens at that point? A. I asked him if he had any identification on him. I then proceeded to ask him if he had any guns drugs or weapons on his person.
Q. Okay.
A. He advised me no. At that point I asked him for consent to seаrch his person, which he says, yes, okay, you can search me.
Q. Okay. And when you ask that question, about how far is Defendant from you at this point?
A. Probably within three to four feet of each other.
Q. Okay. And what, what was the tone of voice you were using when you asked him?
A. Approximately about what I am right now.
Q. All right. And had you done anything to physically restrain him at that point?
A. No, I did not.
Q. Ha[d] you even touched him at that point?
A. No, sir.
Q. Okay. How were you dressed that evening?
A. In plainclothes.
Q. And you indicated that he did, in fact, consent to the search; is that right?
A. Yes, sir.
Q. Okay. Did, in terms of getting him to consent, did you promise him anything?
A. No, sir.
Thayer recalled that the initial encounter with Fields was cordial. After the officers asked him for identification, Fields produced his “Maryland Identification Card.” While Fields was handing over his identification, Thayer was asking him “other questions—you know, about guns, drugs or weapоns, *139 and then can I search him, and he said, yes, I could.” Keeney took the card, ran a license check, and Thayer commenced the search. Up to this point, no officer had touched Fields in any manner and had not told him that he had to stay. Acting on Fields’s consent, Thayer found a clear bag of cocaine in Fields’s left pocket and placed him under arrest. He also recovered “$600 in U.S. currency.” After the officers brought Fields inside the house, he volunteered “that he left to pick up cocaine to come back to party with the people that were [at] the location.” None of the officers had questioned Fields before he made this statement.
The third witness at the suppression hearing was Fields himself. His account contradicted that provided by the police officers. Fields offered, for example, that a policeman grabbed him and reached into his pocket after he had refused their request to search.
The motions court denied Fields’s motion to suppress, ruling in part as follows:
THE COURT: I make the ... following findings based on the testimony. On or about ... May 15th, 2008 Defendant was observed by then Officer Keeney during pre-raid surveillance of 7402 Rockridge Road, which is located in Pikes-ville, Baltimore County, Maryland. The Defendаnt was observed driving a black Infiniti. He arrived at 7402 Rock-ridge Drive or Road. This was a home that was suspected of drug activity or a home where suspected drug activity took place. That’s why it was under pre-raid surveillance. The Defendant exited his vehicle. He entered the home, stayed a brief time and returned to his vehicle, left the property.
When the Defendant returned in his black Infiniti he opened the gate to the property.... Defendant entered through the gate, walked towards the steps to the entrance and, as he did so, he encountered Sergeant Thayer. Officer Keeney and Sergeant [Thayer] was also out in the yard. None of these officers were dressed in police clothes. However, they were wearing their weapons.
*140 The testimony of Sergeant Thayer I find credible. He testified that he asked the Defendant for identification. The Defendant retrieved, a Maryland Identification Card. That card was then given to Officer Keeney. Sergeant Thayer testified that he then immediately, or simultaneously was asking for the identification, asked the Defendant whether he had any drugs, weapons or guns. The Defendant’s response was no. Sergeant Thayer then asked Defendant for permission to search him, for consent to searсh.
The Defendant has testified that his response to that question from Sergeant Thayer was, [“JSearch me for what,[”] and that he told the police officers that they could not search him. However, I find [that] the testimony of Sergeant Thayer and Officer Keeney is more credible. I do find that the Defendant consented to the search____I find he was initially cordial in his response to the officers and cooperative, that he did voluntarily give his consent for the search and, as a result of that voluntary consent ... there was a packet of cocaine found along with $600 in cash [in a pocket of Field’s pants].
The motions court also found that Fields, while not provided with Miranda warnings, volunteered “that he had left the house earlier to pick up some cocaine and come back and party[.]” The court concluded that the “police were within their rights and their authority to question the Defendant for I.D. and to act for their own safety. More importantly, the Defendant voluntarily consented to the search.... ”
Discussion
I. The Motion to Suppress
We review the circuit court’s ruling on a motion to suppress based solely on the record developed at the suppression hearing, viewing the evidence and reasonable inferences drawn therefrom in the light most favorable to the prevailing party.
See Smith v. State,
A. The Detention
Fields did not reside in the house that was the subject of the search warrant. From this, he argues that the “law enforcement justifications” as set forth in
Michigan v. Summers,
We are not persuaded by these arguments. Michigan v. Summers and other cases have established that, when executing a search warrant, police officers may reаsonably detain persons found in and about the premises for reasons of safety and to secure the premises being searched. While the particular issue presented by this case, viz., that the person detained was walking towards the premises being searched, is a matter of first impression in this State, our conclusion that the police acted reasonably in detaining appellant is fully *142 consistent with Maryland law and supported by persuasive decisions from other jurisdictions.
The Fourth Amendment provides that the “right of the people to be secure in their persons, houses, papers, and effects, against unreasonable searches and seizures, shall not be violated[.]” The amendment’s “protections extend to brief investigatory stops of persons ... that fall short of traditional arrest.”
United States v. Arvizu, 534
U.S. 266, 273,
The landmark case regarding the authority of police officers to detain persons while executing a search warrant is
Michigan v. Summers.
In that case, Detroit police officers were in the process of executing a warrant to search a house for
*143
narcotics when they encountered Summers descending the front steps. The officers asked him to help them enter the structure, and they then detained him while they searched the house. The police arrested Summers after they discovered narcotics on the premises and ascertained that he was the homeowner.
The Supreme Court reversed a decision by the Michigan Supreme Court holding that evidence of the heroin should be suppressed. Writing for the majority, Justice Stevens explained the “general rule that every arrest, and every seizure having the essential attributes of a formal arrest, is unreasonable unless it is supported by probable cause.” The Court thеn emphasized cases that “demonstrate [an] exception for limited intrusions” in situations that are not confined to the “momentary, on-the-street detention accompanied by a frisk for weapons involved in
Terry [v. Ohio,
To determine whether the “general rule” that requires the justification of probable cause should apply, the Court considered it “necessary to examine both the character of the official intrusion and its justification.”
Id.
at 701,
The detention of one of the residents while the premises were searched, although admittedly a significant restraint on his liberty, was surely less intrusive than the search itself.[] Indeed, we may safely assume that most citizens— unless they intend flight to avoid arrest—would elect to remain in order to observe the search of their possessions.
Id. (footnote omitted).
The Court then identified three interests furthered by temporary detentions of occupants: “preventing flight in the event
*144
that incriminating evidence is found;” minimizing the risk of harm to the officers and others; and facilitating the “orderly completion of the search.”
Id.
at 702-03,
If the evidence that a citizen’s residence is harboring contraband is sufficient to persuade a judicial officer that an invasion of the citizen’s privacy is justified, it is constitutionally reasonable to require that citizen to remain while officers of the law execute a valid warrant to search his home.c] Thus ... we hold that a warrant to search for contraband [1 founded on probable cause implicitly carries with it the limited authority to detain the occupants of the premises while a proper search is conducted.13
Id.
at 704-05,
In Summers, Muehler, and Rettele, the persons detained were occupants of the premises subject to the warrant and who were discovered on the premises while the warrant was executed. Relying on Summers, Maryland courts have upheld detentions in cases where the relаtionship between the persons detained, the premises searched, and the execution of the warrant was more attenuated.
In
Fromm v. State,
Seeking to suppress the statement that was derived from what he asserted was an illegal stop, Fromm challenged his detention. He urged that he was not an “occupant” of the targeted apartment because he was walking towards his automobile during the search and that
Summers
accordingly did not apply.
Id.
at 252,
In an opinion authored by then Chief Judge Wilner, we distinguished the case factually from
Summers
and inquired “whether the detention of appellant was proper even though he was not on the premises to be searched when the police arrived.”
Id.
at 253,
Although appellant was not inside his aрartment when the officers arrived to execute the search warrant, he ... was only a short distance away.... In detaining appellant and transporting him the short distance to his apartment, the police officers promoted at least two legitimate law enforcement interests set forth in Michigan v. Summers—preventing appellant’s flight and facilitating the orderly completion of the search.
Fromm,
In both
Summers
and
Fromm,
the defendant resided in the premises to be searched. In
Cotton v. State,
the defendant’s relationship was more coincidental. When officers arrived at a residence to execute a search warrant, they encountered Cotton and three others standing near the porch of the tаrget residence.
Now writing for the Court of Appeals, Judge Wilner noted that, in the wake of Summers, “three lines of cases had developed” regarding the detention of persons during the execution of search warrants:
[T]hose flatly holding that only actual residents of the home may be detained while the search proceeds; those adopting that view generally but allowing the detention of nonresidents if the police “can point to reasonably articulable facts that associate the visitor with the residence or the criminal activity being investigated in the search warrant”; and those that “broadly define ‘occupants’ to include those visiting the residence to be searched.”
Cotton,
The Cotton Court then identified the appropriate test:
Subject to further instruction from the Supreme Court, we think that the second two approaches, or some synthesis of them, are more consistent with recent jurisprudence and represent a more reаsoned and practical solution, in that they focus on the actual circumstances surrounding the issuance and execution of the warrant----[Pjersons, other than just residents, who are found in or about the premises are likely to be temporarily detained as well, at least until the police can find out who they are and whether they are involved in any of the illegal activities taking place at the home.
Id.
at 257-58,
Applying this rule to the facts before it, the Court concluded that
in executing a warrant such as that issued here, for a premises known to be an open-air drug market where the police are likely to encоunter people who may well be dangerous, they are entitled, for their own safety and that of other persons, to take command of the situation and, *147 except for persons who clearly are unconnected with any criminal activity and who clearly present no potential danger, essentially immobilize everyone until, acting with reasonable expedition, they know what they are confronting. It really cannot be otherwise.
Id.
at 257,
Two additional cases,
Brown v. State,
The question in the instant case then becomes: Was it clear to the police executing the search warrant that [Brown], when he knocked on the door, was a person clearly unconnected with any criminal aсtivity or one who clearly presented no potential danger? Cotton has resolved the issue in this case and provides the answer: the answer is the same as the view of the Court of Special Appeals—a resounding NO.
Brown,
In
Williamson,
an affidavit supporting the application for a search and seizure warrant stated that Williamson was selling drugs from that location.
We now return to the case before us. In his brief, Fields emphasizes that his initial interaction with the officers was cordial, so he could not reasonably have been perceived as a threat. He also points out that the officers left the house to meet him before he entered the premises, and implies that their action virtually eliminated him as a threat to the integrity of the ongoing search because he was stopped before actually reaching the house itself.
We are not persuaded that an appаrently benign interaction removes the initial encounter in this case from the justifications set forth in Summers and Cotton. First, it is not at all clear that the officers “perceived” no threat. For example, Sergeant Thayer stated on cross-examination that “[t]here’s a possibility” that Fields might have “potentially” had a weapon. Additionally, Fields’s argument that he could not reasonably be perceived as a threat by the officers because he was in the yard, as opposed to at the house itself, is undermined by Williamson’s rejection of the argument that the defendant in that case could not have been a threat to the officers because he was departing the house.
More importantly, a person who is subjected to a limited detention pursuant to
Summers
may not dictate the contours of the police response simply on the basis of good behavior. Indeed, a “perceived” threat is not a prerequisite for the detention authorized by
Summers;
instead, “[t]he risk of harm to both the police and the occupants is minimized if the officers routinely exercise unquestioned command of the situation.”
Summers,
*149
That Fields was cooрerative is laudable, but does not obviate the need for officers to be proactive during the warrant execution process. The detention authorized by
Summers
is objectively justified by the existence of a search warrant for the target residence and the necessity of executing the warrant in a safe, orderly fashion.
See Summers,
That the officers left the house to intercept Fields is not enough to distinguish this case from
Brown.
Fields was clearly headed toward the house and he had already entered the yard after opening the gate in the property’s fence. We believe that requiring police officers to differentiate between an individual who is approaching the target residence but has not yet actually attempted to enter and one who is literally or figuratively knocking on the door “would be to strip law enforcement of the capacity to ‘exercise unquestioned command of the situation,’ at precisely the moment when
Summers
recognizes they most need it.”
United States v. Bailey,
Our conclusion that police officers may intercept and detain an individual who approaches a premises while a search warrant is being executed finds support in decisions of several United States Circuit Courts of Appeal.
See United States v. Jennings,
To conclude, the police acted reasonably in detaining Fields after he encroached into the yard of the residence. Fields’s brief prior visit to the house while the property was under surveillance, coupled with his return a short time later as the warrant was being executed, suggests that he might have been involved in purchasing or selling drugs. As such, he was not a person who was “clearly ... unconnected with any criminal activity and who clearly present no potential danger,”
Cotton,
B. The Frisk
We now turn to Fields’s sеcond argument, namely, that the motions court erred when it found that he had consented to the search of his person. Fields argues that his consent to the search was invalid, and his argument suggests that the circumstances of his detention virtually compelled his consent. He notes that neither officer informed him that he *151 was free to leave and that both officers were armed. Fields contends that his consent was the product of intimidation because no reasonable person would ignore the officers and walk away. We do not find this analysis to be persuasive.
Based on the totality of the circumstances, we conсlude that the motions court did not clearly err in finding that Fields consented to the search. The Supreme Court has “rejected in specific terms the suggestion that police officers must always inform citizens of their right to refuse when seeking permission to conduct a warrantless search.”
United States v. Drayton,
In a society based on law, the concept of agreement and consent should be given a weight and dignity of its own. Police officers act in full accord with the law when they ask citizens for consent. It reinforces the rule of law for the citizen to advise the police of his or her wishes and for the police to act in reliance on that understanding. When this exchange takes place, it dispels inferences of coercion.
Finally, we reject Fields’s claim that his consent was undermined by the invalidity of the initial detention. Because that detention was permissible under Summers, Brown and Cotton, we conclude that this aspect of Fields’s encounter with the police does not invalidate his consent.
We affirm the denial of Fields’s motion to suppress.
*152 II. The Motion for a Continuance
Fields next complains of the trial court’s refusal to continue the case. This issue developed on the morning set for trial, March 23, 2009. After the case was called, Fields’s trial counsel requested that the administrative judge postpone Fields’s trial because an unrelated case involving counsel had been called for trial in Baltimore City for the next day. The administrative judge noted that he had set the date for Fields’s trial on February 2, 2009. The following exchange occurred:
[THE COURT]: Just because the case in the city was called two days ago doesn’t take precedence over a case that I set back in February. I’m not doing it. And what are we doing with it?
[DEFENSE COUNSEL]: My associate will be out here. I’ll call him up and he’ll come out and try it.
To this Court, Fields asserts that the administrative judge’s “arbitrary” denial of a continuance and insistence on replacement counsel interfered with his “ability to choose and retain an attorney” and that, as a result, his right to counsel guaranteed by the Sixth Amendment was compromised. The State retorts that this argument is not before us because Fields never raised it before the administrative judge. In the alternative, the State maintains that the administrative judge acted within his discretion by denying the postponement.
We agree that Fields’s constitutional argument is not before us. In
Stone v. State,
*153
Even if his constitutional argument were properly before us, we would conclude that Fields’s challenge fails to establish that the administrative judge abused his discretion by declining the request to continue the trial. A decision of this nature is entrusted to the sound discretion of the administrative judge.
Stone,
THE JUDGMENT OF THE CIRCUIT COURT FOR BALTIMORE COUNTY IS AFFIRMED.
APPELLANT TO PAY COSTS.
Notes
. "The protections of the Fourth Amendment [apply] to the States by virtue of the Fourteenth Amendment ... and its provisions are construed
in pari materia
with those of Article 26 of the Maryland Declaration of Rights.... Constructions of the federal amendment by the United States Supreme Court are controlling authority.”
Muse v. State,
. While the authority of police officers to
detain
individuals on the premises while a search warrant is being executed is “categorical,”
*149
their authority to frisk those persons is not. "This Court recognizes, and [the State] concedes, that [the
Michigan v. Summers
] rationale does not necessarily justify a
Terry
frisk of all occupants of a place being searched pursuant to every valid warrant.
Terry
still requires particularized suspicion articulating the potential danger posed by individuals anticipated to be on the premises to be searched by the police.”
Dashiell
v.
State,