after making the foregoing statement, delivered the opinion of the court.
The principal assignments of error are reducible to these contentions : (1) The court had no power to enact the rule; (2) that the rule was invalid, ip that it deprived defendants of due process of law and the right of trial by jury', in contravention of the Constitution of the United States аnd ‘ the mode of proof of trial ” prescribed by Revised Statutés, sec. 861 et seq.
1. The rule was formerly number 75 and has existed a long time. Thе Court of Appeals of - the District has sustained its validity in a number of cases. This court also sustained its validity in Smoot v. Rittenhouse, decided January 10, 1876.
The case is questioned ’ as authority because, it is said, that “if this court upheld a rule of such important character and doubtful validity it would give thе grounds of its decision.” But the objection assumes that the court had doubts. The better inference is that the court.regardеd the grounds of challenge to the validity of the rule as without foundation. And its. validity was challenged and necessarily passed On, which disposes of the contention that the decision was based on another point.
2. There is but one 'element in this contention — the right of a jury trial. In passing upon it we do not think it necessary to follow the details of counsel’s elaborate argument. In Smoot v. Rittenhouse, supra, the validity of the rule was sustained as *320 well as the power of the court to make it. If it were true that the rule deprived the plaintiff in error of the right of trial by jury, we should pronounce it void without reference to cases. But it does not do so. It prescribes the means of making an issue, • The issue made as prescribed, the right of trial by jury accrues. The purpose of the rule is to preserve the court from frivolous defences and to defeat attempts to use formal pleading as means to delаy the recovery of just demands.
Certainly a salutary purpose and hardly less essential to justice than the ultimate meаns of trial. And the case at bar illustrates this. It certainly does not seem' unreasonable to charge one who has become responsible for the performance of an act by another with knowledge of that act or with meаns of ascertaining it, so as to state a defence within thé liberal interpretation of the rule declared by the Court оf Appeals.
• As early as 1879 the Supreme Court of the District recited the history of the rule and explained its purposе. “ It was a rule,” the court said, “ to prevent vexatious -details' in the maturing of a judgment where there is no defence. . . . Now, what does the- rule mean, this being its office ? It is couched in very plain language. It says the defendant shall set out his grounds of defenсe and swear to them. It does not mean a defence in all its details of incident and fact, but the foundation of defence. That is all. Those grounds ought not to be vague and indefinite. They ■ should have significance and meaning, and should express the idea of defence upon the ,ground to which they are addressed. It was never- contemplated that this rule- required a party to follow his case through all the lights and shadows of the evidence in it. That would be to hold it essential that he should try his case in his plea.” Bank v. Hitz, MacArthur & Mackey, 198.
This interpretation was. affirmed in Cropley v. Vogeler, 2 App. D. C. 28; see also 2 App. D. C. 340; Gleason v. Hoeke, 5 App. D. C. 1; 12 App. D. C. 161 ; Bailey v. District of Columbia, 4 App. D. C. 356.
And the facts stated in the affidavit of defence will be accepted as true. Strauss v. Hensey, 7 App. D. C. 289.
It would seem a logical result of the argument of plaintiff *321 in error that there was a constitutional right to old forms of procedure, and yet it seems to be conceded that Congress has power to change them, even to the enactment of rule 73. The ' concession of that power destroys thе argument based on the Constitution, a,nd whether Congress exercised the power directly or delegated it to the Suprеme Court of' the District. of Columbia can make no difference. And that such power had been delegated to the Supreme Court of the District was ' virtually decided in Smoot v. Rittenhouse, supra.
3. It is urged that the causes of action set out in the declaration “ are hot within the purview of the. rule.” By “ purview of the rule” is meant, as counsel explains,-the spirit of the rule, and that, it is urged, intends only “ money demands, pure and simple,” not contracts of suretyship or conditional obligations. It is, however, conceded that the causes of action are within the letter of the rule, and we are not disposed to make exceptions based on disputable considerations of its spirit against the interpretation of the court, which has administered the rule for many years.
4. Plaintiff in error asserts the sufficiency of its affidavit and asserts the insufficiency of that of defendant in error. In support of the latter assertion, it is claimed, “copies of the. bonds in suit and of the contracts between the District аnd Yinson. should have been filed.” We may adopt the reply of the Court of Appeals of a like claim in that court.. Thаt learned court said:
“ There is no merit in the formal objections urged to 'the declaration,and supporting affidavit оf the plaintiff. The bond' is alleged to have been executed in accordance with the formal provisions of the statute which makes it a public record,-and proffer of it was not required to be made. It is nothing more than a simple statutory obligation -to pay any and all demands against the contractor of the nature claimed by the plaintiff. It does not appear that there was any formal written contract between the contractor and the plaintiff rеlating to the materials furnished by the latter, upon the necessary interpretation of which the liability in whole or in part depends. For the purposes of recovery it was sufficient to say, as was done, that *322 plaintiff agreed to furnish certаin materials at a certain price, for ■ use, by. the contractor, that he did furnish the same in specific amounts, and thаt the contractor received them and then refused to pay the sum due for them.”
The affidavit of plaintiff in error was not sufficient. The rule requires the affidavit not only to deny the right of the plaintiff but to state also in precisé and distinct terms the grounds of defence, “ which must be such as would, if true, be sufficient to defeat the plaintiff’s claim in whole or in part.” See cases cited above.
Finding no error in the record the
Judgment is affirmed.