Dеfendant appeals from an order denying his alternative motion for judgment notwithstanding the verdict or for a new trial.
At sis o’clock p. m. on February 24, 1927, one Sechter parked his automobile truck in a business section of St. Paul on the north side of University avenue. In violation of a statute the red tail light on the truck was not lighted; Sechter intentionally left it in that condition. The avenue was well lighted on both sides by electric street lamps standing about 15 feet high and about 117 feet apart, each located about one foot from the curb. There were other automobiles parked in the same block ahead and behind Sechter’s truck.
About eight o’clock that evening defendant, Christenson, was proceeding westward on the avenue in a Ford roadster. With him were two women, one- sitting on the lap of the other. His car was inclosed by curtains -with windows therein and had the usual windshield in front. He was driving about 20 miles an hour. A small bolt, to which the auto top was fastened, protrudеd from the body of the Ford just behind the door. The bolt struck the left rear portion of the truck platform. The force of the collision pulled the top off the Ford and-broke the windshield. The car was otherwise damaged. One of the women was thrown to the pavement and sustained serious injuries.
*184 The injured woman brought an action in the district court of Ramsey county against Sechter, who at the time of the accident was insured by the plaintiff herein. Plaintiff defended in that action and subsequently paid a judgment in the sum of $3,330.08. This action ivas brought by plaintiff, which had been subrogated to Sechter’s rights, tо recover contribution to the, extent of one-half of the amount so paid. At the first trial there was a verdict for defendant: A new trial was granted. On such new trial defendant’s motion at the clоse of the evidence for a directed verdict was denied; plaintiff had a verdict for $1,655.04.
For the purposes of this case there is no question as to Sechter’s negligence. The jury rightly concluded from the evidence that the defendant was guilty of negligence. He had not however violated a statute. The determinative question here involved is as to whether under the facts stated plaintiff, as a successor in interest to Sechter, was entitled to contribution from defendant.
It is the general rule, as stated in Underwriters at Lloyds v. Smith,
This general rule however has been modified in many jurisdictions. 13 C. J. p. 830, and cases cited in note 19. A modified rule was adopted by this court in Ankeny v. Moffett,
In Engstrand v. Kleffman,
*185
In Mayberry v. N. P. Ry. Co.
In the well considered case of Underwriters at Lloyds v. Smith,
“Where the ground of liability is simply the negligence of each while engaged in lawful undertakings, the оne who has been com-' pelled to respond in damages therefor may enforce contribution from the others.”
The opinion cites and states the substance of the holding in Ankeny v. Moffеtt,
The modified rule has been stated in various terms by different courts and text writers. The text writer in 13 C. J. p. 830, § 21, states:
“The rule that wrongdoers cannоt have redress or - contribution against each other is confined to cases Avhere the person seeking redress must be presumed to have known that he Avas doing a wrongful act, or Avherе the wrong committed was in itself illegal.”
1 Cooley, Torts (3 ed.) p. 258, states:
“An attempt has been made in some cases to lay doAvn a general rule by which it may be determined in every case whether the party is or is not entitled tо contribution. Thus, in Ohio, the judicial conclusion is, that ‘the common sense rule and the legal rule are the same, namely, that Avhen parties think they are doing a legal and proper act, сontribution will be had; but Avhen the parties are conscious of doing a wrong, courts will not interfere.’ ” Citing Acheson v. Miller,2 Ohio St. 203 ,59 Am. D. 663 .
The author continues [p. 258]:
“This statement is a little inaccurate, in that it denies redress in the cases only in which рarties are conscious of Avrongdoing. There are many cases in Avhich the absence of consciousness of Avrong could not excuse a man either in laAV or morals. An English case *186 stаtes the rule more concisely as follows: ‘The rule that the wrongdoers cannot have redress or contribution against each other is confined to cases where the person sеeking redress must be presumed to have known that he ivas doing an unlawful act.' ” Citing Adamson v. Jarvis, 4 Bing. 66. “If he knew the act was illegal, or if the circumstances were such as to render ignorance of the illegality inexcusable, then he will be left by the law where his wrongful action has,placed him.”
In Ellis v. C. & N. W. Ry. Co.
The effect of these decisions is that in negligence cases one seeking contribution from another, joint tortfeasor is not barred from recovery by the fact that he was guilty of ordinary negligence in the matter; but if his negligence amounted to an intentionаl wrong, or if he knew or is presumed to have known that he was doing an unlawful act which constituted the negligence for which he was held liable, then he is not entitled to contribution. In some cases from other courts the language used would indicate that to bar recovery the party seeking contribution must have been guilty of a wilful or conscious wrong or an act evincing moral turpitude. But thе terms are generally used disjunctively, meaning one or the other.
Attention has been called to no case holding that where the act was a wilful or conscious wrong or a known violatiоn of law it was further necessary to prove that it showed or constituted moral turpitude. Moral turpitude has reference largely to moral character and state of mind and is difficult to рrove. A known and intentional violation of a statute, especially in automobile cases, may or may not show moral turpitude. If we should say that in order to bar contribution in a case оf this kind moral turpitude must be shown, very little would be left of any rule barring contribution. We think the better rule is stated by Justice Mitchell in Ankeny v.
*187
Moffett,
Coming then to the facts in this case, it appears to be undisputed that the negligence of Sechter, in -whose shoes the plaintiff stands, consisted of his parking his truck on а public street in the nighttime, knowing that there was no rear or tail light burning thereon. There was a violation of statute.
G.
S. 1923, § 2705;
The court erred in instructing the jury in effect that before contribution should be denied it must appear that Sechter’s negligence consisted of a wilful a,nd wrongful act amounting to moral turpitude. But that aside, on the record before us defendant was entitled to a directed verdict and to judgment notwithstanding the verdict.
Respondent states that in the case of Underwriters at Lloyds v. Smith,
Perhaps there may be some confusion as to the difference between an intеntion to inflict injury on a particular person or persons and a known or intentional violation of a statute intended for the protection of a class of persons. Where therе is a known and intentional violation of statute, and one for whose protection the statute was enacted is injured thereby, the violation of the statute is a known and intentional wrong. Therе is rarely in these cases an *188 intent to injure any particular person. Such intention is not necessary.
The defendant, Christenson, Avas not charged with anything other than common law or ordinary negligеnce. He violated no statute. What the result would be if defendant had also been guilty of a Adolation of statute, constituting an intentional Avrong, need not here be considered.
The order appealed from is reversed and judgment will be entered for defendant.
Reversed.