Robin FICKER et al. v. Robert DENNY.
No. 62, Sept. Term, 1990.
Court of Appeals of Maryland.
Order Aug. 29, 1990. Opinion June 5, 1992.
606 A.2d 1060
Chasanow, J., dissented with opinion in which Rodowsky, J., joined.
Norman G. Knopf, Washington, D.C., for respondent.
Argued before MURPHY, C.J., ELDRIDGE, RODOWSKY, McAULIFFE and CHASANOW, JJ., and HARRY A. COLE* and WILLIAM H. ADKINS,** Associate Judges of the Court of Appeals (retired).
* Cole, J., now retired, participated in the hearing, conference and decision of this case while an active member of this Court; after being recalled pursuant to the Constitution, Article IV, Section 3A, he also participated in the adoption of this opinion.
** Adkins, J., now retired, participated in the hearing, conference and decision of this case while an active member of this Court but did not participate in the adoption of this opinion.
PER CURIAM.
Upon consideration of the petition for a writ of certiorari to the Court of Special Appeals, in the above entitled case, it is this 29th day of August, 1990
ORDERED, by the Court of Appeals of Maryland, that the petition be, and it is hereby, granted and a writ of certiorari to the Court of Special Appeals shall issue and said case shall be transferred to the regular docket as No. 62, September Term, 1990.
For reasons to be stated in an opinion later to be filed, a majority of the Court concurring, the judgment of the Circuit Court for Montgomery County is hereby vacated and the case is remanded to that court with directions that it enter a judgment for the Petitioners requiring that the referendum petitions be filed and verified in accordance with the provisions of
ELDRIDGE, Judge.
The issue presented by this case is whether the sponsors of a petition for a county charter amendment, pursuant to
rationale behind the Court‘s order issued on August 29, 1990, requiring the Chairman of the organization, Fairness in Taxation, to submit a petition for a proposed charter amendment to the President of the Montgomery County Council.
In response to rising real property taxes in Montgomery County, the political organization Fairness in Taxation (“FIT“) was formed. A non-profit, non-partisan organization, FIT sought to cap the increase in real property taxes permitted in a given year and to compel the Montgomery County Council to find alternative sources of revenue. To achieve these ends, FIT launched a petition drive pursuant to
“4. With enough signatures, the proposed Charter Amendment will be submitted to the voters in the November elections.”
According to FIT, approximately 12,500 signatures were obtained in support of placing the proposed amendment on the ballot.
After the requisite number of signatures were obtained, but before FIT filed the petition with the President of the Montgomery County Council, leaders of FIT met with the
Several signers of the petition brought suit in the Circuit Court for Montgomery County, against Robert Denny as Chairman of FIT, to compel Mr. Denny to submit the petition. They relied upon the language of
Mr. Denny argued that he had no obligation to file the petition, that the County Council‘s proposed amendment constituted changed circumstances that relieved him of any obligation to file, that a substantial number of signers no
In addition, according to the defendant, requiring the organization to file the petition would deprive many signers of the right to withdraw their names from a petition which they no longer supported. The defendant, however, provided no evidence that more than 2,500 signers withdrew, attempted to withdraw, or desired to withdraw their signatures.3 In an affidavit, Mr. Denny attached only eleven letters from signers who stated that they wanted their names withdrawn from the FIT petition.4
The circuit court denied the plaintiffs’ request for relief, concluding that changed circumstances created by the County Council amendment permitted FIT to decide not to file the petition. The circuit court further concluded that a “significant number” of signers no longer supported FIT‘s petition. The plaintiffs filed a notice of appeal and requested that the Court of Special Appeals issue an injunction, pending appeal, requiring that the defendant file the petition. On August 10, 1990, the intermediate appellate court, without opinion, denied the plaintiffs’ request for injunctive relief pending appeal.
The plaintiffs thereupon filed in this Court a petition for a writ of certiorari which we granted. On August 29, 1990, this Court vacated the circuit court‘s judgment. We further ordered that the circuit court enter judgment for
The language of
A circulator, or group of circulators, has no greater or lesser right of control over the petition than any other signer. LaFleur, Att‘y Gen. v. Frost, 146 Me. 270, 288, 80 A.2d 407, 416 (1951). Addressing this issue, the Supreme Court of Maine stated in LaFleur (ibid.):
“The pressures in the exercise of the initiative and referendum must come upon the City Council and upon the voters, and not upon a group of ten whose sole function is to start the petition. Once this act is accomplished, they become neither more nor less than voters who have signed, and they have neither greater nor less right nor authority than other signers.”
Embodied in
In State ex rel. Hindley v. Superior Ct., supra, the Supreme Court of Washington addressed the question of whether a circulator of part of a petition had the right to withdraw the signatures he had collected. The court stated (70 Wash. at 361, 126 P. at 923):
“Some point is made to the effect that, inasmuch as any petitioner can withdraw his name from a petition prior to the time it is acted upon by the council ..., therefore one who has circulated a part of a petition can withdraw that
part and the names upon it. We cannot so hold. The right to withdraw, like the right to sign, is a personal privilege, and can be exercised only by the person directly concerned.”
In LaFleur, Att‘y Gen. v. Frost, supra, 146 Me. 270, 80 A.2d 407, the Supreme Court of Maine was faced with a question of whether a certain ordinance proposed by the City Council and ratified by the electors was valid under the state constitution. The ordinance sought to designate a committee consisting of the original ten signers of a petition to represent all of the signers of that petition. The committee would have “full power and authority to withdraw the petition or to stop further proceedings at any time when, in their sole and exclusive judgment, such action is deemed advisable.” 146 Me. at 286, 80 A.2d at 415. In striking down this portion of the ordinance, the court stated (146 Me. at 287, 80 A.2d at 415):
“In principle it is entirely without the intent of the initiative and referendum. If the people, that is, the voters, are to have the power to legislate in municipal affairs, why we may ask should such power be limited to the judgment of the original ten petitioners, or any petitioners, once the petition has been signed by the appropriate number of qualified voters?”
The Court went on to state (ibid):
“A system which compels the voter to leave his great rights to legislate, either directly through the initiative or by the people‘s veto in a referendum, to the mercy of six out of ten individuals may provide a neat and orderly method for the conduct of business, but it cannot be called the initiative and referendum.”
Although signers have a right to withdraw their names from a petition if they no longer support it, the number of persons withdrawing must bring the number of signatures to less than 10,000 in order to prevent the petition from being filed. As previously discussed, there was no evidence in this case that the number of signers
CHASANOW, Judge, dissenting.
Trial judges are literally and figuratively the foundation of the structure called the judicial branch of government. Appellate courts often acknowledge the plight of the trial judge who is forced to make lightening-quick decisions without the luxury of well thought out arguments and well researched briefs. Unfortunately appellate courts do not always recognize the expertise, indeed the almost instinctual ability, that most good trial judges develop to make rapid, sound decisions often with only minimal assistance from the litigants. Trial court decisions are entitled to appropriate deference by appellate courts, especially when, as in the instant case, the appellate court must act quickly with only minimal opportunity for research and briefing by the parties.
In the instant case, this Court did not, as it should have, merely determine whether Judge Mitchell abused his discretion in denying a request for a preliminary injunction. The Court disregarded the decision of the trial judge and, without giving the defendant any opportunity to call witnesses or produce evidence, issued a permanent injunction. It
I. IRREPARABLE INJURY
Ficker chose to file suit against Denny and FIT seeking injunctive relief rather than a declaratory judgment. In order to be entitled to injunctive relief, Ficker had to prove that he would be irreparably injured if the injunction were not granted. This is so because Ficker had not brought a class action, and he did not bring suit on some “representational standing” theory. Further, Rule 2-201 requires that actions be brought by the real parties in interest, not by someone on their behalf. See Paul V. Niemeyer and Linda M. Richards, Maryland Rules Commentary at 92 (1984). Rule 2-201 does not authorize Ficker to request an injunction on behalf of other signers of the petition. Thus, Ficker had to show that he would suffer irreparable injury.
Ficker was the only person who testified in support of the injunction and the only person who attempted to prove why he would be irreparably injured if the petition were not filed.1 In my view, Ficker failed to satisfy his burden of proof. Ficker testified that he also had collected over 10,000 signatures for a cap amendment petition which was similar to both FIT‘s and the County Council‘s cap amendments. His petition was filed, and his proposed charter amendment was to be on the ballot along with the County Council‘s amendment. Thus, he was already ensured that cap amendments would be before Montgomery County voters in two versions. There was no showing that Ficker
Even if we were to assume that the whole class of signers of the FIT petition are plaintiffs in the case, I do not believe irreparable injury was established. Ficker does not dispute Denny‘s contention that the County Council‘s amendment was a very similar, if not improved, version of FIT‘s petition. Denny points out that the difference between the two proposals “is slight” and that both amendments meet the goals of the signers. Judge Mitchell accepted Denny‘s representation that a great number of signers believed the County Council‘s amendment “would, in fact, enhance the position that the signers of the FIT petition sought to achieve.” The majority apparently concluded that the signers of the FIT petition have a right to have the exact petition they signed placed on the ballot and that Denny has no right to substitute a very similar amendment. I do not believe the signers are irreparably injured by placing a substitute similar amendment on the ballot, especially where placing both on the ballot might cause voter confusion, divide voter support, and probably result in no amendment being enacted.
II. DUTY TO FILE PETITION
The holding of the majority is that the sponsor of a
For example,
“A civil action at law shall be filed within three years from the date it accrues unless another provision of the Code provides a different period of time within which an action shall be commenced.” (Emphasis added).
Based on the majority‘s reasoning, this statute requires that everyone with a civil cause of action must file suit.
My interpretation that
Other courts have held that sponsors have the right to “undo what they have done.” Clark v. Patterson, 68 Cal.App.3d 329, 137 Cal.Rptr. 275, 279 (1st Dist.1977). In Clark, the City‘s Board of Supervisors voted to place on the ballot a charter amendment. Subsequent to their vote, changed factual circumstances led the Board to withdraw the proposed amendment. In upholding the withdrawal, the court stated:
“Legislative bodies, no less than private individuals or commercial entities, require a measure of flexibility in their dealings and transactions. They, acting as representatives of the people, must have the ability to undo what they have done, given compelling circumstances.... We believe that such an implied power is necessary, as a Board action which was reasonable and necessary when taken, may become unnecessary and harmful by the time of the election for reasons not readily apparent to the electorate.”
In Robinson v. Armstrong, 90 Colo. 363, 9 P.2d 481 (1932), petitioners filed a referendum petition which the Colorado Secretary of State determined was “insufficient.” Petitioners maintained that their petition was sufficient and sought judicial review of the Secretary of State‘s decision, but they also sought to withdraw the petition while pursu-
“ask to withdraw the petition for amendment, and on the secretary‘s refusal bring mandamus. If the petition be withdrawn, no review can thereafter be prosecuted, because without the petition no court could adjudicate its sufficiency. Once withdrawn, it passes from official control and may be tampered with, amended, or destroyed.” (Emphasis added).
The majority states “[t]he language of
The Constitution gave Denny the right to file his amendment petition, and it provided when and where the petition should be filed. The Constitution did not create the obligation that Denny file this petition. Denny and FIT initiated the petition and led the effort to collect the signatures. They ought to have the right to make a good faith decision not to file their petition.
The majority also relies on dictum in Tyler v. Secretary of State, 229 Md. 397, 403, 184 A.2d 101, 104 (1962) that “the one procuring the petitions or circulating them is the agent of the signers.” Majority Op. at 632-634. Even if Denny were the agent for the signers, he would be entitled to rely on agency principles and should not be required to file this petition.
It is basic agency law that where an agent is confronted with an unforeseen situation and the agent cannot conveniently communicate with the principal, then the agent has the implied authority to take such steps as may be deemed reasonably necessary to protect the interests of his principal.
“If a situation arises which the agent reasonably believes was unforeseen by the principal, the agent may have authority to do acts in excess of, or even contrary to his specific instructions if necessary to protect the principal‘s interests. If he can communicate with the principal by reasonable means, he should do so. But if he cannot and the matter appears to call for action in order to prevent the principal from suffering a loss, he has the authority to do what appears to be necessary.” (Footnotes omitted).
Warren A. Seavey, Handbook of the Law of Agency § 21 at 40 (1964).
Denny, by his affidavit filed with the court below, established more than ample basis for Judge Mitchell to hold that Denny was relieved of any obligation he might have had as agent of the signers to file the petition. The County Council members advised FIT that they were initiating a charter amendment that would, as would FIT‘s amendment, cap property taxes. Based on the Council‘s amendment, the FIT steering committee and Denny “firmly and unanimously” believed that not filing the FIT petition would best achieve the “intent of the signers of the petition.” Denny points out that, if two similar ballot questions both providing for property tax caps are on the ballot, “there is a
For these reasons, Denny believed that the interests of the signers would be best served by not filing FIT‘s petition, and instead substituting the new alternative Council amendment. Since he could not reasonably communicate with all 12,500 signers, Denny called a meeting of the FIT steering committee. He states in his affidavit that he also consulted, in person or by the telephone, with representatives of supporting civic associations, many individual workers who had been active in gathering petition signatures, and many who had signed the petition. He alleges that “[a]ll were unanimous in favoring the modified ‘council’ version of our proposed charter amendment and agreed that we should withdraw our original petition.” Denny‘s affidavit further alleges that he “acted faithfully to carry out the intent of those who signed the FIT petition” when he and FIT decided not to file the petition. I believe Judge Mitchell‘s decision was correct. Even if Denny was the agent of the signers, upon learning that the Council amendment was to be placed on the ballot, Denny was entitled to conclude that he could not reasonably communicate with all 12,500 signers. He was entitled to act on his reasonable belief, confirmed by the nearly unanimous response of the signers he was able to communicate with, that the objectives of “his principals” would be best served by substituting and supporting the new Council amendment.
IV. FILING DEADLINE—SEPARATION OF POWERS
To realize what was decided by this Court, and how quickly it was decided, it would be helpful to chronologize
7/24/90 Ficker‘s petition for injunction filed with a request that the summons be returned to Ficker‘s attorney for service.
7/25/90 Ficker‘s hearing on his request for an ex parte and/or preliminary injunction. Hearing was continued for one week.
8/01/90 Denny files an answer, and a hearing is held on Ficker‘s request for ex parte or preliminary injunction. Judge Mitchell denies Ficker‘s request for preliminary injunction.
8/08/90 Notice of appeal to the Court of Special Appeals is filed. A motion for injunction pending appeal is also filed.
8/10/90 Court of Special Appeals denies Ficker‘s request for injunction pending appeal.
8/13/90 DEADLINE FOR FILING CHARTER AMENDMENT PETITIONS
8/16/90 Ficker petitions this Court for a writ of certiorari and for an injunction pending appeal.
8/20/90 This Court issues an order that oral argument “on the petition for certiorari” be set for August 28, 1990 and that “the motion [for injunction pending appeal] shall be granted and the petition to amend the Charter of Montgomery County shall be filed with the Montgomery County Board of Elections forthwith....”
8/22/90 Denny‘s attorney receives this Court‘s injunction pending appeal.
8/23/90 Denny complies with this Court‘s order and files the petition under protest.
8/24/90 Denny‘s opposition to petition for writ of certiorari is filed.
8/28/90 Hearing on petition for certiorari held.
8/29/90 Order of this Court granting the writ of certiorari, vacating the judgment of the circuit court for Mont-
One of the major problems with both the injunction pending appeal as well as the permanent injunction issued by the majority is that they order Denny to file the petition long after the filing deadline has passed.
In order to grant affirmative relief by way of a permanent injunction, the majority had to have made specific findings of fact that were antithetic to the findings of the trial judge who denied the injunction.
The majority begins by recognizing that if at least 2,500 signers wished to withdraw their names from the petition the petition should not be filed. They state that “signers have a right to withdraw their names from a petition if they no longer support it, [but] the number of persons withdrawing must bring the number of signatures to less than 10,000 in order to prevent the petition from being filed.” Majority Op. at 634. In issuing an injunction, the majority not only ignores the trial judge‘s decision, but also makes its own factual findings that are unsupported by, if not clearly contradicted by, the record. The trial judge accepted Denny‘s representation that “a great number of signers” (Denny argued well over 3,000) favored substituting the County Council amendment and, in effect, desired to withdraw their names. The majority makes its own contrary finding and states “there was no evidence in this case that the number of signers desiring to withdraw approached 2,500 people. Since the number of signers who wished to withdraw did not bring the total number of signers below 10,000, FIT and its Chairman were required ... to file the petition....” Majority Op. at 634-635. To hold that Ficker had met his burden of proof and to find as a fact that “the number of people who wished to withdraw did not bring the total number of signers below 10,000,” would require ignoring the trial judge, the record, and the uncontroverted affidavits filed in this case.
According to Denny‘s affidavits, after determining that the Council amendment would be on the ballot, Denny surveyed many of the approximately 20 organizations that comprised the membership of FIT. All were unanimous that the petition should be withdrawn. “Many” workers who circulated the petition were contacted and all were unanimous in favoring withdrawal. “Many” signers were
Immediately after Judge Mitchell denied Ficker‘s request for a preliminary injunction, Denny and FIT sent letters to all 12,500 petition signers. These letters advocated support for the Council amendment and advised the signers that they would not be filing the FIT petition. The letters did not solicit comment on the decision. After the letters were sent, within five days (by August 24, 1990) seventy-seven unsolicited responses were received. Seventy-six of the unsolicited responses favored not filing the petition and only one requested that the petition be filed. If these unsolicited comments are at all indicative of the ratio of petition signers who favored not filing to those who favored filing, 162 would be in favor of filing and 12,338 would agree with Denny that the petition should not be filed.
The majority states, “[i]n an affidavit, Mr. Denny attached only eleven letters from signers who stated that they wanted their names withdrawn from the FIT petition.” Majority Op. at 631. What this statement omits is that these letters were all dated July 27 through July 30 and were sent to Denny apparently as the result of publicity about the Ficker suit. All of the letters, generated by the initial publicity about the suit, unanimously supported Denny‘s position—none urged that the petition be filed and there was no objection from any signer when FIT publicized that the petitions would not be filed. It seems clear to me that there was substantial evidence justifying a conclusion that at least one-fifth of the 12,500 signers wished to withdraw.
I might note that the majority places some reliance on the “pledge” FIT made in its instructions that “[w]ith enough signatures, the proposed Charter Amendment will be submitted to the voters in the November elections.” Majority Op. at 630. This “pledge,” however, was not made to or given to the signers of the petition—it was contained in the
VI. FINAL INJUNCTION
On August 29, 1990, exactly three weeks after Ficker appealed the circuit court‘s denial of a preliminary injunction, this Court issued a permanent injunction and directed the circuit court to “enter a judgment ... requiring that the ... petitions be filed and verified....” This final injunction was issued before appellate briefs were prepared and even before the record was transmitted from the circuit court. I believe that the action taken by this Court violated basic principles of procedural law and fundamental fairness.
In Hammond v. Schappi Bus Line, 275 U.S. 164, 48 S.Ct. 66, 72 L.Ed. 218 (1927), the Supreme Court of the United States reversed a circuit court for granting a final injunction after an appeal from the denial of a preliminary injunction. The Supreme Court stated:
“The appeal was from the interlocutory decree denying the preliminary injunction.... The case was not yet ripe for final disposition by the Court of Appeals. ... Findings and rulings if now made on the basis of the evidence presented at the hearing on the application for the temporary injunction, might be rendered of no avail by the
presentation of other or additional evidence when the case comes on for final hearing.”
275 U.S. at 172, 48 S.Ct. at 69, 72 L.Ed. at 221.
Before granting a permanent injunction, we had an obligation to give Denny the reasonable opportunity he requested to prepare his defense and secure the evidence that at least 2,500 signers really did wish to withdraw as well as to obtain 2,500 formal written withdrawals if the Court believed that was necessary.
We must keep in mind that Denny and FIT were convinced that, given even minimal time to prepare for trial, they could prove that the great majority of the 12,500 signatures, certainly well over 2,500 signers, did not want the petition to be filed and wished to withdraw their signatures. Denny was entitled to an opportunity to prove his case. Sometime during the week between Ficker‘s initial filing and the hearing on the preliminary injunction, Denny was served with notice of the injunction. With an intervening weekend, even assuming it was served the day after the suit was filed, this left Denny less than five working days to draft his affidavit and answer as well as prepare for the hearing. It certainly did not allow him time to attempt to secure written withdrawals, or even try to further survey the 12,500 signers of their petition. Denny believed that he would be given an opportunity, prior to the issuance of any permanent injunction, to prepare and prove his case. After Denny prevailed in the circuit court there was neither the time nor the need to secure formal withdrawals. Two days after Ficker‘s appeal, the Court of Special Appeals denied Ficker‘s request for injunction pending appeal, and three days later the filing deadline passed. When this Court the following week issued its injunction pending appeal, Denny had not even had time to file an answer to Ficker‘s motion for injunction pending appeal. After that injunction was issued, Denny only had a week to prepare for the hearing before us. Denny‘s attorney indicated that, because all of the sponsoring organizations surveyed unanimously withdrew their support and all of the workers contacted unani-
Before a permanent injunction could be granted, Denny was entitled to an opportunity to prove his defense. He implored this Court for just a “couple of weeks” and proffered that he should be able to easily secure “thousands of withdrawals formally signed.” There may be situations where sudden emergencies require this Court to act without giving the parties anything more than minimal opportunity to prepare their case. We are not, in the instant case, faced with one of these situations. The filing deadline did not require immediate action—it passed prior to this Court‘s taking any action. There could be no prejudice to anyone by giving Denny the couple of weeks he needed to gather proof that over 2,500 signers wished to withdraw. Denny‘s attorney pointed out that there could be no prejudice in affording him this opportunity prior to any decision whether to issue a permanent injunction. The ballots for the November election could not be printed until after the September 11, 1990 primary results were tabulated and certified. There could be no certification of candidates to the Montgomery County Board of Supervisors of Elections until Monday, October 12, 1990. See
“c. Interlocutory Injunction.
‘Interlocutory injunction’ means an injunction granted after an adversary hearing on the propriety thereof, but before a determination of the merits of the action.
d. Final Injunction.
‘Final injunction’ means an injunction final or permanent in its nature granted after a determination of the merits of the action.” (Emphasis added).
In NCAA v. Johns Hopkins Univ., 301 Md. 574, 483 A.2d 1272 (1984), this Court pointed out that “[t]he difference ... between an interlocutory injunction and a permanent one is whether there has been a determination on the merits of the claim.” Id. at 580, 483 A.2d at 1275. In the instant case, the lower court only heard the request for an interlocutory injunction. This Court was not requested to issue a permanent injunction, but only an interlocutory injunction pending appeal. There was never any permanent injunction hearing or determination on the merits in the circuit court and no chance for Denny to collect and present evidence that over 2,500 signers wished to withdraw. This Court should not have issued a permanent injunction without giving Denny and FIT a reasonable opportunity to gather evidence and have a full hearing on the merits. NCAA v. Johns Hopkins, supra.
CONCLUSION
I fear that the Court may have created a substantial obstacle to the right of people to petition government for change. Public spirited citizens seeking amendments and referendums might fear what may happen if they begin to circulate petitions. They might be concerned about the possible scope of the “obligation [which] is implicit in the act of soliciting signatures.” Majority Op. at 633. Will they, as agent of the signers, be forced to file petitions, which because of subsequent events, they later realize they can no longer support? This Court should not convert Denny‘s voluntary right to petition for change into Denny‘s involuntary obligation to petition for change. I respectfully dissent.