139 Ind. 579 | Ind. | 1894
Suit by the appellant against the appellees Eugene Udell, Fannie Udell and Jennie M. Tompkins, to recover the possession and quiet appellant’s title to lots 15, 16, 17 and 18, in block 19, in North Indianapolis, Marion county, Indiana.
The complaint was in a single paragraph, and the issue was formed thereon by separate answers of a general denial by each of the appellees.
A trial resulted in a special finding by the court, on which it stated its conclusion of law, to which appellant excepted, after which the court rendered judgment in accordance with the conclusion of law, for the appellees. The conclusion of law is assigned for error.
The substance of the special finding is, that on-the 3d day of December, 1866, the Indianapolis Wagon and Agricultural Works was a manufacturing corporation duly organized under the laws of Indiana, located and doing business in Marion county, Indiana, with a capital stock of $100,000, in shares of $50 each, whose cor
On October 19, 1876, Robert Browning and George W. Sloan recovered judgment in the superior court of said county against said wagon and agricultural works, for $479.61 and costs, without relief, etc.; that on November 16, 1876, said company being in embarrassed and failing circumstances, made an assignment for the benefit of all its creditors, and, by deed, conveyed all its property, including the lots in question, to Eli F. Ritter, in trust for the benefit of such creditors, which deed of assignment was duly recorded in the office of the recorder of said-county, November 24, 1876.
On the 1st day of December, 1876, said Ritter filed a copy of said assignment in the office of the clerk of the Marion Circuit Court, together with his oath for the faithful discharge of his duties, and that the property assigned had been actually delivered into his possession, and that the probable value thereof was $7,000.
He filed his bond, took possession of the property, both real and personal, and gave notice of his appointment, and on January 16, 1877, he filed in said clerk’s office an inventory and appraisement of all said property. He continued to execute the trust until the 19th day of April, 1877, when he made a report that said wagon and agricultural works had, on March 30, 1877, filed in the district court of the United States for'the district of Indiana a voluntary petition in bankruptcy, and was thereupon duly adjudged, on the 6th day of April, 1877, a bankrupt by said court, and further reporting in detail
The special finding further shows that the facts thus reported a£ to the proceedings in bankruptcy were true. Said trustee, Ritter, in compliance with said order, immediately turned over and transferred unto Henry O. Adams, assignee in bankruptcy of said wagon and agricultural works all the property-rights, credits and effects of said bankrupt corporation, but made no deed or conveyance of the lots in controversy here or any of the assigned real estate to said assignee in bankruptcy. Said Ritter from that time ceased to act as such trustee. The schedule filed in said bankrupt procedings included, among other real estate, the lots mentioned and described above; that on April 21, 1877, John W. Ray, register in bankruptcy, did convey and assign to said Henry 0.. Adams, assignee, all the estate, real and personal, of the said Indianapolis Wagon and Agricultural Works, including all the property, of whatever kind, of which said bankrupt was possessed, or in which it was interested on the 30th day of March, 1877, excepting such property as is exempt from the operation of the assignment by the provisions of the 14th section of the bankrupt act; that on the 18th day of June, 1878, said Browning & Sloan made proof of their said judgment debt against said bankrupt before the proper register in bankruptcy, and said register admitted and allowed said debt, and he admitted and allowed said Browning & Sloan, as creditors therefor, the sum of $516. 27, being the principal and
It was also alleged in the complaint, that on February 10, 1886, at a public sale of real estate by the treasurer of said Marion county, for taxes, said William H. English purchased said several mortgaged lots, and that said sale for taxes was irregular and invalid, for the reason that said Charles B. Hitchcock, the owner of said mortgaged lots, had personal property out of which said taxes might-have been made, but that the amount of said taxes constituted valid liens on said lots.
It was further alleged in said complaint, that all the defendants thereto had, or claimed to have, some interest in said mortgaged property, but that if any interest, they had or any of them had in or to said property, the same was junior and subordinate to that of the plaintiff William H. English, and to his said mortgage claim and lien, and the said lien for taxes. A personal judgment of $3,000 was asked against said Charles B. Hitchcock, and a foreclosure of said mortgage and tax -liens against all the defendants, and a sale of the mortgaged property, or so much thereof as should be necessary to pay the liens. The defendants not hereinafter named as answering therein were all properly served with process and were defaulted.
The Berkshire Life Insurance Company answered the-complaint of English on September 10, 1886, by a general denial, and, 2, that the company held two judgments against Henry G. Hanneman, rendered in the-superior court of said county, for over $5,000 each, one-on December 17, 1878, and the other on September 11,,
On November 9, 1886, English filed a fourth paragraph of reply to said answer, averring that on August 12, 1882, Hitchcock came to him representing that he owned the lots named in the mortgage free from incumbrances, and asked the loan of money and offered to mortgage; that English had no notice that the insurance company had any lien or claim, when he loaned the money and took the mortgage from Hitchcock* which was done in good faith.. He further alleged that Hanneman never owned the lots.
On November 8, 1886, Robert Browning and George W. Sloan filed a disclaimer as to all the lots except those mentioned in the complaint in this suit, and as to those lots, they stated the recovery of the judgment, the execution sale, and the purchase by them, the sheriff’s certificate, and the assignment of' one-half of the same to Ferris as already stated in this finding above answering only as to one-half of the certificate which they then held and owned.
On November 8, 1886, these two causes were, by agreement, consolidated, and on February 10,1887, they were tried as one cause, resulting in a finding in favor of English for $953.81, the amount of his mortgage notes, and that the complaint of English was true except as there stated; that English had a lien on the lots for money paid at the tax sale as stated in his complaint; that it was a first lien on the lots, but that English was
The court further found the fact of the execution of the mortgage to English by Hitchcock and wife already mentioned on the lots in suit to secure the loan already mentioned, and that said mortgage lien is a first lien excepting the lien for taxes as aforesaid. The superior court then rendered a j udgment foreclosing the mortgage against all the defendants on the lots named in the complaint in the case at bar (with other lots), and rendered a personal judgment against Charles B. Hitchcock for $963.81 and costs without relief from valuation and appraisement laws, and ordered the lots to be sold to satisfy the decree. An order of sale was afterwards duly issued, and on the 19th day of March, 1887, after proper advertisement, the sheriff sold the whole of the real estate embraced in the mortgage for a sufficient amount to satisfy the English foreclosure decree, not including the tax lien English held.
^.t said sale the lots now in suit were purchased- by English for $62, which he paid, and received a certificate of purchase, entitling him to a deed at the expiration of one year from its date of March 19, 1887.
On March 17, 1888, the Berkshire Life Insurance Company paid to the clerk of the superior court of said county $62, and eight per cent, interest thereon, and costs of redemption for the benefit of English for the purpose of redeeming said lots from said sale as owner thereof, which redemption money was accepted and received by English, who thereupon surrendered and canceled his certificate of purchase.
That before making said redemption, and after the rendition of the English foreclosure decree, said .Charles
On January 17, 1888, said Robert Browning and wife executed, acknowledged and delivered unto Edwin P. Perris their quitclaim deed of the undivided half of the four lots now in controversy, which deed was recorded, in the recorder’s office of said county on January 18, 1888; that before the execution of the quitclaim deed last mentioned, a certain action was pending in the Morgan Circuit Court on change of venue from the superior court of Marion county, wherein said Robert Browning and Edwin P. Ferris were plaintiffs and said Berkshire Life Insurance Company and others were defendants.
The defendants in the case at bar, viz: Eugene Udell, Fannie Udell and Jennie Tompkins, were not parties to said action in the Morgan Circuit Court. They claim title under said.Berkshire Life Insurance Company under deeds subsequently executed as hereinafter shown. The complaint in the Morgan county suit was in one paragraph to quiet title in the plaintiffs. Issues were joined on that complaint, trial, finding and judgment for the defendants, and that the plaintiffs take nothing; that afterwards, on May 25, 1889, the same being the 30th judicial day of the April term, 1889, of said Morgan Circuit Court, the parties appeared, and said Browning and Ferris filed their bond for the payment of costs, together with a motion for a new trial as of right under the statute, which motion was granted and the judgment vacated.
Afterwards, on December 24, 1889, being the 32d judicial day of the November term of said court, said
This tax deed was recorded on May 1.0, 1889,. and on that day William H. English, unmarried, quitclaimed to Charles E. Coffin, for $256.83, the lots named in the complaint, with other lots, and the deed was recorded on September 23,1889, and on that day said Coffin and wife, for $260, quitclaimed to the Berkshire Life Insurance Company the 65 lots, including the four lots now in controversy, and the deed was recorded on September '23, 1889.
On December 2, 1889, for the sum of $500, the Berkshire Life Insurance Company, by warranty deed, conveyed to Fannie W. Udell, wife of her codefendant Eugene Udell, the lots described in the complaint herein, and the deed was recorded on December 24, 1889.
On March 31, 1889, for $350, the said Fannie W. Udell, with her husband, Eugene Udell, by a warranty deed, conveyed to defendant Jennie M. Tompkins lots 15 and 16, in block 19, named in the complaint herein, and the deed was recorded on April 3, 1891.
Upon the foregoing facts, the conclusion of law stated is ''‘that the law is with the defendants, and that the plaintiff has no title or interest in the real estate mentioned and described in the complaint herein.”
A great number of reasons are urged by appellants why the foregoing conclusion of law upon the facts found is erroneous, it being contended by them that the facts
We are met at the threshold of the investigation of those questions, with objections from the appellees to their consideration.
The first objection is that the transcript does not show that the judgment appealed from had been signed by the trial judge. We have held that the transcript need not show the signing of the judgment by the trial judge, the presumption being in favor of such signing. Adams v. Lee, 82 Ind. 587; Anderson v. Ackerman, 88 Ind. 481; State v. Hanna, 84 Ind. 183.
The judge is not required to sign each judgment as it is rendered, but he is only required to sign the record of each day’s proceedings once. That may include a great number of judgments. R. S. 1894, section 1382 (R. S. 1881, section 1330).
The trial judge’s signature is no part of the record of any particular cause, but is a part of the record of the whole day’s proceedings to which it is attached.
The next objection is that the special finding of facts is not signed by the judge. The conclusion of law stated immediately follows the finding of facts, and the judge’s signature immediately follows the conclusion of law.
It is true, as contended by appellees’ counsel, that the law requires the special finding to be signed by the judge, where, as here, it is not made a part of the record by bill of exceptions or order of the court. Peoria Marine, etc., Co. v. Walser, 22 Ind. 73; Roberts v. Smith, 34 Ind. 550; Conwell v. Clifford, 45 Ind. 392; Service v. Gambrel, 110 Ind. 349; McCray v. Humes, 116 Ind. 103; Wallace v. Kirtley, 98 Ind. 485.
It can hardly be said that the special finding is not signed at all by the judge because the statute requires him to “first state the facts in writing, and then the
No such motion was made. We therefore hold that the special finding and conclusion of law are sufficient to present the questions involved in them.
It is next contended by the appellees that the judgment in the Morgan Circuit Court is conclusive against the appellants, of all the questions sought to be litigated in this case.
Against this position appellant insists that that judgment is ineffective and not conclusive because the same had been vacated and set aside and a new trial granted to the then plaintiffs as a matter of right under the statute, and that they thereafter dismissed their suit. Appellees concede that in ordinary cases the granting of a new trial and the subsequent dismissal of the cause by
Under a statute very similar to ours it has been held that such a dismissal, after the grant of a new trial as of right, has the effect of restoring the conclusive character of the vacated judgment, on the.ground that it was only vacated for the one purpose under the statute, and that was to allow the defeated plaintiff one more trial, and only one, if he chose to avail himself thereof; and if he did not so choose, he must be held bound by the previous judgment, and abide by it. Cunningham v. City of Milwaukee, 13 Wis. 133; Fraser v. Weller, 6 McLean, 11.
These decisions commend themselves to our sense of justice and right. A contrary ruling would turn a statute intended as a shield against mistakes in the trial of real estate cases, by permitting one new trial without cause, into a sword of wrong and oppression, by which a plaintiff might get any number of trials of the same matter. The Legislature certainly never intended any such a thing.
But it is contended by the appellant that a contrary rule upon this question has been established in this State by this court in Carmikel v. Cox, 58 Ind. 133.
That case is distinguishable from the cases just cited' and from the case at bar. In that case the defendants
Therefore the judgment against the plaintiffs in the Morgan Circuit Court was conclusive against all the parties to it, and their privies as to the question of title to the lots now in question. Ferris was a party to ’that suit, he then claimed a one-half interest in said lots, and he has since purchased the interest of his then coplaintiff Browning in the other half. As to that half he is a privy to the judgment as against Browning, and is bound by it the same as if he had held Browning’s interest when that judgment was rendered. This result would be sufficient-to justify the .conclusion of law. But there is another good ground on which to rest the conclusion of law. ,
It is contended with great earnestness that the deed of assignment by which the Indianapolis Wagon and Agricultural Works conveyed the lots in question, with others, and their property rights, credits and effects to Eli F. Ritter, for the benefit of their creditors, was effectual to convey the title to the lots in question to him, subject to the lien of their prior judgment, and that the subsequent adjudication of bankruptcy against said Indianapolis Wagon and Agricultural Works did not avoid the previous assignment by that corporation to said Ritter for the benefit of its creditors, and though the State court ordered him to turn over all the property and assets of said insolvent corporation to its assignee in bankruptcy, which he did, as far as he could, except he made no deed or writing conveying or attempting to convey said lots to said assignee in bankruptcy, and therefore it is contended by appellant that the title to said lots remained
' It is therefore contended by the appellant that the attempted conveyance of said lots by the assignee in bankruptcy under the order of the bankrupt court was a mere nullity, and the title derived through the subsequent conveyances by the grantees of the assignee in bankruptcy is also ineffective and void.
And it is further contended that the proof of the judgment debt of Browning and Sloan against said wagon and agricultural works before the register in bankruptcy, the same being a corporation, did not extinguish their judgment or waive the lien thereof; and that the subsequent execution thereon and sheriff’s sale and deed thereunder conveyed a good title to the lots in question, and that the appellant holds that title by virtue of the subsequent assignments and conveyances set forth in the special finding.
Conceding, without deciding, that appellant is fully justified by the law in his contention for each one of the positions thus assumed, still the appellees contend that appellant is concluded and estopped from setting up and enforcing such title by other facts found fin the special finding.
Browning and Sloan were made parties defendant to English’s foreclosure suit, on the alleged ground that they claimed some interest, and they answered disclaiming as to all the lots except orie-half of the four now in
If the assignee’s sale was not binding on Browning and Sloan, then the court could not legally adjudge a foreclosure of English’s mortgage against Browning and Sloan, because English’s mortgage was made by one whose title was derived wholly through the sale of the assignee in bankruptcy. Therefore, two things must necessarily have been adjudicated and adjudged in English’s foreclosure suit before the decree of foreclosure could be, as it was, entered against Browning and Sloan, viz:
1. That the sale of the lots in question by the assignee in bankruptcy as against Browning and Sloan was valid and binding.
2. That the sheriff’s sale to Browning and Sloan on the execution on their judgment was invalid against Hitchcock, the purchaser at the bankrupt sale.
“Every point which * * must necessarily have been decided in order to support the judgment or decree is concluded. * * If a judgment necessarily determines a particular fact, that determination is conclusive, and requires the same fact to be determined in the same way in all subsequent actions between the same parties.’’ 1 Freeman Judgments (4th ed.), section 257.
Generally, a judgment is conclusive only between adversary parties. 12 Am. and Eng. Encyc. of Law, 83 and 84, and authorities there cited.
Hitchcock, under whom- appellees claim, was not an
It is true the appellant Ferris was not a party to the English foreclosure suit, but he purchased one-half of the interest in the lots of Browning and Sloan since that, litigation. As to that interest he is a privy with them and is equally bound with them by that decree as to that interest. When English began the suit, Ferris held an assignment of one-half of the Browning and Sloan certificate' of sheriff’s sale, but such assignment had not been recorded as the statute provides. R. S. 1894, section 778; R. S. 1881, section 766.
English had no notice of such assignment when he brought his foreclosure suit, though he received such notice pending that litigation.
Under such circumstances Ferris is regarded by the law as a purchaser pendente lite and equally bound by the decree with the parties. Boice v. Michigan, etc., Life Ins. Co., 114 Ind. 480; Adair v. Mergentheim, 114 Ind. 303;
It makes no difference whether the court erred in the foreclosure decree or not. If it did so err, the sole remedy was by appeal. Though the decree is full of errors it is nevertheless binding and conclusive when brought collaterally in question, as it is here, so long as the court had jurisdiction of the subject and the parties and the adjudication was within the issues, all of which was the case here. The appellant was, therefore, estopped and concluded by the decree from setting up the title he asserts.
It is contended by the appellant that the redemption from English’s foreclosure sale extinguished the decree, and therefore its conclusive character was destroyed. The only effect of a sale on the judgment is to satisfy or pay the same, and the only effect of a redemption is to extinguish the sale by making the payment in money instead of the sale.
The judgment is not extinguished by a sale or satisfaction. Its conclusiveness remains unaffected thereby; otherwise a second recovery might be had for the same cause. The judgment, though paid, is a complete bar and conclusive of everything therein adjudicated. There was no error in the conclusion of law that appellant had no title.
The judgment is affirmed.
Hackney, J., took no part in this decision.