Ferguson v. Ray

77 P. 600 | Or. | 1904

Mr. Justice Wolverton,

after stating the facts in the foregoing terms, delivered the opinion of the court.

1. The theory upon which the cause is sought to be maintained is that the quartz, the subject of the dispute, was either lost or abandoned property, and that in either event plaintiff is entitled to its possession or value as against the defendant and all 'others except the true owner. As the property was found beneath the surface of the earth, not upon it, the question has been presented whether or not1 it is treasure trove. We are firmly impressed that it cannot he so considered. Treasure trove, and its legal status, according to Blackstone, “is where any money, or coin, gold, silver, plate, or bullion is found hidden in the earth, or other private place, the owner thereof being unknown ; in which case the treasure belongs to the king. But if he that hid it be known, or afterwards found out, the owner, and not the king, is entitled* to it. Also if it be found in the sea, or upon the earth, if doth not belong to the king, but to the finder, if no owner appears. # * Formerly all treasure trove belonged to the finder, as was also the rule of the civil law. Afterwards it was judged expedient for the purposes of the State, and particularly for the coinage, to allow part of what was so found to the king, which was assigned to be all hidden treasure; such as is casually lost and unclaimed, and also such as is designedly abandoned, still remaining the right of the fortunate finder”: 1 Bl. Com. (Lewis’ Ed.) c. 8, *295, 296. Bouvier gives the same definition, except that he adds that it includes not only gold and silver, but whatever may constitute riches, as vases, urns, statues, etc.: Bouvier Diet. Mr. Chief Justice Appleton declares that “nothing is treasure trove except gold and silver”: Livermore v. White, 74 Me. 452, 456 (43 Am. Rep. 600). So, according to an article found in the Law Times (vol. 81, p. 21), the prerogative of treasure trove is strictly limited, and touches only gold and silver plate and bullion, discarding the baser metals ; and in Elwes v. Brigg Gas Co. 33 Law 7 Rep. [Ch. Div.] 592, it is said that Roman coins, not being gold or silver coins, did not fall within the royal prerogative of treasure trove. A case has come to our notice where it seems to have been conceded that certain cups, a chalice, pyxes, and a paten, all of silver, were treasure trove (Attorney General v. Moore, Law Rep. 1 Ch. Div. 676), and another where solid gold rings and ornaments were so classed: Queen v. Thomas, 33 Law Jour. N. S. p. 22. In a case from Pennsylvania (Huthmacher v. Harris’ Adm’rs, 38 Pa. 491, 80 Am. Dec. 502) the court say, however, of treasure trove: “Though commonly defined as gold or silver hidden in the ground, may, in our commercial day, be taken to include the paper representatives of gold and silver, especially when they are found hidden with both of these precious metals.” This is manifestly an enlargement of the common-law idea of the term, and we have been unable to find any cases that go beyond it.

We find expressions by Chancellors Walworth and Kent, however, that would seem to give it further scope, even to the extent of comprising all- chattels or goods hidden. We quote from the former in McLaughlin v. Waite, 5 Wend. 405 (21 Am. Dec. 232): “If chattels are found secreted in the earth or elsewhere, the common law presumes the owner placed them there for safety, intending to reclaim, them. If the owner cannot be found, he is presumed to be dead, and that the secret died with 'him. In such cases the property belongs to the sovereign of the country as the heir to him who was the owner ; but if they are found upon the surface of the earth, or in the sea, if no owner appears to claim them, it is presumed they have been intentionally abandoned by the former proprietor; and as such they are returned into the common mass of things, as in a state of nature.” And from the latter in his Commentaries (2 Kent, Com. *357): “Nor does this right of acquisition [by finding] extend to goods found hidden in the earth, and which go under the denomination of treasure trove. Such goods, in England, belonged to the king.” It is at once apparent, however, that neither of these distinguished jurists was attempting to define treasure trove, but was distinguishing it as it respects the rights of the finder from goods found upon the surface of the earth; hence that they intended no innovation upon the common-law idea of the term. Indeed, Chancellor Walworth cites as his sole authority from volumes 1 and 2 of Blackstone’s Commentaries, the substance of which, as it relates to the subject in hand, we have quoted above; and it is only upon the principle indicated that the citation supports him at all. But, without further reference to the authorities, or attempting to define more precisely the scope and meaning of the term “treasure trove,” we may very safely conclude that, in view of the nature of the property in controversy, it does not fall within the classification. It is neither gold nor bullion. It is simply what may be correctly denominated gold-bearing quartz. The testimony varies touching the relative weight of the gold as compared with the rock in which it is carried, the estimates ranging from one-fourth to three-fourths, but it is manifest that in either extreme it cannot be fitly or properly styled bullion, and there is clearly nothing else that will give it the stamp of treasure trove.

2. This brings us back to the real controversy: Was it lost or abandoned property, or, rather, does the evidence suffice to carry the case to the jury upon that contention? The novelty of the affair is such as to induce hesitation, and to involve us in some doubt; but a careful survey of the authorities impresses us that it cannot be characterized as either lost or abandoned in the sense that the finder is entitled to its possession or ownership as against the owner of the soil. Nor do we think that any reasonable inference that such is its nature and character can be deduced from the evidence, and the case therefore is not one proper for the jury to pass upon. It has been very well understood in this jurisdiction, since the case of Sovern v. Yoran, 16 Or. 269 (20 Pac. 100, 8 Am. St. Rep. 293) and the more recent one of Danielson v. Roberts, 44 Or. 108 (74 Pac. 913) what is meant by lost or abandoned property. To lose is |casually and involuntarily to part with the possession, so ' that the mind has no impress of, and can have no recourse to, the event; and, if the property is found on the surface of the earth, the conditions suggest that it has been intentionally abandoned, and as such has returned to the common mass cf things, in a state of nature, which belongs to the first occupant or finder, the owner not appearing (1 Bl. Com. [Lewis’ Ed.] c. 8, *295, 296; 2 Bl. Com. [Lewis’ Ed.] c. 26, *402; 2 Kent, Com. *356; McLaughlin v. Waite, (5 Wend. 405, 21 Am. Dec. 232), the distinction betweeja losing and abandonment, being that one is involuntary, while themther is bv intent or design. But the result, as it relates to the property, is practically the same, the owner not appearing to lay claim to it. In the one^fi.ase.the finder has the right to the._n_Qg&e3aiffinmgnmsL.all.except the true owner. Tn the other he acquires the absolute property by right of his occupancy. It is the presumption of abandonment that obtains until the owner appears and claims the property that gives the right as legal possessor to the first occupier, the presumption bgin^disputable by the rightful owner. Such presumption or inference does not obtain as to property intentionally left or deposited in n. designated, place, and possibly forgotten for the time being, as the loss depends upon something more than knowledge or ignorance, or the memory or -want of memory of the owner as to the locality at any given moment. “ In such case,” says Baron Parke, “the taker is not justified in concluding that the goods -were lost,vbecause there is little doubt he must have believed that the owner would know where to find them agjain, and he had no pretense to consider them abandoned or derelict.”

The principle is amply illustrated in the cases. In Lawrence v. State, 1 Humph. 228 (34 Am. Dec. 644), a customer placed his pocketbook on a table in a barber shop, and, his attention being attracted to the outside, went out, forgetting it. The barber discovered the pocketbook, and attempted to appropriate it, and it was held that it was not lost property. In McAvoy v. Medina, 11 Allen, 548 (87 Am. Dec. 733), the plaintiff picked up a pocketbook in a barber shop, and handed it to the barber, but, the owner not appearing to claim it, sued to recover it. In disposing of the case Mr. Justice Dewey says : “ This property is not, under the circumstances, to be treated as lost property in that sense in vdiich the finder has a valid claim to hold the same until called for by the true owner. The property was voluntarily placed upon atablo in the defendant’s shop by a customer of his, who accidentally left the same there, and has never called for it. The plaintiff also came there as a customer, and first saw the same, and took it from the table. The plaintiff did not by this acquire the right to take the property from the shop, bnt it was rather the duty of the defendant * * to use reasonable care for the safekeeping of the same until the owner should call for it.” See, also, Kincaid v. Eaton, 98 Mass. 139 (93 Am. Dec. 142); State v. McCann, 19 Mo. 249; People v. McGarren, 17 Wend. 460. The circumstances must be such, considering the place and the conditions under which the property was found, as to lead to the .inference that the property was casually or involuntarily left where found, or there can be no losing. This is well illustrated by the case of Durfee v. Jones, 11 R. I. 588 (23 Am. Rep. 528). Plaintiff bought an old safe, and left it with his agent to sell, who in turn left it with defendant for a like purpose. The defendant, in looking through it, found a roll of bills, amounting to $165, between the wooden lining and the sheet-iron exterior, which could only have gotten or been placed.there through a large crack in the lining. The court said : “We think the money here, though designedly left in the safe, was probably not designedly put in the crevice or interspace where it was found, but that, being left in the safe, it probably slipped or was accidentally shoved into the place where it was found without the knowledge of the owner, and so was lost, in the stricter sense of the word. The money was not simply deposited and forgotten, but deposited and lost by reason of a defect or insecurity in the place of deposit.”

The circumstances and conditions of the place where found afforded"the indicia froin-which the inference of a losing was deducecT"'"Wow, in the case at bar, the quartz was not found on the surface of the earth. True, a small piece or so was 'picked up from the surface, but, if this were all, there would have been no controversy. The remainder was found imbedded in the earth, and the presumption that it was lost -which attends property found on the surface of the earth is wanting, so that there was no inference for the jury, deducible from the place of finding and the conditions of the property, that it was lost property. Indeed, the evidence, it would seem, refutes any such presumption or inference. The property was valuable. It had certainly at some time previous been detached by human agency from a ledge, its natural place of deposit; and the evidence that it was once contained in a hag of some kind of cloth, and that trees nearest the place of finding bore some, old marks, apparently made by design to aid in locating the property, would indicate that it was voluntarily deposited where found. What effect the elements have had upon the conditions and position in which it was left could, only be the merest conjecture. In any event, there could be no inference of a losing or abandonment from the conditions present at the finding, and this is all the knowledge we have respecting the matter; so that the case was not such as was proper to be left to the jury for their determination upon the theory that the property was lost or abandoned.

The case, to our mind, falls within the principle of a class of cases which we will now notice, and which counsel for defendant rely upon as controlling. The one most nearly illustrative is South Staffordshire Waterworks v. Sharman, 65 L. J. (N. S.)460. The subject of the controversy there was two gold rings found by a laborer in a pool upon the premises of his employers. He was engaged in cleaning out the pool, and, after throwing out large quantities of mud, -came uponHhe rings and some other articles of interest. Lord Russell, in announcing his opinion, quotes from Pollock and Wright on-Possession in the Common Law, pp. 40, 41, as follows: “The possession of the land carries-with'ft in general, by our law, possession of everything which is attached to or under that land, and, in the absence of a better title elsewhere, the right to possesqmt also. And it makes no difference that the possessor is not aware of the thing’s existence.” “It is free to any one who requires a specific intention as part of de facto possession to treat this as a positive rule of law. But it seems preferable to say that the legal possession rests on a real de facto possession, constituted by the occupier’s general power and intent to exclude unauthorized interference.” And then says : “It is upon the principle expressed in this [the latter] passage that I base my judgment, for it shows the broad distinction between the present case and the case contemplated in the passage cited to us in course of the argument from Blackstone’s Commentaries, showing that a jewel cast into the sea or on the public highway could not be said to be in the possession of any one, because no one had a right to exclude another from the public place”; and concludes as follows : “The general principle is that where any one is in possession of house or land which he occupies, and over which he manifests an intention of exercising a control and preventing unauthorized interference, and something is found in that house or on that land by a stranger or a servant, the presumption is that the possession of the article found is in the owner of the locus in quo."

Another case is noted in Law Notes (vol.'7, No. 8, p. 160), decided by Supreme Court Justice Forbes of New York; not so authoritative as the preceding one, as it does not come from a court of appeals, but the principle is recognized. Some ancient dishes, supposed to have been buried by Colonel Edmeston,an officer in the French-Indian war, 150 years ago, at a time when he was obliged to flee from the Indians, were recently plowed up, and it was held as to them to be well established that where a thing is imbedded in the soil the right to it is in the owner of the land, unless it is of such a character as to constitute treasure trove. Other cases announcing the same principle are Elwes v. Brigg Gas Co. 33 Law Rep. Ch. Div. 592; Regina v. Rowe, Bell’s Crown Cas. 93. Now, we have here property not treasure trove, found imbedded in the soil under circumstances repelling the idea that it has been lost. How long a time it had been in the place where found is conjectural, of course, but it had probably been there many years— long enough, at least, that only a trace of the cloth bag that once contained it was left; and the ownership of the land where found is in the defendant. Being in the possession of the land, and exercising ownership over it, thus manifesting an intention to prevent unauthorized interference, we must ..conclude, as was announced by Lord Russell in South Staffordshire Waterworks v. Sharman, 65 L. J. (N. S.) 460, that “the presumption is that the possession of the article found is in the ownej’eof the locus in quo.”

There was error, therefore, in denying the nonsuit, and the judgment appealed from will be reversed, and the cause remanded for such other proceedings as may seem proper, not inconsistent with this opinion. Reversed.