97 Mo. App. 64 | Mo. Ct. App. | 1902
— The plaintiff is a corporation engaged in the manufacture of beer, and defendant was
The only evidence which we need consider was that given by plaintiff’s chief officer and that was that plaintiff and the other brewery corporations of Kansas City had an understanding and agreement that they would not sell to any one who was in debt for beer to either of the others, until he paid that debt. The statute aforesaid (sec. 8966) denounces any agreement, arrangement or combination made with a view to lessen, or which tends to lessen, full and free competition in the importation, manufacture or sale of any article. By such understanding and agreement between the brewers, no-'brewer would sell to a person indebted to another
The question is, what is the tendency of the agreement? and what are the opportunities for oppression which the statute is designed to suppress ? It does not affect the character of the agreement proven that the brewers only intended a worthy purpose. Intention will not avail when the effect is within the statute. And it has been held by the highest authority that though
It is no answer to the view we have taken to say that any one has a right to refuse to sell to whomsoever he may elect. It is true he may so refuse; but the argument, properly applied, is disastrous to those who advance it. Any one may exercise a choice as to whom he will sell his goods, but he can not enter into a contract whereby he binds himself not to sell, for in such instance he barters away his right of choice and destroys the very right he claims the privilege of exercising. After entering upon such agreement he is no longer a free agent.
The cases are few where it has ever been held that the individual right may be lawfully exercised collectively, by contract. The cases of MacAuley Bros. v. Tierney, 19 R. I. 255, and Bohm Mfg. Co. v. Hollis, 54 Minn. 223, are among them. But it will be noticed that those cases, and any others with similar views, are not based upon statutes. And though decided on what is asserted to be general principles of law, they'are not supported by the great weight of authority. Cases supra; Bailey v. Master Plumbers, 103 Tenn. 99; Nester v. Brewing Co., 161 Pa. St. 473; Moore v. Bennett, 140
Since the foregoing was written, additional briefs have been filed presenting arguments against the views therein stated; which, on account of the importance of the question, we will answer — though, perhaps, causing some repetition of what has already been said. '
Prominent among the points advanced is one based on the ground that the agreement not to- sell to any one in debt to any member for beer is not a wrongful agreement at common law. And that it is not a wrongful agreement under the statute aforesaid.
In support of the assertion that the agreement not to sell beer to defendant was not wrongful, plaintiff (planting itself on the undoubtedly correct proposition that a dealer has the absolute right, whether prompted by caprice, malice or otherwise, to refuse to sell to another) has said that as it had then the lawful right to refuse to sell beer to defendant, and that whatever one had a lawful right to do, a number had a lawful right to agree to do. That is, that the lawful right of an individual, acting singly, could not become unlawful by the combined action of several to do the same thing. This expression is deceptively fair; so much so, that it has caught the mind of learned judges in some cases and has been stated in opinions, and made the basis of decisions. But there was never a greater error. If we can demonstrate its fallacy we will have succeeded in destroying the greater part of plaintiff’s argument. The doing of intentional harm to others, or to the public, is wrong and in most cases is unlawful. But the doing an act, however bad the motive, if not harmful, is not unlawful. If, however, the act is done in a manner (which may include the number doing it) as to be harmful, then it may be unlawful. It is the unwarranted wrong committed which determines the unlawful character of the act. It is not determined by the fact
“There is between the different parts of the body politic a reciprocity of action on each other, which, like the action of antagonizing muscles in the natural body, not only prescribes to each its appropriate state and condition, but regulates the motion of the whole. The effort of an individual to disturb this equilibrium can never be perceptible, nor carry the operation of his interest on that of any other individual, beyond 'the limits of fair competition; but. the increase of power by the combination of means, being in geometrical proportion to the number concerned, an association may be able to give an impulse, not only oppressive to individuals, but mischievous to the public at large; and it is the employment of an engine SO' powerful and dangerous, that gives criminality to an act that would be perfectly innocent, at least in a legal view, when done by an individual. " Commonwealth v. Carlisle, Brightly (N. P.) 36.
Judge Thayer, of the United States Circuit Court
In Bailey v. Master Plumbers, the Supreme Court of Tennessee said: “A combination has hurtful powers and influences not possessed by the individual. It threatens and impairs rivalry in trade, covets control in prices, seeks and obtains its own advancement at the expense and in the oppression of the public.” 103 Tenn. 118.
It was said by the Supreme Court-of Connecticut, on the same subject: “Any one man, or any one of-, Several men, acting independently is powerless; but when several combine and direct their united energies to the accomplishment of a bad purpose, the combination is formidable. Its power for evil increases as its numbers increase.” State v. Glidden, 55 Conn. 46, 75. And such is the view of the United States Circuit Court of Appeals, as expressed by Justice Hablan, in Arthur v. Oakes, 63 Fed. Rep. 310. No case upholding the right of combination in competition with a business rival has been more fully considered than that of Mogul Steamship Co. v. McGregor. It was tried before Lord Coleridge and his judgment is found reported in L. R. 21 Q. B. Div. 544. On appeal to the queen’s bench his judgment was affirmed by a divided court. L. R. 23 Q. B. Div. 598. It was then appealed to the House of Lords and again affirmed in Appeal Cas. for 1892, page 25. On the first appeal, BoweN, L. J., said: “Of the general proposition, that certain kinds of conduct, not criminal in any one individual may become criminal if done by combination among several, there can be no doubt. The distinction is based on sound reason, for. a combination may make oppressive or dangerous that which if it proceeded only from a single person would be otherwise, and the very fact of the combination may show
But all combinations of men are, of course, by no means unlawful. Whether a combination is lawful or unlawful is ascertained by the character and purpose of the combination. It is therefore necessary to determine whether the combination evidenced by the agreement of the brewers in this case was lawful. It may be considered in twofold character; one as affecting the right of the public to unrestrained trade; and the other as affecting defendant’s private rights. Its admitted purpose was to prevent any brewers from selling to any one so long as he was in debt to any of them for beer. We have already stated that being in debt was
Did such combination as applied to defendant affect his rights? As already said, plaintiff had the right to refuse to sell to defendant. But defendant had the right to buy and plaintiff did not have the right to prevent others from selling to him by engaging them in a compact not to do so. For by so doing there was an invasion of defendant’s right to buy. Each must exercise his right without infringing on the right of the other. Defendant can not construe his right to buy in such a way as to annul plaintiff’s right to refuse to sell. And neither can plaintiff stretch its right to refuse to sell so as to interfere with defendant’s right to buy of others. When plaintiff sought out other dealers and procured them not to sell to defendant, it got outside its own right and invaded defendant’s. In the ordinary mutations of business, traders use their, independent and unhampered judgment, and in consequence they are found courting the patronage of one to-day that they may have avoided yesterday. The change of opinion which, in the natural run of affairs, comes with change of situation and condition has free play when traders are left to act, each upon his own conclusion. In conse.quence, there would be no.' timé when a worthy man,
But in order to fix the statutory penalty of disability to collect the debt, defendant can not stop at merely showing the combination to be unlawful at common law: he must show that it is unlawful under the statute. However much the ordinary principles of law may aid in fixing the character of the combination in question, the proper construction of the statute is the primary consideration.
Section 8966 declares that all contracts and combinations made either with a view to lessen, or which tend to lessen, free and full competition in the sale of an article shall be considered void and a conspiracy to defraud. Now, did the agreement that no member of ithe combination would sell to any one in debt to anothermember, tend to lessen competition?
As before stated, the argument of counsel for plaintiff is that the agreement was one that the brewers had a right to make and that it was, therefore, not wrongful; and being a rightful agreement, its interference with competition was merely incidental and, therefore, it did not fall within the meaning of the statute. We have already, for two reasons, shown that it was not a rightful agreement and the question is thus stripped of that supposed protection from the penalties of the statute. We have already characterized the agreement as wrongful and unlawful and we will consider whether its wrongful and unlawful character is of such kind or class as to bring it within the provisions of the statute aforesaid prohibiting any combination made with a
Competition is the struggle between rivals for the same trade at the same time. It is self-evident that there can not be competition unless there is trade, and so though the popular saying is that, “competition is the life of trade,” yet it is quite certain that trade is the mother of competition, for the latter springs from the former. So, therefore, whatever restrains trade restrains competition in exact degree. One of the reasons given by the Supreme Court of Massachusetts, why contracts in restraint of trade were void, was that “they prevent competition.” Alger v. Thacher, 19 Pick. 51. And so the same thing is said in Beach on Monopolies and Trusts, section 36. We have already seen that the agreement and combination in question were in restraint of trade and, therefore, we must hold they tended “to lessen full and free competition,” and are within the meaning of the statute. But we are not put to the necessity of showing this by deduction, for, as stated in the fore part of this opinion, the agreement struck directly at competition. The agreement was that no member of the combination should sell to a debtor of any other member. That is to say, all other members were cut out of the right to compete for the debtor member’s trade.
We are cited to some eases which counsel urge in support of the legality and rightfulness of the agreement in question. None of them are in point. Those of Anderson v. United States, and Hopkins v. United States, 171 U. S. 604, 568, 579, do not reach the question involved here. Those cases merely decide (so far as bearing any analogy to this case) that where an agreement is made with no purpose or intention of restraining or affecting interstate commerce and which does not in fact restrain it (except in a remote and inci
In Kentucky there was a statute similar to ours when the case of Brewster v. Millers Co., 101 Ky. 368, arose. That case was where undertakers combined and agreed not to sell to or wait upon any one in debt to any other member for burial expenses. The plaintiff’s wife died, whereupon he went to the Millers to engage their services at the funeral and to purchase necessary articles for that purpose. They refused him on the ground that he was then indebted to them for burying his father. The other members of the combination or association also refused on the ground of the indebtedness to Millers. Brewster (the plaintiff) then sued the members of the association. The court decided that he had no cause of action, but expressly disclaimed deciding that the defendants were not liable to the penalties and disabilities of the statute, since the action was not one “to enforce any contract or agreement made in violation of the statute.” The case of Transportation Co. v. Oil Co., 50 W. Va. 611, is not applicable. The case of Hunt v. Simonds, 19 Mo. 583, was an action for damages occasioned to the plaintiff on account of a number of insurance companies agreeing to refuse and refusing to insure his steamboat. It was held that the action could not be maintained. The action is not to be likened to the defense in this case, and besides
It is claimed by plaintiff that persons in trade have the right to combine for the purpose of mutual protection against dishonest debtors. That statement is made in the case of Schulten v. Brewing Co., 96 Ky. 224. While that case did not involve the violation or construction of a statute, and is altogether foreign to the questions involved in this case, yet it is not necessary for us to combat the proposition there stated. The agreement shown here was not an agreement that the brewers would not sell to dishonest debtors. On the contrary, it made no distinction and cut down the right-of any who was in debt for beer to buy beer. It may be that a combination among merchants whereby they by proper means and in a lawful way, sought to protect themselves against false pretenders would not be an unlawful combination. And it may be (it is not our province now to decide) that if it was the practice of persons, dishonest and insolvent, to buy articles from dealers in merchandise, with the fraudulent intention never to pay for them, the dealers could form themselves into an association or combination and protect themselves from such preyers on the thrift of others. But a case of that kind is widely different from the one now before us. The statute, while aiming to protect the public from the evils of monopoly, was not designed to offer facilities for the cheat or fraud.
The result of the foregoing is that a recovery by plaintiff is expressly forbidden and the judgment must be reversed.