778 F.3d 1320 | Fed. Cir. | 2015
Before N EWMAN , S CHALL , and H UGHES , Circuit Judges.
N EWMAN , Circuit Judge. Fenner Investments, Ltd. appeals from the district court’s grant of summary judgment that Cellco Partner- ship, doing business as Verizon Wireless, does not in- fringe claim 1 of United States Patent No. 5,561,706 (the ’706 patent). We affirm the judgment.
B ACKGROUND The ’706 patent is directed to personal communication services (PCS) systems, whereby users are provided with the ability to access a communications network from diverse locations. Before the development of PCS sys- tems, call servicing and billing were specific to a particu- lar communications device at a fixed location. In PCS systems, telephone service can be identified independent of a telephone unit, and each user of a particular device has a personal identification number by which call servic- ing and billing are identified with the user, and not with a particular telephone unit. ’706 Patent col. 1 ll. 15-45.
The ’706 patent states that “a need has arisen for a system capable of locating and tracking personal identifi- cation numbers such that billing and connecting proce- dures may be accomplished” in order to realize the benefits of uncoupling devices and individual users oper- ating in a PCS system. Col. 1 ll. 43-45. The ’706 patent states that existing PCS systems do not address this need because “present telephone communication numbering and addressing systems are geographically oriented since the source telephone and the destination telephone num- bers are always in predictable and set locations.” Col. 1 ll. 32-35. The ’706 invention seeks to address this problem “by means of a mobile address management system” that “uses multiple location authorities to track the locations of personal identification numbers and multiple billing authorities to maintain the services and the billing costs associated with a personal identification number.” Col. 1 ll. 49-54.
Claim 1, the only asserted claim of the ’706 patent, states the patented method: 1. A method of providing access to a mobile user in a communications system having a plurality of interconnected radio frequency communication switches for selectively collecting calls to mobile users via radio frequency links, a plurality of bill- ing authorities for maintaining service profiles of mobile users and a plurality of location authori- ties for maintaining current locations of mobile users within the interconnected communication switches, the method comprising: receiving at a radio frequency communication
switch a personal identification number from a mobile user;
receiving from the mobile user at the communica- tion switch a billing code identifying one of the plurality of billing authorities maintaining a service profile for the mobile use[r], wherein different ones of the plurality of billing au- thorities may maintain the service profile or a second profile for the mobile user identified by the personal identification number;
requesting a service profile of the mobile user from the billing authority identified by the re- ceived billing code;
storing in memory the service profile received from the billing authority; and providing the mobile user access to the switch. After a claim construction hearing, the district court adopted Verizon’s proposed construction of the term “personal identification number,” construing it to mean “a number separate from a billing code (as construed herein), identifying an individual system user, which is associated with the individual and not the device.” The district court construed “billing code” to mean “a code separate from the personal identification number (as construed herein), identifying a particular billing authority (as construed herein).” Based on the court’s designated meaning of these terms, the parties stipulated to final judgment of noninfringement, subject to Fenner’s right to appeal.
D ISCUSSION We review de novo the ultimate question of the proper construction of patent claims and the evidence intrinsic to the patent. Teva Pharm. USA, Inc. v. Sandoz, Inc. , 135 S. Ct. 831, 841 (2015); id. (“[W]hen the district court reviews only evidence intrinsic to the patent (the patent claims and specifications, along with the patent’s prosecution history), the judge’s determination will amount solely to a determination of law, and the Court of Appeals will review that construction de novo .”). The district court’s determination of subsidiary facts based on extrinsic evidence is reviewed for clear error. Id. at 835, 841.
The district court’s definition of “personal identifica- tion number” is the issue on this appeal. Fenner argues that the district court erred by construing “personal identification number” as a number that is associated with the individual user and not with the device. Fenner argues that the plain meaning of “personal identification number” does not contain or require this limited defini- tion, and that the district court erroneously imported this limitation from the specification and erroneously relied on the prosecution history to support this construction.
The terms used in patent claims are not construed in the abstract, but in the context in which the term was presented and used by the patentee, as it would have been understood by a person of ordinary skill in the field of the invention on reading the patent documents. See Biogen Idec, Inc. v. GlaxoSmithKline LLC , 713 F.3d 1090, 1095 (Fed. Cir. 2013) (“[A] term’s ordinary meaning must be considered in the context of all the intrinsic evidence, including the claims, specification, and prosecution histo- ry.”). Thus, a claim receives the meaning it would have to persons in the field of the invention, when read and understood in light of the entire specification and prosecu- tion history. Phillips v. AWH Corp. , 415 F.3d 1303, 1312– 1317 (Fed. Cir. 2005) (en banc). Any explanation, elabo- ration, or qualification presented by the inventor during patent examination is relevant, for the role of claim construction is to “capture the scope of the actual inven- tion” that is disclosed, described, and patented. Retracta- ble Techs., Inc. v. Becton, Dickinson & Co. , 653 F.3d 1296, 1305 (Fed. Cir. 2011).
Words are symbols, linguistic embodiments of infor- mation sought to be communicated, and, as such, can be imperfect at representing their subject. The Supreme Court recently observed this challenge to patent claim interpretation, stating in Nautilus, Inc. v. Biosig Instru- ments, Inc. , 134 S. Ct. 2120, 2128-29 (2014), that “the definiteness requirement must take into account the inherent limitations of language,” and that clarity is required although “recognizing that absolute precision is unattainable.” When the disputed words describe tech- nology, the terse usage of patent claims often requires “construction” in order to define and establish the legal right. Judicial “construction” of patent claims aims to state the boundaries of the patented subject matter, not to change that which was invented.
A. The Written Description The foundation of judicial claim construction is the “written description” in the specification. The patent statute requires that the claims “particularly point[] out and distinctly claim[] the subject matter” that the appli- cant regards as the invention. 35 U.S.C. §112(b). The district court appropriately consulted the description in the ’706 specification “for the purpose of better under- standing the meaning of the claim.” White v. Dunbar , 119
U.S. 47, 51 (1886).
The ’706 specification includes block diagrams and flow charts, typified by Figure 1. Such drawings are part of the “written description” of the invention. The text of the ’706 patent states: “Referring now to Fig. 1, wherein there is shown a block diagram of the present invention. . . . The personal identification numbers 2 are not associated with any particular com- munications unit or physical location but are associated with individual users.” ’706 Patent col. 2 ll. 30-36. Veri- zon argues that this description limits the available scope of claim 1. See, e.g. , Verizon Servs. Corp. v. Vonage Hold- ings Corp. , 503 F.3d 1295, 1308 (Fed. Cir. 2007) (“[D]escrib[ing] the features of the ‘present invention’ as a whole . . . limits the scope of the invention.”).
The patent explains that this system is distinguished from non-PCS telephonic communications systems whose “billing and system management procedures are associat- ed with the telephones present in a household or busi- ness” and “billing charges are associated with the telephone and not with the individual making the call.” ’706 Patent col. 1 ll. 16-22. Describing the PCS system as centered on the user instead of the device, the patent describes the “PCS concept envision[ing] each telephone user having a personal identification number” and “[b]illing and call servicing are identified with the indi- vidual personal identification numbers and not with a telephone unit.” Col. 1 ll. 24-30.
The patent points out that the “individualized nature of a PCS system raises several problems,” such as how to “locat[e] and track[] personal identification numbers such that calls can be set up with and billed to the proper user.” Col. 1 ll. 30-31, 37-40. The patent states that its invention “overcomes” these problems and accomplishes the tracking of location and billing authority through a user-centered system in which users have personal identi- fication numbers that are associated with the individual user, but not a particular communications unit or physical location. Col. 1 l. 49; col. 2 ll. 35-37. The district court construed claim 1 as subject to the limitation that the personal identification number identify and associate with the user and not the device, for claim 1 states that a “personal identification number” is received “from a mobile user” and the “plurality of billing authorities may maintain the service profile or a second profile for the mobile user identified by the personal identification number.” Col. 6 ll. 3-11.
The patent also describes a “fraud protection means” that uses a check out protocol to determine if a person- al identification number 2 is active in only one lo- cation. When a personal identification number is found to be active in two non-adjacent loca- tions . . . the switch node attempting to check out the personal identification number is sent a fraud error message. Col. 3 ll. 5-12. Verizon argues that this control fur-
ther demonstrates that the ’706 patent is for a user- centered method in which the personal identification number is associated with a user, not a device-centered method.
B. The Prosecution History The prosecution history bolsters the district court’s construction that the term “personal identification num- ber” is a number associated with the user, not the device. See Phillips , 415 F.3d at 1317 (“[L]ike the specification, the prosecution history was created by the patentee in attempting to explain and obtain the patent.”).
During prosecution, the patent examiner rejected Fenner’s claims for obviousness in view of U.S. Patent No. 5,210,787 (“Hayes”). Hayes describes a system in which contact to a communications system is maintained through a process of “registration.” Hayes col. 1 l. 55 to col. 2 l. 5; col. 2 l. 65 to col. 3 l. 10. The Hayes registration process involves a mobile device periodically receiving a signal from a base station, which signal includes infor- mation identifying the base station system, referred to as a “system identification number”; the mobile device responds to the base station signal by sending a “mobile identification number” and its electronic serial number for registration. Id. col. 1 ll. 57-67.
Fenner overcame this rejection by stressing that Hayes is a device-centered communication system, in contrast to Fenner’s user-centered design. Fenner argued that the mobile identification number of Hayes “is equiva- lent to a typical wireline telephone number since it must be assigned to a particular mobile communication switch or home exchange, much like a wireline telephone is.” J.A. 2508. Distinguishing Hayes, Fenner stated that “[t]he present invention, on the other hand, is centered around the mobile user, not the mobile telephone. The user is identified by a personal code. Furthermore, the mobile user need not be, unlike a mobile telephone, as- signed to a particular home exchange.” J.A. 2509.
Fenner argues that these purportedly limiting state- ments he made during prosecution do not limit the claims, arguing that the statements and the limitations discussed were not the basis for grant of the patent. However, the interested public has the right to rely on the inventor’s statements made during prosecution, without attempting to decipher whether the examiner relied on them, or how much weight they were given. See Microsoft Corp. v. Multi-Tech Sys., Inc. , 357 F.3d 1340, 1350 (Fed. Cir. 2004) (“[A] patentee’s statements during prosecution, whether relied on by the examiner or not, are relevant to claim interpretation.”); Laitram Corp. v. Morehouse Indus., Inc. , 143 F.3d 1456, 1462 (Fed. Cir. 1998) (“The fact that an examiner placed no reliance on an applicant’s statement distinguishing prior art does not mean that the statement is inconsequential for purposes of claim construction.”).
As the district court observed, the prosecution history does not show or suggest that Fenner contemplated any alternative to a personal identification number associated with the individual and not with the device.
C. Inoperability Fenner argues that the district court’s claim construc- tion of “personal identification number” to mean “associ- ated with the individual and not the device” cannot be correct because it renders the patented invention inoper- able. Fenner states that only a device (not a person) is capable of transmitting the personal identification num- ber to a radio-frequency communication switch, and that “a human being cannot communicate with such a switch except through a compatible radio-equipped cell phone or other wireless unit.” Appellant Br. 25. The ’706 patent, col. 6 ll. 3-4, refers to “receiving at a radio frequency communication switch a personal identification number from a mobile user,” an activity performed by a device, not by a person.
Fenner argues that the district court’s claim construc- tion means that “there can never be any association between the personal identification number and the device” and, thus, is incorrect. Appellant Br. 28. Howev- er, the district court’s construction requires only that a personal identification number is not permanently associ- ated with a specific communications unit or location. This construction is not flawed.
D. Claim Differentiation Fenner also argues that the doctrine of claim differen- tiation negates the district court’s construction, for claim 19 would become redundant or superfluous if claim 18 is construed with the restriction imposed by the district court. Claim 18 reads:
In a communications network having a plurality of interconnected communication switches, and in which users are identified by a personal identifi- cation code wherever that user is located within the communications network, a method for com- pleting a call from a source to a destination user comprising: receiving from a source user logged onto a first
communication switch a personal identifica- tion code of a destination user to whom a call is to be routed:
determining whether the destination user is cur- rently logged onto the first communication switch; and
if the destination user is not logged onto the first communication switch, identifying a location tracking authority as-
signed to the personal identification code of the destination user,
requesting from the location tracking authori- ty an identity for a destination communi- cation switch on which the destination user is currently logged onto,
receiving the identity of the destination com- munication switch at the first communica- tion switch, and
routing the call to the destination switch. ’706 Patent col. 8 ll. 33-55. Claim 19 states: “The method of claim 18 wherein the personal identification number of the source and the destination user are inde- pendent of a particular physical communications unit.” Id. col. 8 ll. 56-58.
Fenner argues that since claim 19 is specific to the method where the personal identification number is independent of the device, the doctrine of claim differenti- ation requires that the foundation claims such as claims 1 and 18 are not so limited. Fenner argues that “if the term personal identification number always means that the number is never associated with any device . . . the limita- tion in Claim 19 would have been unnecessary.” Appel- lant Br. 29.
Although claim differentiation is a useful analytic tool, it cannot enlarge the meaning of a claim beyond that which is supported by the patent documents, or relieve any claim of limitations imposed by the prosecution history. See, e.g. , Retractable Techs. , 653 F.3d at 1305 (“[A]ny presumption created by the doctrine of claim differentiation ‘will be overcome by a contrary construc- tion dictated by the written description or prosecution history.’” (quoting Seachange Int’l, Inc. v. C-COR, Inc. , 413 F.3d 1361, 1369 (Fed. Cir. 2005))); Toro Co. v. White Consol. Indus., Inc. , 199 F.3d 1295, 1302 (Fed. Cir. 1999) (“[T]he doctrine of claim differentiation does not serve to broaden claims beyond their meaning in light of the specification, and does not override clear statements of scope in the specification and the prosecution history.” (citation omitted)).
C ONCLUSION We discern no error in the district court’s claim con- struction, and affirm the summary judgment of nonin- fringement based thereon.