Lead Opinion
OPINION OF THE COURT
Fei Mei Cheng (“Cheng”) is a citizen and native of China. While living in China’s Fujian Province, Cheng became pregnant but under Chinese law was too young to marry her boyfriend. Over the course of her pregnancy, local family planning officials employed a pattern of escalating threats in an effort to persuade her to abort the pregnancy, but Cheng resisted and gave birth to a daughter. In response to her resistance to the population control laws and to induce her to undergo a sterilization procedure, the officials confiscated the family farm and truck, forbade Cheng from working on the farm, threatened to take her newborn daughter away from her, and imposed various economic and other sanctions. Cheng was ultimately forced to have an intrauterine device (“IUD”) inserted, and soon thereafter, she and her boyfriend fled to the United States. Upon arrival, she applied for protective relief, invoking 8 U.S.C. § 1101(a)(42), which makes eligible for asylum a “person who has been forced to ... undergo involuntary sterilization, or who has been persecuted for ... other resistance to a coercive population control program.”
The Immigration Judge (“IJ”) denied her application and the Board of Immigration Appeals (“BIA”) affirmed, concluding, among other things, that Cheng had not been persecuted and that the mistreatment to which she was subjected was unrelated to her resistance to China’s population control policies. We disagree with both of these conclusions and will therefore grant the petition for review.
I.
A.
The facts underlying Cheng’s asylum application, which the IJ found credible and which are- uncontested, are as follows. Cheng was born and raised in China’s Fujian Province. Fujian Province is “known for being a place where the one-child policy has been enforced with special vigor — a reputation that persists still to
In May 1996 township officials discovered that Cheng was pregnant. The officials attempted to pressure Cheng into having an abortion, but she refused. The official responsible for birth control and family planning in Cheng’s township, Feng Ying, then paid a visit to Cheng at her parents’ home, where Cheng lived. Ying insisted that Cheng have an abortion and informed her that if she did not terminate her pregnancy, her reputation would be damaged and she would lose her job. Again, Cheng refused to comply with these demands. Approximately one month later, four township officials went to Cheng’s home to confront her about the pregnancy. Cheng was not home at the time of the visit, but her mother was, and the officials warned her mother that if Cheng did not agree to have an abortion voluntarily, the officials would force her to do so.
As a result of these threats, Cheng and Chen went into hiding in another city, where they stayed with Chen’s aunt. While Cheng and Chen were away, township officials returned to Cheng’s parents’ house in the middle of the night. The officials were “furious” when they discovered that Cheng was not home, and they threatened her parents with seizure of the family’s farm and truck, which were the source of the family’s livelihood, if Cheng did not cooperate with the authorities and have an abortion. (App. at 736.)
Cheng continued to defy the officials’ demands and gave birth to a daughter on January 1, 1997. When township officials learned that Cheng had given birth, they immediately followed through on their threat to confiscate the farm and truck, which Cheng and her family “depended on ... to make a living.” (Id.) In addition, Ying, the leader of the township’s family planning cadre, went to Cheng’s residence to inform the family that because Cheng had violated the law by refusing to have an abortion, the entire family was forbidden from working on the confiscated farm. Ying also ordered Cheng to participate in a six-month re-education program. Finally, the township government ordered that Cheng and Chen each be sterilized. Cheng’s family members attempted on multiple occasions to persuade the officials not to compel the couple to be sterilized, but the officials rejected their requests. After their family members’ unsuccessful conversations with township officials, Chen (whom Cheng characterized as young and temperamental) engaged in a physical altercation with a government officer and was detained.
During Chen’s detention, the officials escalated the pressure on Cheng. They informed her that if she did not comply with their orders, the government would take her baby from her, and Chen would be detained for months. If Cheng relented, however, they informed her that she could keep the baby, that Chen would be released, and that the confiscated farm and truck would be returned to Cheng and her family. To sweeten the deal, the officials informed Cheng that if she relented immediately, she would not have to be sterilized, but instead could have an IUD inserted. “Under such pressure and out of ... con
Once her daughter was old enough, Cheng sought to send her to daycare. The township government informed Cheng that, because she had disobeyed the family planning laws, her daughter would not be permitted to attend daycare. She pleaded with township officials, who ultimately agreed to admit her daughter but required Cheng to pay twice the regular tuition on account of her violation of the population control laws.
Thereafter, township officials learned that one of Cheng’s neighbors was attempting to have a baby in hiding in violation of the family planning policy. The officials forced the neighbor to undergo a sterilization procedure. During the procedure, Cheng’s neighbor was treated “like a pig” — her hands and legs were tied, she was not given sufficient anesthesia, and she screamed throughout the operation. (Id. at 739.) Cheng knew that she would be exposed to the same harm if she ever attempted to have another child, which she intended to do. In 2000, she and Chen paid snakeheads to smuggle them out of China and into the United States.
B.
Shortly after her arrival in the United States, Cheng was served with a Notice to Appear and charged with being removable pursuant to 8 U.S.C. §§ 1182(a)(6)(C)(l) and 1182(a)(7)(A)(i)(I). She applied for asylum, withholding of removal, and relief under the Convention Against Torture (“CAT”). On November 1, 2005, the IJ convened a hearing at which Cheng testified to the facts reviewed above. Cheng further testified that she had given birth to a second child shortly after entering the United States, and that at the time of her testimony she was pregnant with a third child. She testified that she feared that if she were compelled to return to China with two foreign-born children, she would be sterilized.
The IJ, finding the entirety of Cheng’s testimony credible, granted her application for asylum. In an oral decision, the IJ first found that Cheng had not satisfied her burden of proving that she was the victim of past persecution — the involuntary insertion of an IUD and the requirement that Cheng submit to regular gynecological examinations, the IJ concluded, were insufficiently severe to constitute persecution. Based upon the fact that Cheng “would return to China having three children with two of them being unautho
The BIA, in a non-precedential opinion, vacated the IJ’s order and remanded the case for further proceedings. The BIA first concluded that mandatory IUD insertion alone does not bring a person within the definition of “refugee” in the Immigration and Nationality Act (“INA”). Additionally, the BIA observed that, following the IJ’s decision in this case, it had issued two precedential decisions addressing the asylum applications of persons claiming to have been persecuted pursuant to China’s one-child policies, which made it appropriate for the IJ to reconsider the case in light of the recent decisions.
On remand, the IJ denied Cheng’s application. He explained that it was “curious and troublesome,” (id. at 77), that the BIA had elected not to address the significance of Cheng’s resistance to the IUD and the resultant harms she encountered for purposes of the asylum statute’s “other resistance” prong,
The BIA affirmed the IJ’s order in a single-member, non-precedential decision. In its decision, the Board relied primarily upon In re M-F-W- & L-G-, 24 I. & N. Dec. 633 (BIA 2008), a precedential decision issued after the IJ’s second opinion wherein the BIA held (1) that the insertion of an IUD does not constitute persecution in and of itself absent aggravating circumstances, and (2) that the 'reinsertion of an IUD typically is not persecution on account of resistance to a family program, since women in China whose IUDs fall out or are removed always have the devices reinserted, whether or not they resisted the family planning program. See id. at 643 (“[BJecause reinsertion is a standard
Applying In re M-F-W- & L-G- to Cheng’s case, the BIA held that the insertion of Cheng’s IUD did not occur under sufficiently aggravating circumstances to constitute persecution. Even if the mandatory use of an IUD were sufficient to constitute persecution, moreover, the BIA concluded that Cheng had failed to establish a nexus between the acts complained of and her resistance to China’s family planning program. As the BIA explained, “the respondent has offered no basis to show that the IUD was inserted because of her resistance to China’s family policy and not merely as part of a routine medical and family planning policy.” (App. at 5.) Any economic harms Cheng experienced as a result of her township officials’ actions, the Board stated, were not “substantial” enough to warrant a finding of persecution. (Id.) The BIA thus dismissed Cheng’s appeal, and she thereafter filed a timely petition for review with this Court.
II.
“Because the BIA issued an opinion, rather than a summary affirmance, we review the BIA’s (rather than the IJ’s) decision.” Espinosa-Cortez v. Att’y Gen.,
III.
In 1996, Congress passed and President Clinton signed the Illegal Immigration Reform and Immigrant Responsibility Act of 1996 (“IIRIRA”). Among other things, IIRIRA added the following language to the then-existing definition of “refugee” in the Immigration and Nationality Act (“INA”):
[A] person who has been forced to abort a pregnancy or to undergo involuntary sterilization, or who has been persecuted for failure or refusal to undergo such a procedure or for other resistance to a coercive population control program, shall be deemed to have been persecuted on account of political opinion, and a person who has a well founded fear that he or she will be forced to undergo such a procedure or subject to persecution for such failure, refusal, or resistance shallbe deemed to have a well founded fear of persecution on account of political opinion.
Pub.L. No. 104-208, Tit. YI-A, § 601(a)(1), 110 Stat. 3009-546, 3009-689 (codified at 8 U.S.C. § 1101(a)(42)). Cheng argues that being forced to wear an IUD constitutes “sterilization” for purposes of this statute, and that, alternatively, she was persecuted on account of her resistance to China’s coercive population control program. We review the IIRIRA-modified provisions of the INA before addressing the merits of Cheng’s contentions.
A.
The INA gives the Attorney General the discretion to grant asylum to non-citizens who were persecuted in the country of their nationality or who have a reasonable fear of persecution on account of a variety of statutorily enumerated grounds. See 8 U.S.C. § 1158(b)(1)(A). The INA does not define the term “persecution,” but instead orients the asylum provisions around the definition of the word “refugee.” Prior to 1996, the INA defined “refugee” in relevant part as:
[A]ny person who is outside any country of such person’s nationality ... and who is unable or unwilling to return to, and is unable or unwilling to avail himself or herself of the protection of, that country because of persecution or a well-founded fear of persecution on account of race, religion, nationality, membership in a particular social group, or political opinion.
8 U.S.C. § 1101(a)(42)(A).
In 1996, Congress passed IIRIRA, which, among other things, expanded the INA’s definition of the term “refugee” to include persons who have been subjected to, or who reasonably fear being subjected to, persecution as a result of a coercive population control program. As we recently explained, Congress amended § 1101(a)(42)(A) “for the express purpose of overturning the BIA’s decision in Matter of Chang, 20 I. & N. Dec. 38 (B.I.A 1989).” Lin-Zheng v. Att’y.Gen.,
Congress concluded that this reasoning was “unduly restrictive,” and expanded the definition of “refugee” to include certain victims of persecution related to coercive family planning and population control policies. H.R.Rep. No. 104-469(1), at 174 (1996). Congressman Christopher H. Smith succinctly summarized the expanded definition of “refugee” by explaining that “[fjorced abortion, forced sterilization, and other severe punishments inflicted on resisters to ... [China’s population control] program are persecution on account of political opinion.” 142 Cong. Rec. H2589-01 (daily ed. Mar. 21, 1996) (comments of Rep. Smith).
As the BIA has since explained, the IIRIRA-amended definition of “refugee” creates four new categories of refugees who are eligible for asylum: (1) “person[s] who ha[ve] been forced to abort a pregnancy,” (2) “person[s] who ha[ve] been forced ... to undergo involuntary sterilization,” (3) “person[s] ... who ha[ve] been persecuted for failure or refusal to undergo such a procedure or for other resistance to a coercive population control program,” and (4) “person[s] who ha[ve] ... a well founded fear that [they] will be forced to undergo such a procedure or subject to persecution for such failure, refusal, or resistance.” 8 U.S.C. § 1101(a)(42)(A); see also In re M-F-W- & L-G-, 24 I. & N. Dec. at 635. “The first and second categories of aliens are ‘deemed’ by section 601(a) of the IIRIRA to be refugees,” In re M-F-W- & L-G-, 24 I. & N. Dec. at 635 — that is, under the plain language of the statute, a person who has been forced to undergo either an abortion or sterilization pursuant to a coercive population control program is automatically eligible for asylum. The third and fourth categories make asylum available to an immigrant who has not undergone compelled abortion or sterilization if the applicant can show past persecution for failing or refusing to undergo such a procedure or for otherwise resisting the population control program, or a well-founded fear of abortion, sterilization, or persecution on account of such failure, refusal, or resistance.
Cheng argues that she is eligible for asylum under the second, third, and fourth categories. She contends that being forced to wear an IUD is tantamount to sterilization, and that even if it were not, she was previously persecuted and has a well-founded fear of future persecution on account of her resistance to China’s coercive population control policies. We consider these contentions in turn.
B.
As we noted above, under the plain language of the INA, if a non-citizen has been compelled to undergo an abortion or sterilization procedure, she is “deemed” to have been persecuted on account of political opinion and need not present evidence of the persecutor’s motive. See 8 U.S.C. § 1101(a)(42)(A). Cheng argues that being compelled to wear an IUD and being forced to submit to regular gynecological examinations constitutes sterilization because it inhibits a woman’s capacity to reproduce for as long as the IUD remains in place. That is, because under China’s population control policies the IUD is to remain in place throughout a woman’s reproductive life, Cheng argues that forced IUD insertion is tantamount to sterilization and is therefore per se persecution under the INA. See id. The BIA, interpreting the term “sterilization” in § 1101(a)(42)(A), has held otherwise, concluding that being forced to wear an IUD is different in kind from being forced to undergo a sterilization procedure. See In
In its recent precedential opinion, In re M-F-W- & L-G-, the BIA explained that although “[o]ne could argue that the perpetual use of an IUD, or any other birth control method, throughout a woman’s child bearing years until menopause effectively results in a form of sterilization,” the plain language and legislative history of the statute indicated that forced IUD insertion was not per se persecution. Id. The BIA looked first to the statutory language, reasoning as follows:
[T]he verb to “sterilize” is defined as “to make sterile,” which means “[i]ncapable of sexual reproduction.” Webster’s II New Riverside University Dictionary 1137 (1994). This definition makes clear the permanency of the sterilization procedure — i.e., that it leaves one incapable of having children — and leads us to reject the argument that IUD use should be treated as the equivalent of sterilization.
Id. The BIA explained that an IUD is “a method of birth control” that, in contrast with the permanency of sterilization, is “a temporary measure meant to provide for birth planning and not to remove all possibility of future birth opportunities.” Id. (emphasis omitted). The Board confirmed its construction of the statutory language by looking to IIRIRA’s legislative history. As the Board explained, “Congress was clearly aware of China’s use of IUDs as a birth control method separate from sterilization because both terms were used in describing China’s family planning policy.” Id. (citation omitted). If Congress had intended to include forced IUD insertion among the bases for per se refugee status (as it did with abortion and sterilization), the BIA reasoned, then it could have done so expressly. See id. “It is harm of [the] magnitude and permanency [of abortion and sterilization] that Congress treated as automatically amounting to qualifying persecution.” Id. at 641.
Our analysis of whether or not to defer to In re M-F-W- & L-G — a precedential opinion of the BIA interpreting the statute that the agency is charged to implement — is governed by the familiar two-step inquiry of Chevron. See, e.g., Ka
Turning to the first step of the inquiry, we must determine whether or not “Congress has directly spoken to the precise question at issue,” Chevron,
We cannot agree with Cheng that “Congress has directly spoken to the precise question” of whether sterilization encompasses the compelled use of a birth control device like an IUD. Chevron,
The forced insertion of an IUD certainly does not fall unambiguously within this category, since an IUD can be removed and its effect upon a woman’s reproductive capacity eliminated.
We conclude that the term “involuntary sterilization” by definition contemplates a permanent inhibition of reproductive capacity, and we find that Congress has not directly spoken to the precise question of whether compelled IUD insertion, plus monitoring, falls within the ambit of the statutory term. See Huang v. Holder,
Turning to the second step of the Chevron analysis, we further conclude that the BIA’s interpretation of the statute is reasonable and entitled to deference. An agency’s interpretation of the statute it is charged with administering is entitled to deference if it “represents a reasonable accommodation of conflicting policies that were committed to the agency’s care by the statute ... unless it appears from the statute or its legislative history that the accommodation is not one that Congress would have sanctioned.” Chevron,
Here, the Board’s decision that forced IUD insertion is insufficiently permanent to constitute sterilization is not only a permissible construction of the statute’s terms, but it also finds support in the legislative history of IIRIRA. As the BIA reasoned, the legislative history of IIRIRA reflects an understanding that sterilization and birth control methods (such as IUDs) are distinct means of inhibiting population growth. See In re M-F-W- & L-G-, 24 I. & N. Dec. at 636 (“Congress was clearly aware of China’s use of IUDs as a birth control method separate from sterilization because both terms were used in describ
In sum, we conclude that the BIA’s construction of the statute is reasonable and entitled to deference. See Huang,
C.
The fact that IUD insertion is not equivalent to sterilization does not affect the remainder of Cheng’s argument, which focuses on her more persuasive contention that she was persecuted, not sterilized. In particular, Cheng argues that she qualifies for asylum under § 1101(a)(42)’s prong authorizing the Attorney General to grant asylum to a non-citizen who was persecuted on account of the asylum applicant’s “other resistance to a coercive population control program.” We review the BIA’s approach to “other resistance” claims, and explain why the Board’s decision in this case is not supported by substantial evidence, in turn below.
1.
We have not, to date, had occasion to address the “other resistance” provision of § 1101(a)(42) in significant detail,
Evaluating the petitioner’s claim that she qualified for asylum based upon her resistance to the family planning policies, the BIA explained that, unlike persons who have been subjected to forced abortion or sterilization, who under the statute have per se been subjected to persecution on account of political opinion, see § 1101(a)(42), a person claiming to have been persecuted due to her resistance to a population control policy must still prove that she was persecuted and that the persecution was on account of such resistance. Specifically, the Board held that in order to proceed under the “other resistance” provision, the asylum applicant must prove that “(1) she resisted China’s family planning policy, (2) she has been persecuted (or has a well-founded fear of persecution), and (3) the persecution was or would be because of the respondent’s resistance to the policy.” In re M-F-W- & L-G-, 24 I. & N. Dec. at 637 (citation omitted).
The BIA interpreted the first of these prongs — resistance—broadly, explaining that acts such as removing an IUD or refusing to attend a gynecological appointment satisfy the statutory element of resistance “because such acts, while arguably not comprising active or forceful opposition to China’s family planning policy, would certainly thwart the goals of the plan and be viewed with disfavor by Chinese officials implementing the plan.” Id. at 638. By contrast, the BIA explained that “simple grudging compliance” with the population control program would not amount to resistance. Id.
As to the second prong — persecution— the Board explained that “the words ‘persecuted’ and ‘persecution’ in [the IIRIRAmodified language within the INA’s definition of ‘refugee’] derive their meaning from the standard use of these terms in contexts other than those related to population control. They do not enjoy some special separate meaning within the context of [population control] cases.” Id. at 639. Assessing whether compelled IUD insertion in and of itself is persecutory, the Board noted that although the involuntary insertion of an IUD is intrusive, the procedure is typically painless and its effects are temporary. The Board explained:
[S]imply requiring a woman to use an IUD, and other more routine methods of China’s implementation of its family planning policy, do not generally rise to the level of harm required to establish persecution.... [E]xamples of routine acts implementing China’s family planning policy that are lacking in harm sufficient to constitute persecution include reinsertion of an IUD after the removal of an IUD, fines for having removed the IUD that are not excessive, regularly required gynecological exams, and other routine fines and threats for disobeying the policy.
Id. at 640-41 (citations omitted). The BIA made clear that having an IUD inserted could amount to persecution in some situations, but it explained that in order “to rise to the level of harm necessary to constitute ‘persecution,’ the insertion of an IUD must involve aggravating circumstances.” Id. at 642. The Board did not elaborate upon the circumstances that would be sufficiently aggravating to make forced IUD insertion persecutory in and of itself.
Finally, the BIA explained that there must be a nexus between the persecution and the person’s resistance to the population control program in order for a non-citizen to qualify for asylum, and that in the context of IUD insertion, this nexus may be difficult to establish. See id. at 642-43. The Board reasoned:
The question raised here and in many “other resistance” cases is whether the reinsertion of an IUD was because of the alien’s resistance to the insertion of the first IUD, or because of its removal, or merely because reinsertion is a standard procedure in China. If the latter, an alien may be unable to meet her burden of establishing that the IUD insertion was “for,” or because of, her resistance to China’s policies. Rather, it would then be a routine medical procedure that is carried out regardless of the manner in which the first IUD was removed or fell out. This would not be sufficient to establish the nexus required under section 101(a)(42) of the Act.
Id. at 643. The Board concluded that the petitioner had merely experienced the routine implementation of China’s family planning policy; the forced insertion of an IUD in that case was insufficiently harmful to constitute persecution and was not related to the petitioner’s resistance to the policy. See id. at 644.
2.
Applying the framework of In re M-FW- & L-G- to this case, the BIA, in a single-member, non-precedential decision, concluded that Cheng failed to demonstrate that she had been persecuted or that she had a reasonable fear of future persecution on account of her resistance to China’s population control policies. With regard to the resistance prong, the Board appears to have assumed that Cheng’s conduct amounted to resistance to the one-child policy. The BIA concluded, however, that Cheng did not satisfy the persecution or nexus prongs. As we now explain, we agree with Cheng that the Board’s analysis of both the persecution and nexus prongs is not supported by substantial evidence, and we therefore grant the petition for review.
a. Resistance
As an initial point, there can be no doubt that Cheng resisted China’s population control policies (and, as we have noted, the Board assumed as much). In In re M-F-W- & L-G-, the BIA explained that actions that “thwart the goals of the [population control] plan and [are] viewed with disfavor by Chinese officials implementing the plan” constitute “resistance” under § 1101(a)(42), even if the actions are not “forceful.” 24 I. & N. Dec. at 638. Cheng repeatedly refused to comply with multiple officials’ increasingly strenuous demands that she abort her first pregnancy, provoking “fur[y],” escalating threats, and various enforcement actions on the part of the officials. (App. at 736.) Cheng fled the township to have her baby, defied orders that she undergo a sterilization procedure, had to be dragged to the clinic to have the IUD inserted, and missed multiple gynecological appointments. Her actions were significantly more defiant of China’s family planning policies than were the more limited actions held to constitute resistance in In re M-F-W- & L-G-.
Although the Government did not make the point in its brief, at oral argument, it appeared for the first time to suggest that Cheng’s resistance to the officials’ demands that she undergo an abortion was not “resistance to a coercive population control program” within the meaning of the INA because Cheng was unmarried at the time when her acts of resistance transpired. 8 U.S.C. § 1101(a)(42). The Government argues that China’s laws forbidding unmarried couples from procreating are not part of a “population control program,” but are instead aimed at preventing people from having illegitimate children, and so Cheng’s resistance was to China’s illegitimacy laws, not its population control laws. Id.
b. Persecution
With respect to whether she was persecuted, Cheng argues that the Board gave little or no consideration to the circumstances that distinguish her case from the mill-run IUD insertion case. In effect, Cheng contends that in focusing on the IUD insertion itself without looking at the pattern of mistreatment within which it occurred, the Board missed the forest (the persecution) for the trees (the IUD insertion). For the following reasons, we agree that the Board’s conclusory statement that Cheng “has not shown aggravating circumstances” is not supported by
Persecution, we have made clear, “is an extreme concept that does not include every sort of treatment our society regards as offensive.” Jarbough v. Att’y Gen.,
Moreover, in determining whether actual or threatened mistreatment amounts to persecution, “[t]he cumulative effect of the applicant’s experience must be taken into account” because “[t]aking isolated incidents out of context may be misleading.” Manzur v. Dep’t of Homeland Sec.,
Even if one incident of mistreatment is not, in and of itself, severe enough to constitute persecution, a series of incidents of physical or economic mistreatment could, taken together, be sufficiently abusive to amount to persecution. See Edimo-Doualla, 464 F.3d at 283. “Where no single incident stands out above the others, sometimes a small incident may be ‘the last straw’; and although no single incident may be sufficient, all the incidents related by the applicant taken together, could make [the applicant’s] fear ‘well-founded.’ ” Poradisova v. Gonzales,
In this case, the Board stated that, beyond the insertion of an IUD, Cheng “has not shown aggravating circumstances.” (App. at 5.) In reaching this conclusion, however, the Board did not take into account many of the acts of mistreatment unequivocally established by Cheng’s uncontradicted evidence. First, the Board failed to consider some of the most serious threats levelled at Cheng, including the officials’ statement that they would take her daughter from her and their threat to detain her boyfriend for months if she did not comply with their demand that she undergo a sterilization procedure. These threats are unquestionably relevant to the question of whether Cheng experienced past persecution (and whether she has a reasonable fear of future persecution). Cf. Ngengwe,
Moreover, the Board did not mention Cheng’s testimony, found credible by the IJ, that the IUD insertion procedure was performed in a hurried and improper manner that caused her extreme pain. This fact is significant to the persecution analysis because the BIA’s conclusion in In re M-F-W- & L-G- that an IUD insertion did not itself constitute persecution rested in no small part upon its understanding that IUD insertion “typically does not cause substantial pain or lasting side effects.” 24 I. & N. Dec. at 641 (citation omitted); see Li v. Gonzales,
Finally, and most importantly, the Board did not adequately address the significance of the financial hardships imposed upon Cheng in direct response to her resistance to the family planning officials’ orders. We have been clear that “economic deprivation, if sufficiently severe, can constitute persecution within the meaning of asylum law.” Li,
We are not alone in recognizing that severe economic sanctions constitute persecution within the meaning of the INA, see, e.g., Ahmed v. Gonzales,
Cheng’s uncontested and credible evidence shows that she was subjected to such treatment. After Cheng refused to comply with the officials’ orders that she have an abortion, local government officials confiscated her family farm and truck, and forbade the entire family from working on the farm. Cheng’s credible testimony made unmistakably clear the devastating impact that such a deprivation imposed upon her and her family — she stated in no uncertain terms that the family “depended on the farm to make a living,” a fact that the IJ appears to have credited when describing the “serious” impact that even a modest fine would have on a family of the Chengs’ limited means.
We conclude, in sum, that the BIA’s analysis of past persecution, which failed to consider credible evidence of past persecution in Cheng’s case and did not address the impact of the severe economic sanctions imposed upon Cheng, is not supported by substantial evidence. See Espinosa-Cortez,
c. Nexus
Finally, we agree with Cheng that the BIA’s conclusion that there was no nexus between her acts of resistance and the mistreatment visited upon her is not supported by substantial evidence. The BIA’s analysis of this issue was brief — it explained, citing In re M-F-W- & L-G-, that “where the insertion or reinsertion of an IUD is carried out as part of a routine medical procedure, an alien will have difficulty showing the required nexus, i.e., that
A reasonable adjudicator, we conclude, would be compelled to disagree. As with its persecution analysis, the BIA’s conclusion that the mistreatment Cheng suffered was “unconnected” to her defiance of the population control regime stems from its focus upon the IUD insertion alone without regard to the history of mistreatment within which it transpired. (Id.) Such an analytical error can be significant not just to the issue of persecution, but also to the nexus prong. As the Second Circuit has noted, not only is it possible that an “accumulation of harm from the individual incidents may rise to the level necessary for persecution even though an individual incident may not,” but that same accumulation or trajectory of mistreatment may itself provide circumstantial evidence of the alleged persecutor’s motive in the absence of direct evidence of motive or nexus. Manzur,
[T]he motive for the harm inflicted must be analyzed in light of the context in which the harm occurred. The pattern provides context for the petitioners’ claims and may lend evidentiary support to a conclusion that individual incidents of harm were in fact “on account of’ a ground protected by the Act....
Id. (quotation marks and internal citation omitted); cf. Espinosa-Cortez,
In Cheng’s case, such circumstantial evidence is unnecessary to establish the nexus between her mistreatment and her defiance of the family planning policies, because ample direct evidence, credited in its entirety by the IJ, compels the conclusion that she was persecuted on account of her resistance. See Baghdasaryan v. Holder,
The Board concluded otherwise by treating the IUD insertion as the only relevant act of mistreatment, apparently relegating the remainder of Cheng’s experiences to a category of “aggravating circumstances” that it decided are pertinent only to the question of whether the IUD insertion itself was sufficiently harmful to constitute persecution. But the INA calls for a determination of persecution, not aggravating circumstances, and, as we have explained, the events underlying a claim of persecution must be viewed in the aggregate. See, e.g., Li,
IY.
As we have explained, “the undisputed record evidence compels the conclusion” that Cheng was persecuted on account of her resistance to China’s coercive population control policies.
Notes
. "A 'snakehead' is a professional smuggler of Chinese migrants.” Lin,
. In these decisions, the BIA held (1) that a person has been compelled to undergo an abortion, for purposes of the asylum statute, when a reasonable person would objectively view the threat for refusing the abortion to be genuine, and when the threat, if executed, would itself amount to persecution, see In re T-Z, 24 I. & N. Dec. 163 (BIA 2007); and (2) that an asylum applicant who has had a second child in the United States must have evidence that Chinese nationals with foreign-born children are subject to sterilization in their province of origin in order to show a reasonable fear of persecution, see In re C-C-, 23 I. & N. Dec. 899 (BIA 2006).
. As we discuss in detail, infra, § 1101(a)(42) makes a person eligible for asylum if (s)he was persecuted on account of “other resistance to a coercive population control program.”
. We recently outlined the bases for proving eligibility for asylum under this provision as follows:
Under the terms of this provision, [an asylum applicant] may show that he is eligible for asylum by proving either that he was previously persecuted on account of a statutorily enumerated ground, or that he has a well-founded fear of future persecution on account of a statutorily enumerated ground. Persecution includes, but is not limited to, threats to life, confinement, torture, and economic restrictions so severe that they constitute a threat to life or freedom.
Espinosa-Cortez,
. We are unpersuaded by the Respondent's suggestion that we lack jurisdiction to consider this issue because it was not raised before the BIA. The Respondent is correct that an immigrant must "raise'or exhaust his or her remedies as to each claim or ground for relief [before the BIA] if he or she is to preserve the right of judicial review of that claim,” and that this waiver rule is jurisdictional. Hoxha v. Holder,
. Indeed, taken to its extreme, Cheng's attempt to read the permanency out of "sterilization” would lead to such bizarre propositions as considering the use of any contraceptive (such as a condom) to be "sterilization,” since all contraceptives inhibit reproduction. At the risk of stating the obvious, the use of a contraceptive ordinarily would not amount to sterilization, since "[sjterilization is ... permanent ] and irreparable” and the use of a contraceptive — even an IUD, which is designed to remain in place until removed by a physician — is not. Gerber,
. In Li v. Attorney General,
. No court appears to have decided an "other resistance” case since the BIA decided In re M-F-W- & L-G-. Before the BIA’s decision in that case, the most in-depth treatment of the "other resistance” language was the Ninth Circuit's en banc decision in Li v. Ashcroft,
. We have recognized that such reports are "the most appropriate and perhaps the best resource for information on political situations in foreign nations.” McAllister,
. Indeed, the Government's own brief likewise treats the National Marriage Law as a component of China's population control program, notwithstanding its contention at oral argument that the ban on procreation by unmarried couples is not part of the population control policy. (Resp't Br. 24.)
. Our concurring colleague takes issue with the BIA's broad interpretation of the resistance prong and would hold that the phrase "resistance to a coercive population control program” should be restricted "to resistance only to abortion or sterilization procedures, not to resistance to any method of population control.” (Concurring Op. at 198.) The principles of Chevron deference and the language of § 1101(a)(42) compel us to disagree. Because the text of § 1101(a)(42) does not clearly and unambiguously indicate that Congress intended the phrase "coercive population control program” to include only abortion and sterilization, the BIA's reasonable interpretation of the provision as encompassing methods of population control other than abortion and sterilization, such as the forced insertion of IUDs, is entitled to deference under Chevron. See Chang,
. The Government does not appear to suggest that the Board's treatment of the persecution issue was in fact adequate. Instead, the Government contends that the BIA “presumed without deciding” that Cheng was persecuted and rested its holding exclusively on the nexus prong. (Resp't Br. 21.) The Government misreads the BIA’s decision. After discussing the nexus issue, the BIA stated that Cheng "also has not shown aggravating circumstances” and that she failed "to demonstrate the substantial economic disadvantage necessary for ... a finding of persecution." (App. at 5 (emphasis added).) Although it did so in terms that might generously be described as succinct, the Board did purport to resolve the persecution issue.
. The Supreme Court has noted that the Handbook quoted in Poradisova "provides significant guidance in construing the Protocol, to which Congress sought to conform,” even though the Handbook is not binding authority. I.N.S. v. Cardoza-Fonseca,
. We do not overlook the fact that, as in Li, Cheng was able to "get by” with a job she
. Because we find that the Board’s decision on past persecution is not supported by substantial evidence, we need not address its conclusion regarding the likelihood of future persecution or its dismissal of Cheng’s claims for withholding of removal and CAT relief.
Concurrence Opinion
concurring:
The majority concludes that resistance to a coercive population control program
Because of the structure of section 1101(a)(42), with the first two phrases of the sentence referring exclusively to those individuals who have been forced to undergo abortion or a sterilization procedure and to individuals who have been persecuted for failure or refusal to undergo such a procedure, I conclude that the third phrase, directed at resistance to a “coercive population control program” refers to resistance only to abortion or sterilization procedures, not to resistance to any method of population control, including, in this instance, IUD insertion. The courts that have examined this issue do not agree with me, but I submit that they have interpreted the statute in the manner that they did because the petitioners before them had been forced to undergo the insertion of an IUD and thus the briefing was skewed in that direction without considering whether it was the correct direction.
Contrary to the interpretations to date of section 1101(a)(42), I conclude that Congress intended the phrase “other resistance” to be interpreted as referring to activities of individuals who are resisting or opposing China’s population control policy. Such activities and individuals might include, for example, a doctor’s refusal to perform abortion or sterilization procedures, a conscientious objector’s circulation of material supporting the ban of abortion and sterilization procedures, or an activist’s organization of public demonstrations in opposition to forced abortion and sterilization.
If the language of section 1101(a)(42) is interpreted as encompassing all actions that “thwart the goals of the [population control] plan and [are] viewed with disfavor by Chinese officials implementing the plan ...”, In re M-F-W- & L-G- 24 I. & N. Dec. 633 (BIA 2008), its scope is too broad and goes beyond what I find to be Congress’s intent. Without a narrower interpretation of this phrase, section 1101(a)(42) could be read to apply to any method of birth control, including, among others, condoms or abstinence. Such a broad interpretation would effectively “afford a safe harbor to all those Chinese who chafe under [China’s population control program].” Li v. Ashcroft,
[Pursuant to 8 U.S.C. § 1157(a)(5)], [t]here are only 1,000 asylum spots a year for those seeking asylum under [8 U.S.C. § 1101(a)(42) ], which arguably extended its succor only to those most brutalized by Chinese family policy. By broadening the grant to those who are most peripheral to this class ... we may well be withdrawing American protection from those at the heart of it, persons subjected to forced abortions and sterilizations. The compassion felt by the majority risks a cruel irony of denial of compassion to those who need it most.
For the reasons articulated above, I respectfully concur.
. The numerical limitation set forth in 8 U.S.C. § 1157(a)(5) was repealed in 2005. See Pub.L. 109-13, Div. B, Tide I, § 101(g)(2), May 11, 2005, 119 Stat. 305. The President is now empowered to set, on an annual basis, "the number of refugees who may be admitted under [8 U.S.C. § 1157(a)],..." For Fiscal Year 2010, President Barack Obama determined that no more than 17,000 refugees from East Asia will be granted refugee status. See Presidential Determination No.2008-29, Sept. 30, 2008, 73 F.R. 52385. Although the allocation has changed since Judge Kleinfeld’s dissent was issued, because a limit on the number of refugees that may be granted asylum still exists, his reasoning supporting a narrow construction of the phrase "other resistance to a coercive population control program” remains persuasive.