67 Mass. App. Ct. 454 | Mass. App. Ct. | 2006
The plaintiff, Donna Federico, as administratrix of the estate of Frank Federico, appeals from a final judgment on a jury verdict in favor of the defendant, Ford Motor Company (Ford). The action arose from an accident that occurred on June 15, 2000, in the parking lot of Stop & Shop Supermarket Company (Stop & Shop) in Medford in which a 1989 Mercury Sable automobile manufactured by Ford and operated by Nora T. Lombardi accelerated at a high rate of speed, hit a traffic barrier, jumped the curb, and struck and killed the plaintiff’s decedent, Frank Federico. The plaintiff asserted claims against Lombardi for negligent operation of the motor vehicle; against Stop & Shop for negligent failure to install adequate barriers to protect patrons from erratic drivers; and against Ford for negligence and breach of warranty in the vehicle’s manufacture.
The plaintiff settled with Lombardi and Stop & Shop before trial. After a trial in the Superior Court, the jury returned a verdict in favor of Ford. The plaintiff filed a timely notice of appeal from the ensuing final judgment, asserting that (1) the trial judge erroneously excluded certain expert testimony; (2) the trial judge erred in permitting the defendant to read extensively from government reports when cross-examining the plaintiff’s expert witness and during subsequent direct examination of its own witnesses, and compounded the error by restricting redirect examination of the plaintiff’s expert; and (3) the judge erred in permitting Ford to offer in evidence the plaintiff’s answers to interrogatories propounded by then defendants Lombardi and Stop & Shop (before they settled with the plaintiff). The plaintiff appeals also from an order awarding Ford costs of $14,930.85, largely for deposition expenses. We affirm.
1. Exclusion of expert testimony. The plaintiff proceeded against Ford on a products liability theory, specifically asserting that a design defect in the Mercury Sable brought about sudden unintentional acceleration and that the malfunction, not operator error, caused the accident. In support thereof, the plaintiff proffered the testimony of Samuel J. Sero, an electronics expert,
Ford’s motion in limine to exclude Sero’s testimony concerning this theory was allowed on the ground that the plaintiff had not established that Sero’s theory — that transient electronic signals could have affected the cruise control and caused the vehicle suddenly to accelerate — was based on a reliable scientific foundation. See Daubert v. Merrell Dow Pharmaceuticals, Inc., 509 U.S. 579, 588-589 (1993); Commonwealth v. Lanigan, 419 Mass. 15, 25 (1994). In making his decision, the judge referred to, and adopted the reasoning of, Jarvis vs. Ford Motor Co., U. S. Dist. Ct., No. 92 Civ. 2900 (S.D.N.Y. July 6, 1999) (Jarvis), an unpublished decision by a judge of the United States District Court for the Southern District of New York,
It is unnecessary to repeat the reasoning supporting the presently accepted criteria regarding the admission of scientific opinion testimony and the judge’s “gatekeeper role” in the process. See Commonwealth v. Lanigan, 419 Mass. at 26. “The
There is no basis on the record for setting aside the judge’s decision. While he obviously considered, and ultimately agreed with, the reasoning in the Jarvis decision, it is clear that he deliberated on the issue and exercised independent judgment. He read the transcript of Sero’s deposition, considered the parties’ evidence and arguments, and engaged in discussion with counsel. The plaintiff has made no showing that the judge bound himself by the Jarvis decision without acting on his own view of the evidence pertaining to reliability.
As for the merits, the judge’s assessment was warranted, and his exclusion of the proffered testimony was not an abuse of discretion. The plaintiff provided no evidence that Sero’s theories had been accepted by the relevant scientific community; indeed, statements from other studies in evidence specifically rejected Sero’s conclusions. There was evidence that Sero had not tested his theory successfully, and he acknowledged that it would be difficult, if not impossible, to do so. He testified at his deposition that he had been unable to cause a vehicle to acceler
2. Use of learned, treatises. The plaintiff argues that the judge erred in permitting the defendant to use portions of learned treatises (in this case, reports of government studies) in connection with the cross-examination of her expert, William D. Berg, and the direct examination of its own experts. The treatises consisted of the report of a 1989 National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA) study entitled “Examination of Sudden Acceleration,” as well as similar documents prepared by agencies of the Canadian and Japanese governments. The plaintiff also complains that her attempt on redirect examination to have her expert rebut the government material was unfairly limited, and that it was error to permit defense counsel to refer to such material as substantive evidence in his closing.
In Commonwealth v. Sneed, 413 Mass. 387, 395-396 (1992), the Supreme Judicial Court adopted Proposed Mass.R.Evid. 803(18) governing the admission of learned treatises in certain circumstances.
We discern no error in the manner in which the judge applied these principles. It is unclear at best that the plaintiff objected to much of the defendant’s use of the government reports. If the plaintiff did not object, any claimed error was waived. See Wynn & Wynn, P.C. v. Massachusetts Commn. Against Discrimination, 431 Mass. 655, 674 (2000). Nor did the plaintiff request that the judge exercise his discretion to limit the length of the excerpts. Passing the question of waiver, the reports, permissibly found by the judge to be reliable and relevant to the plaintiff’s claim that the accident was caused by a sudden acceleration brought about by a malfunction, were properly used consistently with Proposed Mass.R.Evid. 803(18) and the decision in Commonwealth v. Sneed, supra.
We have reviewed the redirect examination of the plaintiff’s expert, Berg, and conclude that the examination was not unfairly limited. Contrary to the plaintiff’s contention, the record shows that her expert was given considerable latitude in explaining his view of the NHTSA study and how the study differed from his own position. The limited number of objections sustained by the judge were grounded squarely on applicable rules of
The plaintiff asserts in addition that it was error to permit the defendant to use the statements from the reports in connection with the direct examination of its own expert witnesses, William Koeppel and Victor Declercq. There appears to have been no objection. Passing the question of possible waiver, there was no error. Once the statements were permissibly read to the plaintiff's expert on cross-examination, they became admissible substantively. See ibid. The defendant could thus refer to the statements both when examining its own witnesses and when delivering final argument.
3. Use of answers to interrogatories. The plaintiff charges that it was error to permit the defendant to introduce in evidence the plaintiff’s answers to certain interrogatories served by the settling defendants, Lombardi and Stop & Shop. In response to Lombardi’s interrogatory, the plaintiff, conceding that she had not witnessed the event, incorporated in her answer a report of the Medford police that contained an opinion by a police sergeant that Lombardi had caused the accident. With respect to Stop & Shop, the defendant introduced the plaintiff’s response that Stop & Shop had failed to take adequate precautions to protect its patrons from erratic drivers. The plaintiff argues that her answers contained inadmissible hearsay and nonexpert opinion and should have been excluded for those reasons. She complains also that use of the answers informed the jury that there had been claims against other parties and invited speculation that the plaintiff might already have benefited from settlements.
Rule 33(b) of the Massachusetts Rules of Civil Procedure, 365 Mass. 790 (1974), provides in relevant part as follows: “the answers [to interrogatories] may be used to the extent permitted by the rules of evidence.” A party is entitled to
Obviously, the contents of the answers to interrogatories must be relevant to an issue in the case. Determinations of relevance are ordinarily left to the discretion of the trial judge. See Anthony’s Pier Four, Inc. v. HBC Assocs., 411 Mass. 451, 477 (1991). Here, the judge acknowledged that the question of relevance was a close one. The answers contained the plaintiff’s opinions at that time, based on out-of-court sources, regarding the causes of the accident. While there are occasions when a plaintiff’s state of mind regarding the causes of an accident will be relevant, her state of mind may not have been probative of anything meaningful here. This is particularly so where the plaintiff, a fiduciary, was not a percipient witness, and her responses were part of a discovery process that defers questions regarding the admissibility of answers until trial.
We conclude, however, that even were it error to admit the answers, the plaintiff was not prejudiced. As indicated, the answers were evidentiary admissions only, see note 8, supra, and the plaintiff was free to explain, or even to contradict,
Likewise, the judge addressed the hearsay and opinion that were present in the plaintiffs answers. In this regard, in reference to the plaintiffs reüance on a pohce report that Lombardi had operated the vehicle negligently, the judge instructed that the jury were to consider the answers only for the proposition that, “at some time during this Htigation,” the plaintiff befieved that Lombardi was negligent, and only for that purpose. He stated expressly that the reference to the pohce report “does not make the statements in that police report admissible as evidence.” The limitations removed any prejudicial effect that the error, if it were one, was likely to have.
4. Deposition costs. Costs incurred in connection with the taking of depositions may be allowed if “the court finds that the taking of the deposition was reasonably necessary, whether or not the deposition was actually used at the trial.” Mass.R. Civ.R 54(e), as amended, 382 Mass. 829 (1981). The judge conducted a nonevidentiary hearing
Judgment affirmed.
Order awarding costs affirmed.
The 1999 decision was followed by a trial in which the jury returned a verdict for the plaintiff; the trial judge then granted Ford’s motion for judgment notwithstanding the verdict. Jarvis v. Ford Motor Co., 69 F.Supp. 2d 582 (S.D.N.Y. 1999). Subsequently the Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit reinstated the jury verdict. Jarvis v. Ford Motor Co., 283 F.3d 33 (2d Cir. 2002). The evidentiary ruling in the initial Jarvis decision upon which the trial judge relied here was not the subject of these subsequent cases.
The plaintiff’s argument on the issue focuses principally on what the plaintiff perceives to he an excessive reliance by the judge on the Jarvis decision and an abandonment of his obligation to make an independent evaluation of the reliability of Sero’s scientific methodology. While not emphasized, however, the plaintiff’s point on appeal is that it was error to exclude Sero’s testimony, and we examine the merits of the judge’s determination as well.
In response to a question at oral argument, the plaintiffs counsel submitted a list of six cases from other jurisdictions wherein Sero’s expert testimony that sudden acceleration can be induced by electromagnetic interference has been admitted. While the admission of such testimony elsewhere is relevant and of interest, neither the trial judge, who was informed of only two of the cases and who considered those two, nor this court is bound by the decisions of other tribunals. We also have not been shown what criteria were in place in those other jurisdictions for judging the question or what was presented to the “gatekeeper” in support of, or in opposition to, admission.
Proposed Mass.R.Evid. 803(18) provides: “The following are not excluded by the hearsay rule, even though the declarant is available as a witness: . . . (18) Learned Treatises. To the extent called to the attention of an expert witness upon cross-examination, statements contained in published treatises, periodicals, or pamphlets on a subject of history, medicine, or other science or art, established as a reliable authority by the testimony or admission of the
Concerning exception (18), the advisory committee’s note provides, in part: “This provision is similar to the federal rule, with the exception that the language ‘or relied upon by him in direct examination’ in the federal rule is stricken. The result is to make treatises unavailable to bolster direct examination . . . .”
Perhaps recognizing that she is swimming upstream on the issue in light of the adoption of Proposed Mass. R. Evid. 803(18), the plaintiff argues that the effect of the rule, together with the practice, in this jurisdiction, of not limiting the scope of cross-examination, unfairly permitted the defendant to make its case by means of hearsay and that the law governing the admission of statements from learned treatises should be altered. The wisdom of such a change is for the Legislature or the Supreme Judicial Court to judge.
Judicial admissions are conclusive on an issue while evidentiary admissions are not. See, e.g., Houston v. Houston, 64 Mass. App. Ct. 529, 533 n.7 (2005), and cases cited. See also Beaupre v. Cliff Smith & Assocs., 50 Mass. App. Ct. 480, 484 n.8 (2000). “Unlike admissions made by a party answering, or not answering a request, admissions contained in answers to interrogatories are not binding upon the admitting party. At most, the answers of a party to interrogatories may be read by the other party into evidence at trial.” Liacos, Brodin, & Avery, Massachusetts Evidence § 2.3.1 at 10 (7th ed. 1999). See Smith & Zobel, Rules Practice § 33.6 at 323 (1975); Kourouvacilis v. American Fedn. of State, County & Mun. Employees, 65 Mass. App. Ct. 521, 533 n.18 (2006).
The plaintiff did not request an opportunity to present evidence.
The judge did not award all the costs that were requested.