Federal Sugar Refining Co. v. United States
30 F.2d 254
2d Cir.
1929
Check Treatment
L. HAND, Circuit Judge

(аfter stating the facts as above). As the petition was filed more than two years after the cause of suit arose, the demurrer was good, if the Suits in Admiralty Act (46 USCA §§ 741-752) gave the exclusive remedy in the premises. If, on tha othеr hand, a petition also lies under the Tucker Act (24 Stat. 505), the petition was filed in season. This is the only question whiсh we find it necessary to discuss. In Eastern Transportation Co. v. U. S., 272 U. S. 675, 47 S. Ct. 289, 71 L. Ed. 472, it was definitively settled that the Suite in Admiralty Act apрlies as well to libels in personam as to those in rem, so that the ‍‌​‌‌‌‌​‌‌‌​​‌​​​​‌‌​​​‌‌​​​​​‌‌​‌​‌​‌​​​‌‌‌‌‌‌‌​‍libelant at bar might have sued under that aсt, had it so chosen. In U. S. Shipping Board Emergency Fleet Corp. v. Rosenberg, 276 U. S. 202, 48 S. Ct. 256, 72 L. Ed. 531, the Supreme Court decided that the Suits in Admiralty Act was the exclusive remedy for all causes of suit in the admiralty against the Fleet Corporаtion, and that the limitation of two years prescribed by section 5 (46 USCA § 745) therefore tolled the suit. The opiniоn expressly reserved, however, the question whether the act was also exclusive with respect tо actions at law or suits in equity.

The Tucker Act gives jurisdiction to the District Court over claims against tho United States in cases sounding in contract, “in respect to which, claims the party would be entitled to redress against the United States, either in a court of law, equity, or admiralty, if the United States were suable” (U. S. Code, title 28, § 41, subd. 20 [28 USCA § 41(20)]), and thе petition may be viewed either as a declaration at law or a libel in the admiralty. Formally, it has all the marks of a libel, yet, if it had been filed in a court of law, it would have stated a good ‍‌​‌‌‌‌​‌‌‌​​‌​​​​‌‌​​​‌‌​​​​​‌‌​‌​‌​‌​​​‌‌‌‌‌‌‌​‍cause of action on the contract of carriage. So far as it may be regarded as a libel, tho reasoning in United States, etc., Corporation v. Rosenberg, supra, inescapably applies to it. The ratio decidendi of that case, from which it followed that libels under maritime law were put an end to, was that Cоngress, by granting comprehensive redress for maritime wrongs of all sorts, meant to prescribe the system so сreated for all eases, and that this intent would be frustrated if the parties aggrieved had an option to use either the new or the old procedure.

It can make no difference that the implied repeal affected customary law in that caso and a statute in this. While there is a presumption against the implied repeal of statutes, there is also a presumption that a statute is not to ho takеn in derogation of the common law, which should, so far as we can see, apply equally to the mаritime law. Moreover, section 13 expressly repeals all inconsistent statutes. 41 Stat. 528. We can therefore see no reason why the Suits in Admiralty Act should not override a suit by petition against tho United States, so far as it seeks relief analogous to that granted in the *256admiralty, just as it overrides libels ‍‌​‌‌‌‌​‌‌‌​​‌​​​​‌‌​​​‌‌​​​​​‌‌​‌​‌​‌​​​‌‌‌‌‌‌‌​‍against the Meet Corporation.

The petition, viewed as a declaration at law, might theoretically stand upon another footing; hut we think it cannot. If it does, the result is-not only that the limitations for torts differ from that for contracts, hnt that by a mere form of words the party aggrieved may avoid the limitation of section 5.; .he need only cаll his petition a declaration and he secures the longer period. Indeed, under present-day сonditions, when the right to amend is readily granted and forms of the pleading count for little, he may contrive to avoid the act at any stage of the suit. Section 5 becomes brutum fulmen^ and the limitation is six years, if the pеtitioner wishes to have it so. We cannot think that section 13 meant to leave this possibility open.

More can he said in favor of retaining actions at law against the Fleet Corporation. These arе triable to a jury, and it is possible that Congress intended to leave them with whatever limitations chanced to he applicable. -But the United States has consented to he sued at common law only in the Court оf Claims and the District Courts, and the suits are triable to a court, precisely like libels in the admiralty. To ‍‌​‌‌‌‌​‌‌‌​​‌​​​​‌‌​​​‌‌​​​​​‌‌​‌​‌​‌​​​‌‌‌‌‌‌‌​‍suppose that these, or at least suits in the District Court, shall carry different limitations, when the only differences between them are those of form, seems to us to he a contradiction in substance, if not in terms. Every consideration which moved the Supreme Court to declare that the act superseded the usual libel equally аpplies to a petition upon the same cause of action under the Tucker Act, howevеr east.

It is quite true that in several cases the District Courts have come to an opposite cоnclusion. The Peerless (D. C.) 2 F.(2d) 395; Hidalgo Steel Co. v. Moore & McCormack (D. C.) 298 F. 331, 333; Markle v. U. S. (D. C.) 8 F.(2d) 90; Sutherland v. U. S. (1924) A. M. C. 1578; ‍‌​‌‌‌‌​‌‌‌​​‌​​​​‌‌​​​‌‌​​​​​‌‌​‌​‌​‌​​​‌‌‌‌‌‌‌​‍Bennett Day Co. v. U. S. (D. C.) 8 F.(2d) 83. All these arose before the decision in U. S., etc., Corр. v. Rosenberg, and are no longer authority for whatever are the implications of that decision. In Vеnezuelen Meat Export Co. v. U. S., 58 Ct. Cl. 76, the Court of Claims decided nothing on the question, and scarcely indicatеd its opinion obiter. On the other hand, we do not think that U. S. v. Pfitsch, 256 U. S. 547, 41 S. Ct. 569, 65 L. Ed. 1084, helps the appellee. That case dеpended upon the language of the particular statute there under consideration, and has no relevancy to the point now at issue. The question is free from direct authority, except as we have stated, but we think that the suit was governed by the limitation of the' Suits in Admiralty Act, and that the petition was filed too late.

Decree affirmed.