Case Information
*1 Before ANDERSON, Chief Judge, and CARNES and OAKES [*] , Circuit Judges.
ANDERSON, Chief Judge:
Mаzen and Fedaa Al Najjar, a husband and wife in consolidated deportation proceedings, appeal decisions of the Board of Immigration Appeals ("BIA") upholding an immigration judge's ("IJ's") order of deportation which denied their petitions for asylum, withholding of removal, and suspension of deportation under sections 208(a), 243(h) and 244(a) of the Immigration and Nationality Act ("INA"), 8 U.S.C. §§ 1158(a), 1253(h) and 1252(a) (1996). Because we find the BIA's decisions to be supported by reasonable, substantial, and probative evidence on the record considered as a whole, we affirm and dismiss their petitions. Due to the complex procedural background of this case and the number of challenges raised, we set out the following table of contents to assist the reader of this opinion:
TABLE OF CONTENTS
I. Background 3511
A. Factual Background 3511
B. Procedural Background 3513
1. IJ Proceedings 3513
2. The INS Detains Mazen 3515
3. BIA Review of the Al Najjars' Deportation Orders 3515 4. Mazen's Habeas Corpus Proceedings 3516 * Honorable James L. Oakes, U.S. Circuit Judge for the Second Circuit, sitting by designation.
II. Analysis 3517
A. Judicial Review After IIRIRA 3517
B. Judicial Notice 3518
C. Standard of Review 3525
D. Asylum 3525
1. Actual Political Opinion 3527
2. Imputed Political Opinion 3529
3. Denial of Entry 3532
E. Withholding of Deportation 3534
F. Asylum & Withholding Testing Countries 3534 G. Suspension of Deportation 3538
H. Motions to Remand 3541
1. Judicial Review of a Motion to Reopen 3543 2. Heavy Burden 3543
3. Prima Facie CAT Claim 3544
III. Conclusion 3545
I. BACKGROUND
A. Factual Background
Mazen Abdel Abdulkarim Al Najjar ("Mazen") was born in 1957 in Gaza. He lived in Palestine with his parents until his first birthday, when he and his family moved to Saudi Arabia. Mazen remained in Saudi Arabia with his parents and five siblings for thirteen years. When Mazen was fourteen, he moved to Egypt where he completed high school and attended Cairo University, culminating in the receipt of a bachelor's degree in Civil Engineering in 1979. From 1979 until 1981, Mazen worked and lived in the United Arab Emirates ("UAE") on a temporary work visa.
Mazen first entered the United States in 1981 using a Palestinian refugee travel document issued by the Egyptian government. He came to this country to pursue a master's degree in Industrial Engineering at North Carolina Agricultural and Technical State University ("NCATSU") in Greensboro, North Carolina after obtaining authorization from the Immigration and Naturalization Service ("INS") to remain in the United States for the duration of his nonimmigrant graduate student status.
In 1984, after completing most of his thesis, but before graduation, Mazen left the United States to visit his parents in the UAE. After this trip, Mazen re-entered this country on December 8, 1984, and has not left the United States since then. Upon re-entry, he completed the final draft of his thesis and graduated with a master's degree in Industrial Engineering from NCATSU in May 1985.
Thereafter, Mazen entered a Ph.D. program in Industrial Engineering at North Carolina State University where he remained fоr two semesters. While at North Carolina State, he was accepted into the doctoral program at the University of South Florida ("USF") in Tampa. Mazen transferred to USF in 1986 and began working on his Ph.D. In the fall of 1993, he finished his dissertation and, in 1994, earned his Ph.D. in Industrial Engineering from USF.
On January 30, 1988, while working toward his Ph.D. at USF, Mazen married his cousin, Fedaa Abdulkarim Muhammed Shaladen Al Najjar, in Tampa, Florida. Fedaa entered the United States on January 22, 1988, just days before the wedding, at the age of twenty-three. She was lawfully admitted to the United States by the INS as a nonimmigrant visitor with authorization to remain for only one year. Like Mazen, Fedaa entered this country with a Palestinian refugee travel document issued by the Egyptian government.
Fedaa was born in Saudi Arabia in 1964 to Palestinian parents. She lived in Saudi Arabia with her parents, two brothers, and four sisters from her birth until her entry into the United States. While in Saudi Arabia, Fedaa attended King Saud University, and received a bachelor's degree in Pharmacy. Fedaa's father passed away in 1994, while she was living in the United States, but Fedaa's mother, four sisters, and at least one of her two brothers presently reside in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.
Despite the fact that Fedaa was born in Saudi Arabia, she has never been eligible for Saudi citizenship because Saudi law grants citizenship solely based on Saudi ancestry. Fedaa is of Palestinian ancestry and therefore is not entitled to Saudi citizenship. Nonetheless, Fedaa obtained a Saudi re-entry visa, which remained valid if she returned to Saudi Arabia at least every six months. Fedaa failed to satisfy this condition while residing in the United States and, consequentially, she no longer has a valid Saudi re-entry visa.
Mazen has lived in Tampa, Florida since 1986 when he began his studies at USF. Since Fedaa's entry into the United States in 1988, she has resided continuously in Tampa, Florida, as well. While living there, Mazen's parents recently became lawful permanent residents of the United States. They spend approximately one-half of the year in this country and the other half in the UAE. Mazen's brother lives in the UAE and works there as a banker. One of Mazen's sisters also resides in the UAE, with her husband and children.
the Al Najjars had three daughters together. Each of the Al Najjars' three daughters is a lawful citizen of this country.
While living in Tampa, Fedaa and Mazen have been active in the Arab-American and Muslim communities. Mazen helped begin a mosque with the Islаmic Community of Tampa, where he was elected president and served in a capacity similar to an Imam, for those of the Sunni Muslim faith. Fedaa has been active in various charitable events and programs sponsored by the mosque.
Through the mosque, Fedaa and Mazen also helped found a private Muslim school, offering kindergarten through junior high school classes. Over the years, Fedaa taught classes at the mosque's school and volunteered there in other capacities.
While attending USF, Mazen helped begin the World and Islam Studies Enterprise ("WISE"), a think-tank ostensibly committed to educating the public about Islamic issues through research, publishing, and seminars. To this end, WISE held conferences with roundtable discussions involving international Islamic leaders and scholars of the Middle East. WISE also published various journals in Arabic, tackling issues which face Muslims today, as well as cataloging discussions from the organization's conferences. B. Procedural Background
On April 19, 1985, the INS initiated deportation proceedings against Mazen by issuing an Order to Show Cause ("OSC") under § 241(a)(9) of the INA, 8 U.S.C. § 1251(a)(9) (1984), for failing to maintain the conditions of his nonimmigrant status by willfully providing untruthful information to the INS. The Service thereafter supplemented the OSC, charging that Mazen had not maintained the conditions of his nonimmigrant student status under the INA. The case was administratively closed on June 4, 1986, because Mazen failed to appear at the hearing. Two weeks later, on June 18, 1986, Mazen formally requested that the proceedings be reopened because he had not received notice of the hearing until two days after it was held. Mazen's motion to reopen went unanswered for almost ten years, until his 1985 deportation proceedings These proceedings were initiated because of allegations made by Mazen's first wife, Jan Fairbetter. Mazen met Jan in the fall of 1983 while they were both students in North Carolina. The couple married in January 1984. The following month, Mazen and Fairbetter went to the INS office in Charlotte, North Carolina to submit Mazen's application for adjustment of status. They did not have all the appropriate documentation that day, so they left. In April 1985, Fairbetter and Mazen went back to the INS office in Charlotte to attempt to submit the adjustment of status application again. While meeting with INS agents, Fairbetter informed the Service that her marriage to Mazen was a sham and that she had married him solely to allow him to obtain a green card. Fairbetter's allegations were the grounds for the 1985 OSC issued against Mazen. Mazen has consistently denied that the marriage was in any way fraudulent. However, Mazen does not argue that his marriage to Fairbetter should be helpful to him with respect to any issues before this court.
were recalendared for February 8, 1996.
In the meantime, Fedaa self-reported for deportation proceedings. On January 22, 1996, by OSC and Notice of Hearing, the INS charged Fedaa as deporatable under § 241(a)(1)(B) of the INA, 8 U.S.C. § 1251(a)(1)(B) (1996), as a nonimmigrant alien who remained in the United States for a longer period than permitted.
1. IJ Proceedings
On February 8, 1996, Mazen's recalendared deportation hearing was held. The Service issued a Form I-261 to supplement the factual allegations contained in the April 1985 OSC. Over the objection of the INS, the IJ granted the Al Najjars' motions to consolidate their deportation proceedings. Mazen and Fedaa both conceded deportability under the INA but requested relief from deportation in the form of asylum, withholding of removal, and suspension of deportation. In July and October of 1996, consolidated hearings before an IJ in Orlando, Florida took place.
At these hearings, Mazen and Fedaa argued that they were stateless Palestinians and declined to designate a country of deportation. Instead, the Al Najjars argued that no Middle Eastern country would accept them as permanent residents due to their lack of citizenship anywhere in the world.
In the course of the proceedings before the IJ, testimony from witnesses was heard, and a voluminous amount of documentary evidence was adduced. While much of this evidence was relevant to proving the elements of the Al Najjars' petitions for relief, a substantial amount of evidence pertained to Mazen's professional associations while living in Tampa, Florida. With respect to this latter type of evidence, the INS produced various media accounts, documents seized from WISE's offices, and testimony of special agents with the Federal Bureau of Investigations ("FBI") and the INS. This evidence, primarily offered by the Service, purported to show an association between Mazen and individuals supporting terrorism in the Middle East. The INS argued that this terrorist evidence was offered to demonstrate that the Al Najjars were not worthy of any discretionary relief.
Much of the terrorist evidence offered to the IJ pertained to Mazen's and WISE's involvement with Ramadan Abdullah Shallah, a former adjunct professor at USF and an official of WISE, who left the United States in June of 1995. On October 31, 1995, at the funeral of assassinated Palestinian Islamic Jihad ("PIJ") founder and leader Fathi Shikaki, Shallah was allegedly proclaiming himself as the new leader of the PIJ. During this speech, Shallah allegedly threatened to "eradicate" Israel, vowed to avenge Shikaki's assassination at the hands of Israeli operatives, and "applauded the assassination ... of Prime Minister Yitzhak Rabin of *6 Israel." Before the IJ, Mazen's attorney stipulated that Shallah had been reported to be the new leader of the PIJ.
The PIJ is on the Secretary of State's list of terrorist organizations. The group is committed to the creation of an Islamic Palestinian state and to undermining any attempt at a peaceful resolution of the Palestinian/Israeli conflict. The PIJ has taken responsibility for suicide bombings in the West Bank, Israel, and other parts of the Middle East that have killed Israeli soldiers, civilians, and an American student. In addition to the alleged association between WISE, the PIJ, and Shallah, many record documents purported to show a relationship between other militant organizations and WISE, as well as a Tampa-based charitable organization, the Islamic Concern Project ("ICP"), which was founded by Mazen's brother-in-law Sami Al Arian. To this end, FBI and INS agents testified before the IJ that WISE and ICP were used as fronts to raise money for the PIJ and other militant Islamic-Palestinian groups such as the Hamas and the Intifada.
On May 13, 1997, the IJ issued separate decisions in Fedaa's and Mazen's cases, denying all forms of relief, including asylum, suspension of deportation, and withholding of removal. The IJ designated the UAE as the appropriate country of deportation for Mazen, and Saudi Arabia as the appropriate country of deportation for Fedaa. The Al Najjars immediately appealed both decisions to the BIA.
2. The INS Detains Mazen
On May 19, 1997, days after the IJ issued its decisions in the Al Najjars' deportation proceedings, Special Agents with the FBI and INS arrested Mazen at his home based upon classified information that Mazen was connected with Middle Eastern terrorist organizations. On the basis of this secret evidence, the INS held Mazen without bond on the ground that he posed a threat to national security.
Mazen requested a redetermination of his custody status in the immigration courts pursuant to 8 C.F.R. § 242.2(d) (1995). The INS responded by serving him with a notice of intent to present classified information in an in camera proceeding in support of its custody determination. On May 29, 1997, a bond redetermination hearing was held before an IJ who conducted an ex parte in camera review of classified information submitted by the Service to prove Mazen's association with the PIJ and other terrorist groups. Neither Mazen nor his attorney was present at this hearing, and no record of the hearing was made. The IJ did provide Mazen with an unclassified summary of the classified information, stating that: "This Court was provided with information as to the association of [Mazen] with the Palestinian Islamic Jihad." Thereafter, the IJ issued a written decision finding that the classified information demonstrated that Mazen was a threat *7 to national security which justified the INS's decision to hold him in custody without bond.
Mazen appealed the IJ's decision to the BIA on the ground that it violated his First and Fifth Amendment rights to be held without bond on the basis of classified information. On September 15, 1998, the BIA issued its decision, finding that "in view of the government's compelling need to shield important, classified national security information bearing on this matter, the Immigration Judge's examination of the ex parte evidence in camera was proper and constitutionally sound." Further, the BIA noted that the record reflected that Mazen was "associated" with the PIJ, and that his release from custody "would pose a threat to both (1) the national security of this country ... and (2) the safety of other persons or property ..." Thus, the BIA affirmed the IJ's decision denying Mazen's request to be released on bond.
3. BIA Review of the Al Najjars' Deportation Orders
In October 1999, over two years after the IJ entered the Al Najjars' deportation orders, and almost one year after the BIA affirmed the continued detainment of Mazen on the basis of classified evidence, the BIA entered separate written decisions affirming the IJ's denial of relief to Mazen and Fedaa. See In re Mazen Al Najjar, No. A26 599 077—Miami, at 3 (BIA Oct. 26, 1999) (unpublished); In re Fedaa Al Najjar, No. A73 228 388—Orlando, at 2 (BIA October 4, 1999) (unpublished). After denying the Al Najjars' requests for oral argument, the BIA upheld the IJ's orders of deportation and dismissed Fedaa's and Mazen's appeals.
In both casеs, the BIA found that "the Immigration Judge adequately considered all of the evidence presented below under the proper legal standards and correctly addressed the issues that respondent[s] ... raised on appeal." First, the BIA affirmed the IJ's pretermittance of Mazen's suspension application and the IJ's denial of Fedaa's suspension petition on the ground that she failed to demonstrate extreme hardship. Next, the Board affirmed the IJ's finding that the Al Najjars failed to demonstrate a "well-founded fear of persecution" sufficient to support an asylum claim. Third, the BIA affirmed the IJ's conclusion that, because they could not demonstrate statutory asylum eligibility, they could not meet the "higher burden" required to demonstrate entitlement to withholding of deportation. Accordingly, for the reasons set forth in the IJ's decision, the BIA affirmed the denial of affirmative relief to the Al Najjars.
The BIA then denied both of the Al Najjars' motions to remand. As to their joint motion to remand under the Convention Against Torture ("CAT"), the BIA held that, because the "respondent[s] failed to establish a well-founded fear of persecution" sufficient to support an asylum claim, they could not "meet the higher standard of presenting a prima facie case" under CAT. Secondly, the BIA denied the motions to *8 remand for a new hearing on Mazen's suspension claim, "given [its] disposition of th[e] appeal." The Al Najjars filed a direct appeal of these decisions with this court.
4. Mazen's Habeas Corpus Proceedings
During the pendency of the Al Najjars' appeal to this court, Mazen filed a verified petition for habeas
corpus and a complaint for declaratory and injunctive relief in the district court for the Southern District of
Florida on December 22, 1999.
See Al Najjar v. Reno,
In an Order issued May 31, 2000, the district court found that the use of classified information at a bond redetermination proceeding "was within the implied statutory authority granted by INA § 242(a) and 8 C.F.R. § 3.19(d)." Id. at 1349. Nonethelеss, the court held that, by using the classified information against Mazen, the INS violated his rights to procedural due process. See id. at 1356-57. To remedy this, the district court granted relief, which had the effect of setting aside the the immigration court's bond determination so that a decision comporting with due process could be entered. The court warned that, in order to respect Mazen's due process rights upon rehearing, the immigration courts must rely exclusively on a public record or implement certain procedural safeguards to protect Mazen's rights despite the use of secret evidence. See id. at 1357-60.
Lastly, the district court examined Mazen's claim that his First Amendment associational rights were violated through the use of evidence purporting to criminalize an "association" with terrorist sympathizers. The court concluded that Mazen's "mere 'association' with the PIJ is not a reasonable foundation for the IJ's decision to deny bond and continue to detain Petitioner as a threat to national security." Id. at 1362. Thus, on remand, the court instructed the IJ to "determine whether the evidence demonstrates more than mere 'membership' or 'association,' but rather a 'meaningful association' or a 'degree of participation' in activities posing a threat to national security." Id. Based on the foregoing, the court denied Mazen's petition for habeas By discussing the district court decision in Mazen's habeas corpus proceedings, we do not mean to imply any view on any issue decided by that court in that proceeding, nor do we adopt any of that court's reasoning or discussion. Indeed, presently pending before us in a wholly separate appeal is the propriety of the district court's decision in Mazen's custody proceedings. See Al Najjar v. Ashcroft, No. 00-14947 (11th Cir. filed Sept. 18, 2000).
corpus in part by refusing to release him from custody, and granted the petition in part by effectively setting aside, as unconstitutional under the circumstances, the immigration court's decisions to hold him without bond. In resolving the case, the court expressly found that review of the classified information was "unnecessary," and noted that it did not review the information in resolving Mazen's habeas corpus petition. Id. at 1336.
Upon redetermination, the immigration judge held a two-phase proceeding in accordance with the district court's opinion. First, thе IJ examined the public record evidence and found that "the public record is insufficient to conclude that [Mazen] must be detained as a national security threat." The IJ then explained that, if the Service so moved, it would conduct phase-two of the proceedings in which the INS could offer classified evidence in accordance with procedures that would protect Mazen's constitutional rights.
The INS filed such a motion and on November 29, 2000, the IJ entered a second order finding that the unclassified summary of the classified evidence submitted by the Service "fails to provide Respondent with 'notice of the evidence against him and a meaningful opportunity to defend against that evidence.' " Thus, the IJ concluded that Mazen was eligible to be released on bond. The INS appealed.
On appeal, the BIA denied the INS's request to stay the November 29th Order releasing Mazen on bond. On December 15, 2000, after being detained for three and one-half years without any formal criminal charges being lodged, Mazen was released from custody on bond to await the resolution of his and his wife's deportation proceedings.
II. ANALYSIS
In appealing their deportation orders, the Al Najjars raise a myriad of issues. While we have considered all of the Al Najjars' arguments, we discuss only those issues which merit analysis. Before doing so, however, we will examine our own jurisdiction.
A. Judicial Review After IIRIRA
Under the Illegal Immigration Reform and Immigrant Responsibility Act of 1996 ("IIRIRA"), Pub.L.
No. 104-208, 110 Stat. 3009-546, as amended by Extension of Stay in United States for Nurses Act, Pub.L.
No. 104-302, 110 Stat. 3656 (1996), our authority to review a final order of deportation was altered from the
previous grant under section 106 of the INA, 8 U.S.C. § 1105a (1995).
See Anin v. Reno,
Where a final order of deportation is entered more than thirty days after the September 30, 1996, enactment of IIRIRA, and the deportation proceedings were begun before April 1, 1997, the proceedings are not subject to the permanent new rules at INA § 242, 8 U.S.C. § 1252 (1999). See IIRIRA §§ 309(c)(1) & (4), reprinted in 8 U.S.C. § 1101 (history) (1999). Instead, IIRIRA's "transitional changes in judicial review" ("transitional rules") govern such a case. See id.
Mazen's deportation proceedings commenced in 1985 when the INS issued an OSC against him.
Fedaa's proceedings began in January of 1996 with the issuance of an OSC as well. Final orders of
deportation were entered аgainst Mazen and Fedaa in October 1999 when the BIA, by written opinion,
affirmed the IJ's decision denying relief under the INA.
See
8 C.F.R. § 241.31 (2001) (explaining that an
order of deportation "shall become final upon dismissal of an appeal by the Board of Immigration Appeals,"
among other things). Thus, the Al Najjars are subject to the transitional rules, not the new "permanent rules."
See Anin,
"Under the transitional rules, the 'new rules' do not apply unless a case meets the enumerated exceptions in IIRIRA § 309(c)(4)." See id. That is, under the transitional rules, the old rules apply unless any of the transitional rules is triggered. See IIRIRA § 309(c)(1). Thus, as long as IIRIRA § 309(c) does not expressly alter our § 1105a review, we shall be guided by this old rule in reviewing a transitional alien's petition. See id.
While the general rule is that none of the new, permanent rules codified at 8 U.S.C. § 1252 (1999), apply to transitional aliens, there is one exception articulated in IIRIRA § 306(c)(1) and made applicable to transitional aliens through IIRIRA § 309(a). See IIRIRA §§ 309(a) and 306(c)(1), reprinted in 8 U.S.C. §§ 1101 & 1252 (history). Section 306(c)(1) of IIRIRA directs that the new, permanent rule in 8 U.S.C. § 1252(g) (1999), shall apply "without limitation to claims arising from all past, pending, or future exclusion, deportation, or removal proceedings." IIRIRA § 306(c)(1). In turn, § 1252(g) states that "[e]xcept as provided in this section and notwithstanding any other provision of law, no court shall have jurisdiction to hear any cause or claim by or on behalf of any alien arising from the decision or action by the Attorney General to commence proceedings, adjudicate cases, or execute removal orders against any alien under this Act." 8 U.S.C. § 1252(g) (1999).
In
Reno v. American-Arab Anti-Discrimination Comm.,
Before delving into the fact-intensive issues in this appeal, we will address the Al Najjars' two motions to supplement the record and requests for judiсial notice. This is necessary in order to paint the factual backdrop against which we review their petitions.
We summarily denied the Al Najjars' first motion to supplement through a single judge Order dated May 19, 2000. On August 14, 2000, the Al Najjars filed a second motion to supplement, which is essentially a renewal of the first, containing the same documents submitted with the first motion, plus five additional documents. Specifically, the second motion seeks to add twenty-one documents to the record, containing information which spans the gamut from newspaper clippings pertaining to Mazen's detainment, to letters from the Embassy of the UAE and Amnesty International reports on human rights in Israel. The Al Najjars argue that if we refuse to supplement the record with this evidence, we should take judicial notice of the facts contained in at least some of these documents, as the facts asserted therein meet the criteria for judicial notice under the Federal Rules of Evidence.
The Al Najjars also included a request for judicial notice in their reply brief on appeal, seeking recognition of United States treaties with Israel, Saudi Arabia, Egypt, and the UAE. The Al Najjars argue that these treaties require the sharing of classified information and that the United States, in consideration of its own notion that Mazen is a threat to national security, must apprise these nations of its concerns.
The record reveals that the Al Najjars did not move the BIA for administrative notice, nor did the Al Najjars seek to supplement the record before the Board with any of the foregoing documents. After examining our authority to admit factual material in the first instance in an immigration appeal, we address each of these motions in turn.
Under § 106(a)(4) of the INA, 8 U.S.C. § 1105a(a)(4) (repealed), an alien's "petition shall be
determined solely upon the administrative record upon which the deportation order is based." Indeed, the
"general rule, applicable across the board to judicial review of administrative action and merely codified for
immigration appeals in section 1105a(a)(4), is that the court may not go outside the administrative record."
Osaghae v. U.S. INS,
It is axiomatic that immigration courts are better suited than a reviewing court to make factual
This old rule was repealed by IIRIRA but is applicable to transitional aliens through incorporation.
IIRIRA §§ 309(c)(1) and (4).
*12
determinations regarding an alien's status. Courts of appeal sit as reviewing bodies to engage in highly
deferential review of BIA and IJ determinations.
See INS v. Aguirre-Aguirre,
Before IIRIRA, however, this Circuit and many others utilized 28 U.S.C. § 2347(c) to invoke our
discretionary authority to remand immigration cases in which § 1105a(a)(4) applied, so that new, non-record
evidence could be admitted on appeal and remanded for consideration by the Board.
See, e.g., Saiyid v. INS,
In transitional cases, however, IIRIRA § 309(c)(4)(B) directs that "a court may not order the taking
of additional evidence under section 2347(c) of title 28."
See Altawil v. INS,
This court has not yet examined how § 1105a(a)(4) and § 2347(c) function in cases in which IIRIRA § 309(c)(4)(B) applies. Thus, we have surveyed the landscape of decisions granting judicial notice in immigration cases.
In an
en banc
decision, the Ninth Circuit reasoned that § 1105a(a)(4) permits a court of appeals to
"review out-of-record evidence only where (1) the Board considers the evidence; or (2) the Board abuses its
discretion by failing to consider such evidence upon the motion of an applicant."
[7]
Fisher v. INS,
explaining that "[t]o the extent our prior decisions may be interpreted as authorizing us to take judicial notice of information not part of the administrative record or not previously submitted to the Board, they are overruled as inconsistent with the Act and prior precedent." Id. at 963.
Fisher. See, e.g., Lising v. INS,
In
Lising v. INS,
the Ninth Circuit attempted to justify the expansion of
Fisher,
by delineating
Fisher
's policy and scope.
"The Sixth Circuit consistently takes judicial notice of changed political circumstances in immigration cases." Ivezaj v. INS, 84 F.3d 215, 219 (6th Cir.1996) (citing cases). To justify this in jurisdictional terms, the court has concluded that § 1105a(a)(4) "cannot be interpreted to bar [a court of appeals] ... from taking judicial notice of changed conditions in a foreign country." Id. at 218.
Similarly, without comment as to § 1105a(a)(4) or § 2347(c), the Seventh Circuit has taken judicial
notice of drastic changes in country conditions occurring in the interim between the BIA decision and the
court of appeals review.
See Kaczmarczyk v. INS,
The common factor emerging from these decisions granting judicial notice is that virtually all
recognize only facts relating to dramatic changes of conditions in the proposed country of removal which
arose after the BIA's review.
See, e.g., Gafoor,
The Al Najjars argue that the new evidence presented in their motions to supplement pertains to objective changes in circumstances which arose in the United States. Thus, the Al Najjars contend that under the statute, as interpreted by the C.F.R., we may judiсially notice such facts. We disagree.
While § 1158(a)(2)(D) permits the consideration of changed circumstances, it does not authorize a reviewing court to assess these new factual allegations. Instead, § 1158(a)(2)(D) vests the Attorney General with the power to judge an alien's changed circumstances petition by requiring the alien to demonstrate "changed circumstances" to the "satisfaction of the Attorney General," not the courts. 8 U.S.C. § 1158(a)(2)(D). While we recognize that the C.F.R. definition of "changed circumstances" includes the factual scenario they allege—changes in objective circumstances relating to the applicant in the United States—we glean no authority from § 1158(a)(2) for this court to consider such circumstances in the first instance. Therefore, we reject the Al Najjars' argument that § 1158(a)(2)(D) somehow authorizes us to consider new evidence relating to their asylum petitions, and return to our jurisdictional inquiry.
with facts not adduced below. Some of the surveyed decisions are governed by the old rules, and therefore do not reflect the effect of IIRIRA § 309(c)(4)(B). Of those cases that do fall under the transitional rules, none even mentions IIRIRA § 309(c)(4)(B), and therefore, we cannot regard them as persuasive authority.
We interpret IIRIRA § 309(c)(4)(B) as eliminating our authority under § 2347(c) to remand to the
BIA so that an alien can present "additional evidence." IIIRIRA § 309(c)(4)(B);
Saiyid,
The Al Najjars' second motion to supplement and/or to take judicial notice is nothing more than an
attempt to have us weigh non-record evidence for the first time on appeal and to remand for the consideration
of this additional evidence. Under § 1105a(a)(4), however, we cannot consider evidence that was not
previously brought before the Board.
[10]
See Onyeme v. INS,
anyway. None of the supplemental proffers establishes that the Al Najjars would be persecuted in either the UAE or Saudi Arabia. As explained in note 9, supra, we express no opinion whether § 1105a(a)(4) or § 309(c)(4)(B)
would preclude consideration of non-record evidence which was unconstitutionally excluded below. *17 we deny the Al Najjars' second motion to supplement the record with new evidence relating to the merits of their petitions for relief.
Despite the jurisdictional bar to our consideration of the foregoing non-record documents, the Al
Najjars' claim, on appeal, that Mazen's custody proceedings improperly affected their deportation cases.
[12]
Although we are jurisdictionally precluded from admitting the proffered newspaper articles describing the
custody proceedings, we may, and do, take judicial notice of the fact that Mazen's custody proceeding
occurred and the subject matter thereof.
See In re Delta Resources, Inc.,
One such plea was advanced for the first time at oral argument, when the Al Najjars argued that the
BIA was improperly influenced by classified information presented in an
in camera ex parte
hearing
before the IJ and BIA in Mazen's custody proceedings. We will not consider this argument made for the
first time at oral argument. First, under 8 U.S.C. § 1105a(c) (1994) (repealed), which applies to
transitional aliens through incorporation,
see
IIRIRA § 309(c);
Lara v. Trominski,
The Al Najjars also failed to raise this issue in their initial brief to this court. We therefore deem the issue abandoned. See United States v. Nealy,232 F.3d 825 , 830-31 (11th Cir.2000) ("Defendant abandoned the ... issue by not raising the issue in his initial brief."). Even if we were to cast the Al Najjars' egregious default aside, their argument here would fail. In both Mazen's and Fedaa's decisions, the BIA expressly declared that "no classified information was considered by the Board in deciding the instant appeal and motion to remand." Mazen's Oct. 1999 BIA Decision, supra, at 1 n. 2; Fedaa's Oct. 1999 BIA Decision, supra, at 1 n. 1. The Al Najjars offer no credible reason why we should assume improper influence in the face of this statement. See Shaughnessy v. Accardi,349 U.S. 280 , 283,75 S.Ct. 746 , 748, 99 L.Ed. 1074 (1955) (reversing the Second Circuit's finding of improper influence because "speculation on the effect of subconscious psychological pressures [does not] provide[ ] sufficient justification for rejecting the District Court's findings" that "the Board's decisions represented the free and undictated decision of each member").
We also deny the Al Najjars' request for judicial notice of United States treaties with Saudi Arabia,
the UAE, and Israel. Not only is our review limited to the administrative record created below,
see
8 U.S.C.
§ 1105a(a)(4), but arguments which were not raised at the administrative level may not be interposed on
appeal,
see
8 U.S.C. § 1105a(c). Nowhere in the record do the Al Najjars argue that treaties preclude their
return to the UAE or Saudi Arabia. Therefore, it would be improper for us to consider these arguments and
the non-record facts on which they are based.
See Richardson I,
For the foregoing reasons, we decline, pursuant to 8 U.S.C. §§ 1105a and IIRIRA § 309(c)(4)(B), to entertain evidence on appeal that is not contained in the administrative record and was not presented below. Accordingly, review of the Al Najjars' petitions shall be limited to the administrative record created below.
C. Standard of Review
"The appropriate standard of review is well-settled."
Mazariegos,
Our discussion of the INA's reopening procedure is not intended as a comment on the Al Najjars' rights to a reopening of their deportation proceedings. Such procedures have time limitations, and other restrictions, and these issues are not before this court at this time. 8 C.F.R. § 3.2(c). Instead, we mention this only to alert litigants that they can file a timely motion to reopen in the immigration courts under appropriate circumstances, although § 1105a(a)(4) and IIRIRA § 309(c)(4)(B) preclude the presentation of new evidence in the court of appeals.
"[w]e must defer to the BIA unless 'a reasonable factfinder would have to conclude that the requisite fear of
persecution existed.' "
Lorisme,
We review only the Board's decision, except to the extent that it expressly adopts the IJ's opinion.
See Garrovillas v. INS,
D. Asylum
The INA provides that "[a]ny alien who is physically present in the United States ... irrespective of such alien's status, may apply for asylum." 8 U.S.C. § 1158(a)(1) (1999). "The Attorney General may grant asylum to an alien ... if the Attorney General determines that such alien is a refugee within the meaning of § 1101(a)(42)(A) of [Title 8]." 8 U.S.C. § 1158(b)(1). In turn, a "refugee" is defined as:
[A]ny person who is outside any country of such person's nationality or, in the case of a person having no nationality, is outside any country in which such person last habitually resided, and who is unable or unwilling to return to, and is unable or unwilling to avail himself or herself of the protection of, that country because of persecution or a well-founded fear of persecution on account of race, religion, nationality, membership in a particular social group, or political opinion....
8 U.S.C. § 1101(a)(42)(A).
A grant of asylum entails two steps. First, the applicant must demonstrate that he or she is a "refugee" within the meaning of INA § 101(a)(42)(A), 8 U.S.C. § 1101(a)(42)(A). It is the asylum applicant who bears the burden of proving such statutory "refugee" status. See 8 C.F.R. § 208.13(a) (2001). Once the alien demonstrates that he or she is a "refugee" within the meaning of the INA, the decision to grant asylum is committed to the Attorney General's discretion, which has been delegated to Board. 8 C.F.R. § 3.1(d)(1) (2001). "Both this court and the Supreme Court have emphasized that 'an alien who satisfies the [applicable standard for asylum] does not have a right to remain in the United States; he or she is simply eligible for asylum, if the Attorney General, in [her] discretion, chooses to grant it.' " Lorisme, 129 F.3d at *20 1444 (emphasis in original).
In reviewing the Al Najjars' cases, the BIA concluded that the IJ "properly held ... that the
respondent[s] did not meet [the] burden of demonstrating a 'well-founded fear of persecution' on account of
race, religion, nationality, or membership in a partiсular social group, or on account of a political opinion,
whether actual or imputed." In finding that the Al Najjars failed to establish statutory asylum eligibility, the
immigration courts did not address the second prong of the asylum inquiry—discretion. Thus, on appeal,
only the question of statutory eligibility is at issue. After a thorough review of the entire administrative
record, we find the BIA's conclusion that the Al Najjars failed to demonstrate any "well-founded fear of
persecution on account" of any statutory factor to be "supported by reasonable, substantial, and probative
evidence on the record considered as a whole." 8 U.S.C. § 1105a(a)(4);
Perlera-Escobar,
Before this court, the Al Najjars advance three articulations of error in the finding that they failed
to establish a "well-founded fear of persecution."
[14]
First, they claim that they will be persecuted in the UAE
and Saudi Arabia because of their
actual
political opinion advocating Palestinian self-determination, which
has been made public to the governments in the proposed countries of removal due to the United States'
allegations against Mazen and the proliferation of news accounts regarding WISE, ICP, and those associated
therewith. Second, the Al Najjars argue that terrorist sympathies attributed to Mazen by the media and the
United States government, regardless of their veracity, will cause them persecution in the UAE and Saudi
Arabia on account of an
imputed
political opinion.
[15]
Lastly, the Al Najjars contend that substantial record
We refuse to consider the Al Najjars' argument that they are entitled to asylum as "refugees sur
place" as defined by the United Nations High Commissioner's
Handbook on Procedures Criteria for
Determining Refugee Statute Under the 1951 Convention and the 1967 Protocol Relating to the Status of
Refugees
¶ 94-96 (Geneva 1992). Under § 1105a(c), we are divested of jurisdiction to consider a claim
which was not presented to the immigration courts, "as an alien must exhaust the administrative remedies
available to him prior to obtaining judicial review."
Asencio v. INS,
the basis of classified evidence purporting to show that he was a threat to national security. As previously noted, on appeal, the Al Najjars have repeatedly asserted that the imputed political opinions springing *21 evidence established that they would be denied entry into the UAE and Saudi Arabia because of their Palestinian ancestry. We address each argument in turn.
1. Actual Political Opinion
First, the Al Najjars argue that they demonstrated "well-founded fear of persecution" on the grounds
of their actual political opinion in Palestinian self-determination and opposition to the Israeli occupation of
Palestinian territories. We utilize a very deferential substantial evidence test to review the IJ's factual
determination to the contrary.
See Elias-Zacarias,
There is substantial record evidence demonstrating Mazen's personal belief and outspoken advocacy for Palestinian autonomy. Before the IJ, Mazen testified that he did not agree with the Israeli occupation of the Palestinian territories. The record further reveals that Mazen helped begin a think-tank, WISE, which was ostensibly committed to "educat[ing] the public about Islamic issues through research, publishing and seminars." Mazen volunteered countless hours to the activities of WISE, and the resume he submitted to the immigration court indicates that he was the Executive Director of WISE from 1990 until the organization dissolved in the mid-nineties. WISE produced various seminars and journals that focused on the issue of the Israeli-Palestinian conflict, and advocated autonomy and self-determination for Palestine. Mazen acted as an editor in the publication of many of these journals and was a speaker regarding Palestinian issues at some of the WISE-sponsored conferеnces. Based on these offers of proof, there is reasonable, substantial, and from Mazen's detainment impact their asylum claims. Nonetheless, the Al Najjars concede that the BIA did not consider any evidence of Mazen's detainment in reviewing their appeals. For instance, the Al Najjars admit that the BIA "did not take into consideration the change in circumstances and probability for persecution or torture which would result if the Dr. Al Najjar and his wife were returned to Israel, the UAE, Saudi Arabia or Egypt." Appellant Mazen's Opening Brief at 9. We agree.
In both Mazen's and Fedaa's cases, the BIA "affirm[ed] the Immigration Judge's decision for the reasons set forth therein" and emphatically declared that "no classified information was considered by the Board in deciding the instant appeal and motion to remand." Thus, it is apparent that the BIA only considered the evidence before the IJ which pertained solely to imputed opinions, if any, directed at the Al Najjars. Since Mazen was arrested after the IJ decisions, it follows that none of the imputed opinions springing from Mazen's detainment was considered by the BIA or IJ. Accordingly, we will consider only those political opinions imputed to the Al Najjars prior to Mazen's detainment, as we are empowered to review decisions based only on record evidence. 8 U.S.C. § 1105a(a)(4). To the extent we recognize Mazen's custody proceedings, we decline to place any reliance thereon in reviewing the immigration courts' decisions on the asylum petitions.
probative evidence on the record as a whole demonstrating Mazen's actual belief in Palestinian self-determination. [16] Demonstrating one's political opinion, however, is merely one component of the "refugee" inquiry. [17] See 8 U.S.C. § 1101(a)(42)(A).
To be eligible for asylum, the alien must establish a "well-founded fear" that his or her political
opinion (or other statutorily listed factor) will cause harm or suffering that rises to the level of "persecution."
See
8 U.S.C. § 1101(a)(42)(A). "Demonstrating such a connection requires the alien to present 'specific,
detailed facts showing a good reason to fear that he or she will be
singled out
for persecution' " on account
of such an opinion.
Faddoul v. INS,
Mazen failed to demonstrate that he possessed a "well-founded fear" of persecution in the UAE on
account of his actual political opinion regarding Palestinian autonomy. The voluminous record in this case
contains only a few documents cataloguing political and social conditions in the UAE. While some of the
16 Fedaa did not testify regarding the substance of her actual political opinions; no witness attested
that she believed in Palestinian autonomy or self-determination; and there was no documentary evidence
which purported to attribute such an ideology to her. Accordingly, there is substantial evidence to
support the IJ's determination that Fedaa failed to demonstrate that her actual political opinions were
hostile to the Saudi government.
See Faddoul v. INS,
opinions regarding Palestine. "While evidence that authorities lie in wait to punish an asylum applicant
would certainly strengthen any petition to the Board, it is not evidence necessary to the 'well-founded
fear' inquiry."
Najafi v. INS,
media reports in the record contain isolated comments about political conditions in various Middle Eastern countries, none offers any facts that are relevant to this vein of Mazen's argument. Instead, the primary offer of documentary proof regarding conditions in the UAE (and Saudi Arabia) derives from reports published by the Department of State regarding human rights practices. See U.S. DEPARTMENT OF STATE, COUNTRY REPORTS ON HUMAN RIGHTS PRACTICES FOR 1995, at 1249 (Saudi Arabia), at 1274 (UAE) ("Department of State Report" or "DOS Report").
The 1995 Department of State Report, however, not only discounts Mazen's argument here; it rebuts it. First, the DOS Report states that there have been no reports of politically motivated disappearances or torture at the hands of the Emirate government. See DOS Report, supra, at 1276. Then, the Report explains that there have been no reported political prisoners in the UAE. See id. Thus, there is no reason to think that Mazen will be jailed for his political beliefs, whatever they may be.
Cutting even further against Mazen's position, the DOS Report indicates that the Emirate government is not hostile to Mazen's ideology, but in fact sympathizes with his position regarding Palestinian autonomy. The Report explains that, commensurate with the country's censorship policies, officials with the Ministry of Information and Culture censor foreign periodicals, books, and broadcasting programs to weed out material that the government wishes to suppress. See id. at 1277. Predominately, the censored material is that which is contrary to Islam, such as pornography, but the Ministry also censors that which is derogatory to the Emirate government and material that is "favorable to Israel." Id. Insofar as the UAE has a policy of censoring materials that are favorable to Israel, the UAE has an official position that is similar to Mazen's advocacy against Israel and in favor of Palestinian self-determination. Because Mazen's actual political opinions are, at the very least, not in conflict with the official policy of the UAE, we fail to see any threat that Mazen will be persecuted by the Emirate government for his actual convictions. Accordingly, we find substantial evidence suppоrting the IJ's determination that Mazen failed to establish a well-founded fear of persecution based on his actual political opinion in Palestinian self-determination.
To the extent Mazen argues that he will suffer persecution on account of the official stifling of academic freedom and political advocacy in the UAE, we reject his argument. The DOS Report explains that the UAE's Provisional Constitution creates freedom of speech, but, in practice, this freedom is rather limited. See id. at 1276. There are unwritten but generally recognized bans on criticism of the government, and the UAE prohibits the formation of political parties. DOS Report, supra, at 1277. These restrictions are *24 insufficient to amount to persecution.
First, Mazen testified that he has never criticized the Emirate government. Because Mazen has never articulated the forbidden speech, we fail to see why his academic advocacy would be officially silenced by the Emirate authorities. Second, and more importantly, "[p]olitical conditions 'which affect the populace as a whole or in large part are generally insufficient to establish [persecution].' " Gonzalez v. Reno, 212 F.3d 1338, 1355 (11th Cir.2000) (quoting Mitev v. INS, 67 F.3d 1325, 1330 (7th Cir.1995)). Because any governmental bar on political advocacy, association, or free speech is applicable to the general population of the UAE, these social constraints do not amount to persecution on the grounds of political opinion. See id.
2. Imputed Political Opinion
Next, the Al Najjars argue that it was an abuse of discretion for the IJ and BIA to reject their asylum claims as to Saudi Arabia and the UAE, because allegations of terrorist associations, regardless of their veracity, create terrorist opinions imputed to them by the United States government and media which will cause persecution. Specifically, the Al Najjars contend that their imputed association and affiliation with the PIJ, Intifada, Hamas and/or other militant Islamic organizations will cause them persecution in the UAE and Saudi Arabia. [19]
"[A]n imputed political opinion, whether correctly or incorrectly attributed," may constitute a ground
for a "well-founded fear" of political persecution within the meaning of the INA.
Morales v. INS,
208 F.3d
323, 331 (1st Cir.2000).
See, e.g., Lwin v. INS,
Cir.1992);
Matter of S-P-,
21 I&N Dec. 486 (BIA 1996) ("Persecution for 'imputed' grounds (e.g., where one
is erroneously thought to hold particular political opinions or mistakenly believed to be a member of a
religious sect) can satisfy the 'refugee' definition."). "An asylum applicant may prevail on a theory of
'imputed political opinion' if he shows that the '[p]ersecutor falsely attribute[d] an opinion to [him], and then
persecute[d][him] because of that mistaken belief about [his] views.' "
Chanchavac v. INS,
Even if we were to find that Saudi Arabia and the UAE would impute terrorist opinions to Mazen
and Fedaa, the Al Najjars would still be required to demonstrate that they have a "well-founded fear of
persecution"
because of
that imputed political opinion. The Al Najjars failed to offer
any
evidence of such
a well-founded fear, and they certainly have not satisfied the heavy burden on asylum applicants arguing that
the BIA erred in its factual determination that they are statutorily ineligible for asylum. Accordingly, we need
not decide whether the Al Najjars demonstrated the imputation of terrorist opinions. Instead, we review the
BIA's finding that the Al Najjars failed to demonstrate past persecution or a "well-founded fear" of future
persecution on account of such an opinion.
See Elias-Zacarias,
While the precise contours of the "well-founded fear" inquiry continue to evolve, it is
well-established that it has both an objective and subjective component. What this means is that an applicant
must demonstrate that his or her fear of persecution is subjectively genuine and objectively reasonable.
See
Mgoian v. INS,
Mazen failed to prove both the objective and subjective components of his well-founded fear based on imputed political opinions. The record is devoid of evidence that the Emirate government has ever detained, arrested, tortured, or otherwise harmed any suspected member of the PIJ or other Islamic terrorist group opposed to the Israeli-Palestinian peace process, much less one who merely is alleged to have some association with such a group. Indeed, there was no record evidence indicating that the UAE feels threatened from terrorist acts in Israel or in any way sympathizes with the Israeli government. Instead, Department of State Reports indicate that the UAE is a predominatingly Arab nation, with a devoutly Muslim population and a large number of Palestinian refugees. If anything, this indicates that the UAE is likely to be sympathetic to the plight of the Palestinians, not the Israelis. Whatever inferences may be drawn from this Report, however, are not within our province to make, since Mazen was required to demonstrate " 'specific, detailed facts showing a good reason to fear that he ... will be singled out for persecution.' " Faddoul, 37 F.3d at 188. He failed to offer any proof that the Emirate government has a history of persecuting terrorists, members of the PIJ, or any other individual with a similar ideology, much less one who is merely alleged to have some association therewith. He likewise failed to present evidence that fear of such future suffering is reasonable. [20]
Mazen failed to establish the subjective component as well. During his testimony, when asked whether he feared persecution in the UAE, Mazen recited only his fear of discrimination on the basis of his Palestinian ancestry. At no time during the hearings before the IJ did Mazen testify that he "genuinely fears persecution" in UAE on account of imputed terrorist loyalties, and there is no other record evidence indicating that he possessed such a fear.
The "denial of asylum may be reversed
only
if the evidence presented by the applicant is so powerful
that a reasonable factfinder would
have
to conclude that the requisite fear of persecution exists."
Mazariegos,
imputed political opinion were not well-founded.
We likewise see no reason to disturb the IJ's finding that Fedaa's fear of persecution due to imputed political opinions was not well-founded. Not only did she fail to present any evidence that she personally and genuinely feared persecution due to imputed terrorist opinions, but she also failed to demonstrate that Saudi Arabia has persecuted suspected members of the PIJ or individuals opposed to the Israeli-Palestinian peace process, much less the spouse of a person who is merely alleged to have some association with such a group. Likewise, there was no showing that suspected members of the PIJ or other similar terrorist group will be persecuted by Saudi Arabia in the future. Accordingly, we affirm the IJ's finding that Fedaa "failed to provide evidence that published allegations regarding her husband would subject her to persecution." 3. Denial of Entry
Lastly, the Al Najjars claim that they will be denied entry into the UAE and Saudi Arabia because
of their status as stateless Palestinians, which they claim constitutes persecution on account of nationality.
The IJ rejected this argument, finding that "persecution based on denial of entry was not established" as to
Fedaa or Mazen. In so doing, the IJ relied on
Faddoul v. INS,
This account prompts us to consider whether Saudi Arabia supports Israel in the Palestinian-Israeli clash, and to ask whether the Saudis arrested CDLR supporters for expressing opposition to the Israeli-Peace process. We conclude that the foregoing story is not sufficiently specific or telling to demonstrate either. "Although other inferences ... may be drawn [from this account], it is not our task to do so as long as substantial evidence supports the BIA's conclusion." Perlera-Escobar,894 F.2d at 1299 . An alien must demonstrate " 'specific, detailed facts showing a good reason to fear that he or she will be singled out for persecution.' " Faddoul,37 F.3d at 188 . The story of thе CDLR members does not satisfy such a strong showing and therefore, is insufficient, standing alone, to undercut the IJ's determination that Fedaa failed to demonstrate a well-founded fear of persecution on account of imputed political opinions. In light of the limited scope of our review, we are not at liberty to reject the inferences which the IJ and BIA accepted— i.e., that the Saudis arrested the CDLR supporters because of their opposition to the Saudi King and high level governmental officials—and instead to adopt the inference more favorable to Fedaa's position which the IJ and BIA rejected.
out Palestinians for such discriminatory treatment." Id. at 188. Instead, Saudi law grants citizenship based solely on Saudi ancestry. The Fifth Circuit reasoned that Saudi Arabia's "method of conferring citizenship does not amount to persecution" of Palestinians because all non-Saudis are subject to the same entry and exit restrictions. Id. at 189.
Fedaa's claim of persecution based on a denial of entry mirrors Faddoul's. She asserts that because she is of Palestinian ancestry, she will be denied citizenship and/or entry into Saudi Arabia, which constitutes persecution under the Act. As Faddoul recognizes, however, Saudi law grants citizenship solely based on ancestry. This means that the Saudi government does not single out Palestinians for discriminatory treatment. Thus, such treatment does not amount to persecution under the INA. See id.
Although Fedaa is not legally entitled to become a Saudi citizen, the Saudis permit nonimmigrant resident refugees to retain Saudi re-entry visas if they return to the country at least every six months. Fedaa procured a Saudi re-entry visa prior to coming to the United States, and since she has been here, she has failed to follow the visa's conditions which caused it to expire. The cancellation of Fedaa's visa had nothing to do with her Palestinian ancestry; it was caused by Fedaa's failure to follow the terms of her visa. Now that her visa is expired, Fedaa's ability to return to Saudi Arabia is contingent on Saudi Arabia's generally applicable policies concerning nonimmigrant refugees. There has been no evidence that these policies single out Palestinian refugees for discriminatory treatment. Instead, testimony offered to the IJ indicates that if Fedaa's entry were sponsored by an employer, like that of other non-Saudis, she could obtain a work permit and return to Saudi Arabia, regardless of her ancestry. The significant fact about the instant record is that Fedaa has failed to demonstrate that if she is denied such a visa, it will be because of her Palestinian ancestry. Indeed, there is nothing in the record to indicate that Saudi Arabia will deny Fedaa an entry visa because she is of Palestinian descent.
To reverse a determination that an alien is statutorily ineligible for asylum, there must be record evidence that is so compelling that a reasonable factfinder would be compelled to reach a conclusion contrary to that of the BIA. Here, we have not been presented with any evidence that the Saudis will deny Fedaa entry, or that if such a denial occurred it would be due to her nationality. Therefore, we find substantial, reasonable, and probative evidence supporting the IJ's conclusion that Fedaa failed to establish a "well-founded fear" that she would be denied entry on account of her nationality.
With respect to Mazen's denial of entry claim, we likewise find substantial evidence supporting the *29 IJ's conclusion that persecution on this basis was not established. Much like Saudi Arabia, the UAE grants citizenship based on ancestry and/or marriage. Neither Mazen nor his family is eligible to become citizens of the UAE, since they are of Palestinian origin. There are no formal procedures for accepting refugees into the UAE. DOS Report, supra, at 1277. Nonetheless, Mazen testified that nonimmigrant refugees may receive temporary residence permits from the Emirate government.
Mazen's siblings have procured temporary residence permits from the Emirate government and reside in the UAE at this time. Further, Mazen's father worked for the Ministry of Education in the UAE for over twenty-years, and his parents presently reside in the UAE at least one-half of the year utilizing temporary residence permits. Mazen failed to explain why he would be ineligible for such a permit. Moreover, he has failed to offer any evidence that the Emirate government has ever, or will ever, deny temporary resident permits on the basis of Palestinian ancestry. Not only do Mazen's Palestinian parents and siblings possess such documents, but Mazen himself had such a temporary permit before he moved to the United States. For the foregoing reasons, we find substantial evidence supporting the IJ's determination that Mazen's fear that he will be denied entry into the UAE on account of his nationality is not well-founded. [22] E. Withholding of Deportation
We have held that "reasonable, substantial and probative evidence in the record considered as a
whole,"
see
8 U.S.C. § 1105a(a)(4), supports the BIA's denial of asylum to the Al Najjars. Where "an
applicant is unable to meet the 'well-founded fear' standard for asylum, he is generally precluded from
qualifying for either asylum or withholding of deportation."
Nkacoang v. INS,
F. Asylum & Withholding Testing Countries
To the extent that the Al Najjars contend that they will be denied entry into the UAE and Saudi Arabia on account of imputed terrorist opinions, we likewise reject this argument, as there is no record evidence that the UAE and Saudi Arabia have ever, or will ever, exclude individuals with such opinions. Accordingly, we find substantial, probative evidence supporting the BIA's finding that the Al Najjars failed to demonstrate persecution on such a ground.
Next, the Al Najjars argue that they are natives of Palestine and that the BIA abused its discretion in determining that the UAE and Saudi Arabia were the appropriate countries for consideration of their asylum and withholding claims. The Al Najjars contend that they are stateless and argue that the IJ should have tested their petitions by reference to Israel, the country with political control over their homeland in Palestine.
The statutory methodology for determining the potential country of deportation is different from that utilized to pinpoint the asylum testing country. Compare 8 U.S.C. § 1101(a)(42)(A), with 8 U.S.C. § 1253(a) (1995) (repealed by IIRIRA § 307(a), now codified at INA § 241, 8 U.S.C. § 1231(b)). Because these statutory provisions contemplate different procedures, we address the argument as to asylum and withholding separately.
Beginning with the Al Najjars' asylum claims, the INS contends that Emirate and Saudi residence was appropriate because a "refugee" for purposes of asylum is tested by reference to the "country of such persоn's nationality, or in the case of a person having no nationality, ... any country in which such person last habitually resided." 8 U.S.C. § 1101(a)(42)(A). Since the Al Najjars repeatedly asserted they were stateless Palestinians, the Service argues that the BIA was required by § 1101(a)(42)(A) to test their asylum claims by reference to the country in which they "last habitually resided." The Al Najjars counter that their nationality is Palestinian and, therefore, that Israel should have been designated as the asylum testing country.
"[S]tatelessness alone does not warrant asylum," as all asylum applicants must demonstrate the same
well-founded fear of persecution under INA § 101(a)(42)(A).
See Faddoul,
Before the BIA and IJ, the Al Najjars consistently argued that they were stateless Palestinians, and we will not permit them to interpose a different argument on appeal. 8 U.S.C. § 1105a(c). Thus, to the extent that the Al Najjars now argue in their brief to this court and in oral argument that their asylum claim *31 should be tested by reference to Israel, we refuse to consider this argument because it was not raised below. [23] We will, however, consider the other articulation of the Al Najjars' argument which was argued before the immigration courts: whether the IJ improperly identified the UAE and Saudi Arabia as the Al Najjars' "last habitual residence."
The "last habitual residence" designation is a question of fact. As such, we review this conclusion
under a deferential substantial evidence test.
See Mazariegos,
Although Fedaa is of Palestinian ancestry, she was born in Saudi Arabia and lived there with her parents and siblings for twenty-three years before coming to the United States. Fedaa attended secondary school and college in Saudi Arabia. In fact, other than her residence in Tampa, Florida, Fedaa has lived in no other country. Furthermore, almost every living member of Fedaa's close family presently resides in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. Thus, we readily conclude that there is substantial evidence supporting the IJ's determination that Saudi Arabia is Fedaa's "last habitual residence."
As for Mazen, he was born in Palestine and lived there for only one year before moving to Saudi Arabia and residing there for thirteen years with his parents and five siblings. Thereafter, Mazen moved to Egypt, living there for eight years. After completing his bachelor's degree at a university in Egypt, Mazen moved to the UAE in 1979. He lived in the UAE until 1981, working for a consulting firm in a construction business in Ajman, UAE. Upon leaving the UAE, Mazen ventured to the United States to commence his master's work in North Carolina.
At the hearing before the IJ, Mazen's attorney stated that he was offering evidence regarding the UAE as relevant to the "issue of political asylum, because that's his last area of habitual abode." Indeed, before the The Al Najjars claim, raised for the first time on appeal, that Israel should have been used as the asylum testing country, was not raised below and is belied by their position before the immigration courts. Before the IJ, the Al Najjars consistently asserted that they were stateless Palestinians with legal residency rights in no country in the world. In their petitions for asylum, suspension, and withholding, both Fedaa and Mazen listed their "Citizenship" as "Stateless" and before the IJ, the Al Najjars' attorney stressed the fact that neither Fedaa or Mazen had legal citizenship rights anywhere in the world. After the IJ designated the UAE and Saudi Arabia as the proper asylum testing countries under the statute, the Al Najjars appealed to the BIA and did not in any way challenge the IJ's designation of the UAE and Saudi Arabia as the asylum testing countries. Not only did the Al Najjars fail to raise, or even vaguely argue, this issue of Israeli "nationality" below—which is enough to preclude consideration of this argument in the court of appeals—but this argument is wholly inconsistent with their position of statelessness, which they unwaveringly adhered to in the immigration courts.
IJ and BIA, Mazen never contested the designation of the UAE as his "last habitual residence." Despite this,
Mazen asks us to entertain his complaints on this issue. We will not consider arguments raised for the first
time on appeal. 8 U.S.C. § 1105a(c);
Asencio v. INS,
As for the IJ's designation of Saudi Arabia and the UAE as the appropriate countries of removal under
§ 1253(a), we likewise affirm. Section 1253 "authorize[d] the Attorney General to specify the country to
which the alien will be sent," once the alien's designation fails or the alien refuses to designate such a country.
Ademi v. INS,
While § 1253(a) gives the alien the power initially to designate the deportation country, when that
designation fails or the alien refuses to specify such a country, the provision reposes very broad discretion
in the Board to designate the removal country.
See Ademi,
The Al Najjars' contentions that "statelessness" somehow alters the removal country designation are without merit. Instead, § 1253(a) clearly defines the procedure to be followed in all cases, without reference to statelessness. Where, for any reason, the alien refuses to designate the removal country, the designation is committed to the Board to be determined in accordance with seven statutory guidelines. See 8 U.S.C. § 1253(a). We find that there was no abuse of discretion in designating the UAE and Saudi Arabia as the removal countries; there is substantial evidence in the record as a whole demonstrating Fedaa's and Mazen's nexus to these countries. Accordingly, we reject the Al Najjars' argument that the removal countries were improvidently designated under § 1253(a).
For the first time at oral argument, the Al Najjars cited
Kuhai v. INS,
In the instant appeal, the Al Najjars were not denied the opportunity to contest the proposed country of deportation or "last habitual residence" designations. To the contrary, there was ample notice and opportunity to adduce evidence. Thus, unlike Kuhai, Kossov, and Andriasian, the Al Najjars' proceedings involved no lack of notice that the UAE and Saudi Arabia, respectively, were the appropriate petition-testing countries. Accordingly, the Al Najjars' cases involve no such due process concerns. [25] G. Suspension of Deportation
Fedaa argues that the BIA erred in denying her request for suspension of deportation on the ground that she failed to demonstrate extreme hardship. Mazen argues that the BIA erred in concluding that he failed to demonstrate the continuous physical presence element of his suspension claim.
Section § 244(a)(1) of the INA, 8 U.S.C. § 1254(a)(1), which was repealed by IIRIRA § 308(b)(7),
[26]
governs Fedaa's and Mazen's suspension applications. In order to be eligible for suspension of deportation
under § 244(a)(1) of the Act, an applicant must establish that: (1) he or she "has been physically present in
the United States for a continuous period of not less than seven years immediately preceding the date of such
application;" (2) "during all of such period he was and is a person of good moral character;" and (3) he or she
"is a person whose deportation would, in the opinion of the Attоrney General, result in extreme hardship to
the alien or to his spouse, parent, or child, who is a citizen of the United States or an alien lawfully admitted
for permanent residence." 8 U.S.C. § 1254(a)(1). Even if an alien establishes statutory eligibility for
suspension under INA § 244, the Attorney General possesses the "unfettered discretion" to deny such an
application.
See INS v. Yueh-Shaio Yang,
The BIA affirmed the IJ's denial of suspension to Fedaa, finding that she failed to demonstrate the necessary element of extreme hardship. In Mazen's case, the BIA affirmed the IJ's pretermittance of his suspension application on the ground that Mazen could not establish "continuous physical presence." The Al Najjars ask us to review these decisions, but before doing so, we must inquire into our jurisdiction.
IIRIRA commands that in the case of a transitional alien "there shall be no appeal of any discretionary decision under section 212(c), 212(h), 212(j), 244, or 245 of the Immigration and Nationality Act." IIRIRA § 309(c)(4)(E), reprinted in 8 U.S.C. § 1101 (history) (1999). Section 309(c)(4)(E) does not preclude our review of all decisions under § 244 of the INA, but applies only to "any discretionary decision" under the enumerated provisions. Thus, the question is whether determinations as to "extreme hardship" and "continuous physical presence" constitute "discretionary decision[s]" within the meaning of IIRIRA § 309(c)(4)(E). These are questions of first impression in this Circuit.
As to the "extreme hardship" prong, the Supreme Court has made it clear that the "Attorney General
and his delegates have the authority to construe 'extreme hardship' narrowly should they deem it wise to do
so."
INS v. Jong Ha Wang,
All of the Circuits that have examined this issue have concluded that the determination of "extreme
hardship" under INA § 244 is a discretionary decision that the transitional rules insulate from direct judicial
review.
See, e.g., Escalera v. INS,
222 F.3d 753, 755-56 (10th Cir.2000) (concluding that IIRIRA §
*36
309(c)(4)(E) divests the court of appeals of jurisdiction to review a determination that the alien failed to
demonstrate "extreme hardship");
Bernal-Vallejo v. INS,
Turning now to the "continuous physical presence" requirement on which the BIA affirmed the denial
of Mazen's suspension application, we inquirе into whether this was also a "discretionary decision" within
the meaning of § 309(c)(4)(E). In
Kalaw v. INS,
[C]ontinuous physical presence[] must be determined from the facts, not through an exercise of discretion. Either the petitioner has been continuously present in the United States for seven years or the petitioner has not. There are legal standards guiding this inquiry, see, e.g., Rosenberg v. Fleuti, 374 U.S. 449, 462, 83 S.Ct. 1804, 1812, 10 L.Ed.2d 1000 (1963) (brief, casual, and innocent departures from the United States do not break a period of continuous physical presence), and we have reversed the BIA's determination when it applied the wrong standard, see, e.g., Castrejon- Garcia v. INS, 60 F.3d 1359 (9th Cir.1995); Kamheangpatiyooth v. INS, 597 F.2d 1253 (9th Cir.1979).... Thus, the transitional rules of judicial review provided in IIRIRA §§ 309(c)(4)(E) ... do not remove appellate jurisdiction over an alien's challenge to the BIA's denial of an application for suspension of deportation solely on this ground.
Similarly, in
Bernal-Vallejo,
the First Circuit found that "the determination of whether the seven year
continuous presence requirement has been met is subject to legal standards that guide the inquiry" and is thus,
"non-discretionary" within the meaning of § 309(c)(4)(E).
The BIA reasoned that Mazen's suspension petition was properly pretermitted by the IJ because Mazen failed to establish the required seven years of continuous physical presence. The BIA found that Mazen entered the United States on December 8, 1984, and an OSC was issued against him on April 19, 1985. Because an alien's physical presence clock stops when he is served with an OSC, the Board concluded that Mazen was ineligible to apply for suspension for failure to establish the requisite seven years.
We agree with the BIA. Before IIRIRA, the time an alien spent in deportation proceedings counted
toward the physical presence requirement. However, IIRIRA enacted a "stop time" provision providing that
the period of continuous physical presence would be deemed to end once the alien was served with a notice
to appear for removal proceedings or at which time the alien committed a criminal offense described in INA
§ 244A(d)(1). IIRIRA § 305(c)(5);
Tefel,
180 F.3d at 1289 (citing 8 U.S.C. § 1229b(d)(1)).
Subsequently, Congress promulgated the Nicaraguan and Central American Relief Act,
see
Pub.L. 105-100,
111 Stat. 2160 (1997) ("NACARA"), which, among other things, amended IIRIRA § 309(c)(5) to broaden
the phrase "notices to appear" to encompass "orders to show cause" as well,
see
NACARA § 203(f), and
specifically to make NACARA's amendments effective as if originally enacted with IIRIRA.
See Tefel,
180
F.3d at 1293. In
Tefel v. Reno,
Under the reasoning of Tefel, Mazen's physical presence clock stopped when he was served with an order to show cause in April 1985 upon the commencement of his removal proceedings. See id. We agree INA § 240A(d)(1), 8 U.S.C. § 1229b(d)(1) (2000) provides that: [A]ny period of continuous physical residence or continuous physical presence in the United States shall be deemed to end when the alien is served a notice to appear ... or when the alien has committed an offense referred to in section 1182(a)(2) of this title ...
And, IIRIRA § 305(c)(5), as amended by NACARA § 203(f), provides that: Subject to subparagraphs (B) and (C), paragraphs (1) and (2) of section 240A(d) of the Immigration and Nationality Act [section 1229b(d) of this title] (relating to continuous physical presence) shall apply to orders to show cause ... issued before, on, or after the date of the enactment of this Act.
with the BIA that Mazen has proved continuous physical presence only from December 5, 1984, to April 1985, and therefore, that he has failed to establish an essential element of his suspension claim.
When recalendaring Mazen's deportation proceedings in 1996, the INS issued a Form I-261 to supplement the factual allegations contained in the 1985 OSC. Accordingly, the instant deportation proceedings stem from the 1985 OSC and were merely supplemented with additional allegatiоns in 1996. To the extent that Mazen argues that his stop-time clock was merely suspended and restarted in June 1986 when the 1985 deportation proceedings were administratively closed, we reject his argument.
In In re Mendoza-Sandino, Int. Dec. 3426 (BIA 2000), a majority of the en banc BIA interpreted INA 240A(d)(1), 8 U.S.C. § 1229b(d)(1), to mean "that the continuous physical presence clock does not start anew after the service of an Order to Show Cause." The Board based this interpretation on the statute's language, title and history. The BIA reasoned that while § 240A(d)(1) states that an alien's period of continuous physical presence in the United States "shall be deemed to end when the alien is served" with a charging document, subsection (d)(2) states that when an alien departs the United States for more than 90 days the alien "shall be deemed to have failed to maintain continuous physical presence." INA § 240A(d), 8 U.S.C. § 1229b(d) (emphasis added). Mendoza found that use of the word "end" in subsection (d)(1) and "fail[ ] to maintain" in (d)(2) demonstrates Congress' intent to restart the seven-year clock upon certain events, such as an alien's reentry into the United States after an absence in excess of 90 days, but that Congress did not intend to restart the clock after the alien had been served with an OSC or notice or appear. Instead, the BIA found that "under section 240A(d)(1), such service is deemed to end an alien's presence completely." Thus, "a reading of section 2450A(d)(1) that would allow an alien to accrue a new period of continuous physical presence after the service of a charging document is not supported by the language of either section 240A(d)(1) or (2)."
Where the BIA's interpretation of the INA is reasonable and consistent with the plain language of the
statute, we are obliged to defer to the Board's interpretation.
See INS v. Aguirre-Aguirre,
H. Motions to Remand
Lastly, the Al Najjars argue that the BIA committed reversible error in denying their motions to remand. The Al Najjars submitted two such motions to the BIA, and both were denied.
First, on November 7, 1996, the Al Najjars filed a "Motion to Remand Case to Immigration Judge,"
arguing that a new hearing wаs warranted because the IJ erred in pretermitting Mazen's application for
suspension of deportation. In the motion, the Al Najjars argued that the IJ's legal error in applying
Matter
of N-J-B-,
21 I&N Dec. 812,
On June 19, 1999, the Al Najjars submitted a second motion to remand. This motion requested the BIA to remand so that the IJ could consider the Al Najjars' claims under Article 3 of the United Nations Convention Against Torture and Other Cruel, Inhuman or Degrading Treatment or Punishment ("CAT" or "the Convention"), June 26, 1987, S. Treaty Doc. No. 100-200 (1988), 1465 U.N.T.S. 85, which is implemented through the Foreign Affairs Reform and Restructuring Act ("FARR"), Pub.L. No. 105-277,112 Stat. 2681, 2681-821 (1999). The BIA denied this motion as well, reasoning that because the Al Najjars failed to meet the prima facie standard for asylum, they could not demonstrate eligibility for relief under CAT.
Under 8 C.F.R. § 3.1(d) (1999), the "Board may return a case to the Service or Immigration Judge
for such further action as may be appropriate, without entering a final decision on the merits of the case."
While § 3.1(d) authorizes the BIA to order a remand, courts generally look at the substance of such a motion
to determine how it should be scrutinized on appeal. If a motion to remand "simply articulates the remedy
requested by an appeal, [it is] treat[ed ] as part of the appeal" and not as a motion to reopen or reconsider.
Matter of Coelho,
20 I&N Dec. 464, 471 (BIA 1992). Conversely, if a motion to remand seeks to introduce
*40
evidence that has not previously been presented, it is generally treated as a motion to reopen under 8 C.F.R.
§ 3.2(c).
See id.; see also Saiyid v. INS,
In this instance, the Al Najjars' motion to remand under CAT is in the nature of a motion to reopen
because the Al Najjars requested additional proceedings to present new evidence regarding their eligibility
for relief under CAT. Accordingly, we will analyze it as such on appeal.
See Mansour,
The authority for motions to reopen "derives solely from regulations promulgated by the Attorney
General."
INS v. Doherty,
At a minimum, there are at least three independent grounds upon which the Board may deny a
motion to reopen: 1) failure to establish a prima facie case; 2) failure to introduce evidence that was material
and previously unаvailable; and 3) a determination that despite the alien's statutory eligibility for relief, he
or she is not entitled to a favorable exercise of discretion.
See Doherty,
Here, the BIA denied the motion on the ground that the Al Najjars failed to demonstrate a prima facie case for protection under CAT. The BIA found that, because the Al Najjars failed to demonstrate a "well-founded fear of persecution" sufficient to support an asylum claim, they could not satisfy the "heavy burden" of demonstrating CAT eligibility.
2. Heavy Burden
First, the Al Najjars argue that the BIA improperly employed a "heavy burden" standard of review which merits reversal. We disagree.
In utilizing a "heavy burden," the BIA cited
INS v. Abudu,
The Al Najjars contend that 8 C.F.R. § 208.18(b)(2) (2001), which governs motions to reopen under CAT, articulates a much more deferential standard than the "heavy burden" and, therefore, the BIA erred in deciding their motion. The Al Najjars' interpretation of § 208.18(b)(2), as abrogating the heavy burden 8 C.F.R. § 208.18(b)(2) states: An alien under a final order of deportation, exclusion, or removal that became final prior to March 22, 1999 may move to reopen proceedings for the sole purpose of seeking protection under § 208.16(c). Such motions to reopen shall be governed by [8 C.F.R.] §§ 3.23 and 3.2 of this chapter, except that the time and numerical limitations on motions to reopen shall not apply and the alien shall not be required to demonstrate that the evidence sought was unavailable and could not have been presented at the former hearing. The motion to reopen shall not be granted unless: *42 articulated in Abudu and Matter of Coelho, is unpersuasive. They point to nothing in § 208.18(b)(2) which alters this burden of proof. Accordingly, we reject the Al Najjars' contention and affirm the imposition of a "heavy burden."
3. Prima Facie CAT Claim
Next, the Al Najjars argue that it was error for the BIA to reject their motion to remand because the new evidence of imputed terrorist opinions was compelling and merited a remand. The BIA held that because the Al Najjars failed to demonstrate asylum eligibility, they likewise could not satisfy the standard for CAT eligibility. We agree.
Under § 3.2(c), the Board is required to consider the factual assertions and supporting evidentiary submissions in determining the merit of a motion to reopen. See 8 C.F.R. § 3.2(c) (2001). Here, the record on appeal reveals that in their motion to remand under CAT, the Al Najjars merely claimed that there were "substantial grounds for believing [they] would be in danger of being subjected to torture" in the UAE and Saudi Arabia on account of terrorist opinions imputed after the IJ's decision. For instance, the motion states that "the ... governments [of Israel, Saudi Arabia, UAE, and Egypt] have policies regarding terrorism which would make them take the Al-Najjars into detention." Yet, the motion does not provide any proof of what these policies are. Without explanation as to why they will be imprisoned, the motion then asserts that a non-record, 1997 DOS Report on human rights proves that prisoners in the UAE and Saudi Arabia are abused by governmental officials. However, since the Al Najjars failed to submit the 1997 Country Report which allegedly supports these assertions, the material never became part of the administrative record, and we are therefore barred from considering it on appeal. 8 U.S.C. § 1105a(a)(4); IIRIRA § 309(c)(4)(B). Based on the fact that the Al Najjars failed to submit evidence to support their motion, the BIA properly considered only the factual record before it in assessing its merit. This is the vantage point from which we review the Board's decision.
In making out a claim under the CAT, "[t]he burden of proof is on the applicant ... to establish that it is more likely than not that he or she would be tortured if removed to the proposed country of removal." 8 C.F.R. § 208.16(c)(2) (2001). In turn, "torture" is defined as:
(i) The motion is filed within June 21, 1999; and (ii) The evidence sought to be offered establishes a prima facie case that the applicant's removal must be withheld or deferred under §§ 208.16(c) or 208.17(a).
[A]ny act by which severe pain or suffering, whether physical or mental, is intentionally inflicted on a person for such purposes as obtaining from him or her or a third person information or a confession, punishing him or her for an act he or she or a third person has committed or is suspected of having committed, or intimidating or coеrcing him or her or a third person, or for any reason based on discrimination of any kind, when such pain or suffering is inflicted by or at the instigation of or with the consent or acquiescence of a public official or other person acting in an official capacity.
8 C.F.R. § 208.18(a)(1) (2001). Relief under the Convention is in the form of the mandatory remedy of withholding of removal. See 8 C.F.R. § 208.16(c).
There is no reason to disturb the BIA's conclusion that, because the Al Najjars failed to demonstrate a "well-founded fear of persecution" sufficient to support an asylum claim, they likewise cannot establish "torture" sufficient to warrant relief under CAT. The burden of proof for an applicant seeking withholding of removal under the Convention, like that for an applicant seeking withholding of removal under the statute, is higher than the burden imposed on an asylum applicant. See 8 C.F.R. § 208.16(c)(2). On the record before the BIA, there was no evidence of a well-founded fear, and it therefore follows that the Al Najjars failed to demonstrate that it was more likely than not that they would be tortured on account of a protected factor. [30] Accordingly, we affirm the BIA's denial of the motion to remand under CAT as supported by substantial evidence, and well within the broad discretion of the BIA in determining a motion to reopen.
III. CONCLUSION
While the Al Najjars raise serious concerns on appeal, none is substantiated with record evidence. This stems from the fact that such evidence either does not exist, or their attorneys failed to offer it. In either case, we cannot expand the scope of our review where an alien fails to follow immigration procedures. Based on the record before us, we find the BIA's denial of asylum, suspension, and withholding to be supported by substantial evidence. We also affirm the BIA's denial of the motion to remand under the Convention Against Torture. For all of the foregoing reasons, the BIA's decisions are affirmed and the Al Najjars'
PETITIONS FOR REVIEW ARE DENIED. [31] The Al Najjars failed to offer the BIA any supplemental or additional evidence demonstrating their eligibility for relief under CAT. Instead, through motions to supplement and take judicial notice, they seek to have us examine evidence in the first instance in the court of appeals. We are prohibited from this endeavor. IIRIRA § 309(c)(4)(B); 8 U.S.C. § 1105a(a)(4). Any pending motion not disposed of explicitly in this opinion is denied.