159 Ga. 568 | Ga. | 1925
Lead Opinion
(After stating the foregoing facts.) When this case was here before this court held that the petition failed to set forth a cause of action, and that the court erred in overruling the demurrer. Before the remittitur from this court was made the judgment of the court below, the plaintiffs amended their petition by new and additional attacks upon the validity of the assessment against property abutting upon the streets paved to defray the expenses of paving. To the petition as amended the defendants renewed their demurrer, which the court sustained; and to this judgment the plaintiffs excepted.
The plaintiffs attack the validity of the assessment, because the contract between the city and the county for paving these streets was illegal and invalid. The alleged invalidity of this contract is
Where the charter of a municipality authorizes the paving of streets and the collection of assessments against abutting-prnperty owners, and provides that such property owners may file an affidavit of illegality and may contest the whole or any part of the amount so claimed, levy of the assessment is not void on the ground that the owner is not afforded due process of law. Sanders v. Gainesville, 141 Ga. 441 (2) (81 S. E. 215); Horkan v. Moultrie, 154. Ga. 444 (2) (114 S. E. 888).
Another attack upon the validity of the assessment against abutting property is that the contract, by which the city entered into the above arrangement with the State Highway Department and the county, created a debt by the city, in violation of article 7, section 7, paragraph 1, of the constitution of this State, which prohibits municipalities from creating debts without the sanction of a popular vote. When this case was here before, we held that the allegations of the petition did not show the creation of such a debt. By an amendment to their petition, made after the above ruling, plaintiffs alleged that the City of Washington, under its charter, is only authorized to levy and collect a tax for general purposes, not exceeding 25 cents on every $100 of taxable property in said city; that the total property returned for taxation for the year 1919 therein amounted to $2,971,380; that the total sum the city was authorized to levy for town purposes, under said limitation in its
Another attack on the legality of the paving assessments is based on the ground that the assessments against abutting-property owners included the intersection of cross-streets not abutting on the property of the individuals assessed. Under the decision in Kaplan v. City of Macon, 144 Ga. 97 (86 S. E. 219), the assess
Paragraph 5 of section 2 of article 5 of the act of August 18, 1919, reorganizing the State Highway Department (Ga. Laws 1919, pp. 242, 249), provided: “That when any portion of the designated State-aid road system is taken under the jurisdiction of the State Highway Department by written notice as prescribed in article 5, section 1, hereof, the county or counties in which said portion is located shall not thereafter be required to levy taxes for the construction or maintenance thereof.” This provision is a limitation upon the power of the county to levy taxes for the construction and maintenance of State-aid highways, but is not a limitation on the power of a city to provide for the pavement of its streets under such an arrangement as was made in this ease. Whether a city would be liable for the maintenance of its streets which are made a part of State-aid roads is not now for decision by this court.
Under section 7 of article 5 of the above act, reorganizing the State Highway Department, provision is made for reimbursing counties for money expended in the construction of State-aid roads. This act does not make provision for the payment of moneys expended by a city for paving its streets, nor for the payment of assessments levied by the city for such purpose when such moneys are expended and such assessments are levied in pursuance of an arrangement by which the city is to secure the pavement of its streets free of all cost, except.such portion thereof as can be assessed against the lands of individuals abutting on said streets, or from funds otherwise lawfully applicable for such purpose, notwithstanding the fact that such streets are links in State-aid roads. Plaintiffs allege that certificates have been issued to the County of Wilkes which are sufficient to pay the entire cost of paving these streets, and that this act provides a complete method for the payment of these costs. There is no allegation in the petition that these costs have been paid in full by the State Highway Department to the county. If these certificates had been paid to the county and the entire cost of paving these streets had thus been liquidated, a different question would be presented for adjudication. Whether the city and the plaintiffs would be entitled to the proceeds of these certificates when they are paid is not now a question for determina
'Other allegations of the petition attack the constitutionality of the act of the General Assembly creating the Highway Commission, wherein authority was granted to said board to. lend its credit to the political subdivisions of the State for the building of State highways, it being contended that these provisions are in conflict with article 7, section 8, paragraph 1, of the constitution of Georgia (Civil Code (1910), § 6565), providing: “The State shall not assume the debt, nor any part thereof, of any county, municipal corporation, or political division of the State, unless such debt shall be contracted to enable the State to repel invasion, suppress insurrection, or defend itself in time of war.” This contention is without merit.
It follows from the foregoing rulings that the court did not err in sustaining the general demurrer and dismissing, the petition.
Judgment affirmed.
Dissenting Opinion
I dissent for the following reasons:
The board of commissioners of roads and revenues takes the place of the ordinary, in so far as this case is concerned, in the discharge of the financial affairs of the County of Wilkes. Weathers v. Easterling, 153 Ga. 601, 603 (supra).
“All contracts entered into by the ordinary [or board of county commissioners, as the case may be] with other persons in behalf of the county must be in writing and entered on the minutes.” Civil Code (1910), § 386.
A person can not enforce -a contract made with a county, by suit or otherwise, unless such contract is entered on the minutes
Where a contract is let by a municipality for the construction of a public improvement such as the paving of its streets, and an assessment is levied to pay such contract price, the validity of such contract is essential to the validity of the assessment, since otherwise the assessment would be levied to pay a claim not legally due against the city. Sanders v. Gainesville, 141 Ga. 442 (1 a) (supra).
Since there is no contract enforceable against the city for the construction of street-paving as alleged in the petition, because the purported contract wus not in writing and not recorded on the minutes of the board of county commissioners, the assessment was not enforceable as against plaintiffs, abutting-property owners; and the court erred in sustaining a demurrer to the petition as amended.
Even though the invalid contract between the municipality and the county has been fully executed by the completion of the pavenjent, this does not render the assessment valid. There must be a valid and enforceable contract between the municipality and some other contracting party for the laying of the public improvement, before the assessment can be enforced. To hold otherwise would be a solemn adjudication that public servants might ignore the law governing their official actions, and, after executing the terms of their invalid agreement, that the citizen and taxpayer is rendered helpless as against their demands for the payment of money to carry out illegal and invalid obligations.
No estoppel against the plaintiffs can arise on account of the fact that the pavement was completed before the filing of the petition for injunction. Knowledge on the part of plaintiffs that the work of paving was being done by the County of Wilkes could not operate as notice that the municipality of Washington intended to assess abutting-property owners to pay for the same; and inspection of the minutes of the municipality would merely have disclosed the passage of a resolution authorizing two of the members of council to enter into a contract with the County of Wilkes, without disclosing any of the terms of said contract. Inspecting the minutes of the board of commissioners of Wilkes County, and finding no contract with the City of Washington of record in these
When the case was previously here it was held that a contract between a county and a city was not illegal and void on the ground, as then contended, that such contract was “a delegation of legislative authority of the city to the county, the State Highway Department, and the Federal government, no such delegation of legislative and official discretion appearing from said resolution and contract.” Mayor &c. of Washington v. Faver, 155 Ga. 680 (4) (supra). The court did not rule that the contract was valid as against any attack not then made and dealt with in the case.
Under authority of Sanders v. Gainesville, supra, the petitioners were entitled to the remedy by injunction.
The United States and the State, being sovereigns, have inherent power to contract; but that attribute can not strictly be said to exist in the political subdivisions of the State. Counties in Georgia possess no power to contract, other than that conferred by the sovereign State. Decatur County v. Roberts, 159 Ga. 528 (126 S. E. 460). Whoever deals with the officers of a county is bound at his peril to take notice of the limitations upon the power and authority; for they can only bind the public which they represent within the limits of their authority. “Where the law requires a public contract to be in writing the provisions of the law are mandatory, can not be waived, and are in most instances in the nature of conditions precedent to the exercise by public bodies of the power to contract. They [the courts] therefore hold these provisions of law applicable alike to contracts executed as well as executory. Accordingly, since the manner of making public contracts is thus limited, where it is not followed the contract attempted to be made is illegal, and no recovery may be had thereon even though there has been full performance and the public body has received and retained the benefits. Nor will recovery of reasonable value be permitted.” Donnelly on Public Contracts, § 138; Murphy v.
The majority of the court, in the first headnote, hold that the contract between the municipality and the county “is not such a contract as is required to be in writing and spread upon the minutes of the board of county cqmmissioners of said county.” This conclusion appears to me to be unsound, for several reasons. In the case of Board of Commissioners of Morgan County v. MacDougald Co., 157 Ga. 595 (supra), it was héld that a contract between a county and a paving contractor for the paving of a State-aid road was such a contract as the statute required to be in writing and entered’ on the minutes of the proper county authorities. If there was a contract between the municipality and the county, what was its object? It can not be questioned that the county and the municipality had in contemplation only one thing, and that was the paving of a street which was to connect a State-aid road and make it continuous. The moment we say that the expression in the statute that “all contracts” does not mean all contracts, but that on the contrary some- contracts do not fall within the statute, we enter upon dangerous ground. Such construction destroys almost altogether the protection which the lawmaking power intended to afford the taxpayer. It leaves open, as a matter of construction, each instance where a contract is entered into by the county, to be
The writer can not escape the conclusion that the transaction was more than a mere indirect method of doing a lawful thing, but that it partook more of the nature of a legal fraud. Under such circumstances it would seem deplorable for this court to condone and approve the transaction. The majority hold that the appointment of the county by the city as its agent was made by resolution, which was spread upon the minutes of the mayor and council;
The decision in Lee County v. Smithville, 154 Ga. 550 (115 S. E. 107), dealt with the right of the State Highway Commission, in conjunction with the county authorities, to lay out and construct a State-aid road through a municipality, so that such highway might be continuous. In the opinion (at p. 560) it was said: “The truth is, that the streets of the towns and cities belong to the State as do the county public roads. The legislature has given to the municipalities temporary control over the streets within their borders, which it can wholly withdraw or modify at will. So we reach the conclusion, that the State Highway Department, cooperating with the county commissioners of Lee County, can build this public road through the town of Smithville without its consent and against its will.” If the effect of the transaction between the county and the City of Washington is to make the portion of the city street in question a part of a State-aid highway, then it must follow that the jurisdiction over the street and responsibility for its upkeep is taken from the municipality and placed upon the State Highway Commission; so that the conclusion is inescapable that the City of Washington was not bound by any enforceable contract for the paving of the street, no matter which view is taken. In either case the transaction, as a matter of law, should not be upheld. For all of these reasons the writer can not concur in the conclusions reached by the majority in the first headnote and first division of the opinion. The conclusion should have been directly to the contrary. The municipality was not bound by any legal and enforceable contract, and for that reason could not enforce assessments against the property owners. This conclusion should control the ease and render unnecessary the consideration of any other issue. The writer is of the opinion that the city created a debt, as contended for by the plaintiffs in error, falling within the provisions of art. 7, section 7, par. 7, of the constitution (Civil Code of