152 N.Y. 251 | NY | 1897
This action was brought by William H. Starbuck against the defendant upon a check for $12,916.67, dated June 15, 1892, signed by the defendant's assistant treasurer, directed to the First National Bank of Bridgeport, Conn., for the payment to the order of cash of the sum mentioned. It was indorsed by Starbuck for deposit in the Farmers' Loan and Trust Company to his credit, and was subsequently presented to the drawee and dishonored. The trial resulted in a verdict for the plaintiff, which was affirmed at the General Term. Subsequent to the entry of the judgment in that court Starbuck, the plaintiff, died and the present plaintiffs on the record, his executors, were brought in and substituted in his place. It will be more convenient, however, in discussing the case and designating the parties to treat the record in the same way as if the original title of the case had not been changed.
The only cause of action stated in the complaint is upon the check itself. The only defense stated in the answer is a denial of the allegation of the complaint that the defendant made the check, and, further, that the defendant was not at the time indebted to the plaintiff, and that there was no consideration for the instrument.
The pleadings, therefore, presented two distinct issues or questions of fact for trial:
(1) Whether the check set forth in the complaint was the obligation of the defendant, and
(2) Whether there was any consideration for the same as between the plaintiff and the defendant.
The plaintiff's contention was that the check was made and delivered to him in payment of his salary, as defendant's president from December, 1887, when he was elected, to June 15, 1892, when he resigned, at the rate of $5,000 per year. *254
The learned counsel for the defendant complains that the cause was tried outside the pleadings, and in the same manner as if the action had been brought for the recovery of the salary. If this contention were correct, it would not be a fatal objection in this court, in the absence of some specific objection to that course, since parties may, if they so elect, depart from the strict issues made by the pleadings and try other questions relating to the merits of the controversy by consent or acquiescence. But we are unable to see that there was any substantial departure from the issues formed by the pleadings. The defense that no debt was due by the defendant to the plaintiff, and, consequently, that there was no consideration for the check, drew into the case all the relations and transactions between the plaintiff and the defendant from the time of his appointment to the time of his resignation as president. All the facts and circumstances bearing on the question whether there was, in fact, a debt due by the defendant to the plaintiff, at the time the check was drawn, were presented to the jury, and it seems to me they were within the issue of indebtedness or consideration for the check. The plaintiff had no debt against the defendant, and there was no consideration for the check unless the directors had expressly authorized the salary and fixed its amount by pre-existing resolutions. The plaintiff, being not only the president but a director as well, could not recover upon a quantum meruit or any implied contract. He was bound to show that the directors had assented to his right to compensation or had authorized the payment in some form. (Mather v. E.M. Co.,
The other question was whether the check was that of the defendant, and it is intimately related to the question already referred to and to another question which has been discussed by the learned counsel for the defendant with considerable force and earnestness. On the trial the plaintiff gave the check in evidence under the defendant's objection and exception, although no ground of objection was specified. Without deciding what in any case is the real value or effect of such an exception, it is safe to say that it raised no question as to the execution of the paper or with respect to any other defect in the proof that could have been supplied if a specific objection had been made. If the check, when produced, was absolutely void and proved nothing, under any possible view of the facts, then perhaps a general objection was sufficient. But upon its face it appeared to be the very instrument described in the complaint, and the check of the defendant. It was signed by the assistant treasurer, and no question was raised with respect either to the genuineness of his signature or *256 to his authority to draw checks for the defendant. If it proved or tended to prove the allegation of the complaint, that the defendant was indebted to the plaintiff upon a check, it was, of course, admissible in evidence. But it is said that, since the plaintiff procured the check to be drawn for his own benefit, the situation is the same as if he had drawn the check himself, payable to himself, and hence it is void, and proves no more than a piece of blank paper. At least, this is what we understand to be, in substance, the contention of the learned counsel for the defendant. It should be observed that there is no defense that, for any reason, the parties to the instrument were disabled from contracting with each other, and that is not always admissible under the general issue; but, aside from that point, we do not see how the court could have excluded the very instrument in controversy. If it was infected with any infirmities, they were not apparent on its face, nor conclusively proven.
Assuming, as we must, for the purpose of this question, that the defendant was indebted to the plaintiff for the salary, he had the right to receive it, and some one must have had the authority to pay him. If he could not draw the check himself, he could ask some other officer in charge of the financial matters of the defendant to do so, and it appears that this was substantially what he did. When a check is produced, signed by the treasurer or assistant treasurer of a corporation, and appearing on its face to be the check of the corporation, and no objection is made to it on the ground that it is not executed by the proper person, or in such form as to bind the corporation, it cannot be legal error for the court to receive it under such an issue as this case presented. How much it proves when received is quite another question. Of course, from the standpoint of the defendant, this was not the obligation or contract of the railroad, but that depended upon facts that the jury had to pass upon. If there was no debt due to the plaintiff, and no authority to make the check, then it was not an instrument made by the defendant in a legal sense; but from the resolution of 1872, the conduct of the plaintiff and *257 the defendant's directors, and all the circumstances shown, the finding was that a debt existed. The proofs were of such a character that the court could not properly have taken that question from the jury, and nothing appeared upon the face of the check, and nothing was indicated by the objection made, that would have justified its exclusion as evidence. The case was very fully examined in the court below and, as it seems to us, correctly decided. After a careful examination here, in view of the argument of the learned counsel for the defendant, we have been unable to find any question of law involved in the record of sufficient importance to warrant us in disturbing the judgment, and it must, therefore, be affirmed.
All concur.
Judgment affirmed.