138 Va. 417 | Va. | 1924
after making the foregoing statement, delivered the following opinion of the court:
There is but one assignment of error which raises the single question upon the decision of which the result in the case turns, and that question is this:
*426 1. Does it appear on the face of the proeedings in the suit for the sale of infant’s lands above mentioned that the court had jurisdiction to enter the decree which directed the conveyance of the lands in the declaration mentioned to one Farant, so that such decree (and also the conveyance) was not void, but valid, and hence by virtue thereof an outstanding title was vested in one other than the plaintiff?
The. question must be answered in the affirmative.
It is true that in the suit in which the decree in question was entered the court did not exercise a general, but only a special, statutory and limited jurisdiction. Therefore, the conditions of fact, upon which the statute involved conferred jurisdiction upon the court to enter such decree, must affirmatively appear on the face of the proceedings in such suit in order that the decree may be held valid. Lile’s Eq. Pl. & Pr., section 18, citing Coleman v. Va. Stave Co., 112 Va. 61, 70 S. E. 545; Branham v. Smith, 120 Va. 30, 90 S. E. 657; Roberts v. Hagan, 121 Va. 573, 93 S. E. 619; Parker v. Stephenson, 127 Va. 433, 104 S. E. 39; Yates v. Yates, 115 Va. 678, 79. S. E. 1040; Blankenship v. Blankenship, 125 Va. 595, 100 S. E. 538; Williamson v. Berry, 8 How. (U. S.) 495, 12 L. Ed. 1170; Hoback v. Miller, 44 W. Va. 635, 29 S. E. 1014; Roche v. Waters, 72 Md. 264, 19 Atl. 535, 7 L. R. A. 533; Cooper v. Sunderland, 3 Iowa 114, 66 Am. Dec. 52. See also to same effect Watkins v. Ford, 123 Va. 268, 96 S. E. 193; Chandler v. Chandler, 132 Va. 418, 425, 112 S. E. 856; and 1 Freeman on Judgments (4th ed.) sec. 123.
As said in Lile’s Pl. & Pr. sec. 18, supra:
“* * where the bill is addressed to the supplementary jurisdiction of equity — a jurisdiction not inherent in the equity courts, but conferred by special statute, and to be exercised only under prescribed statu*427 tory conditions of fact * * the bill must affirmatively allege, and the plaintiff must prove, the required jurisdictional facts; and the jurisdiction may legally be exercised only insubstantial compliance with the statute —otherwise the ease is coram non judice; and, in spite of the consent or waiver of the defendant, any decree therein- entered, beyond dismissal of the bill, is void whenever and wherever questioned.” And the same is true where, as in the instant case, the statute, if it does not confer, limits the jurisdiction of the court. Parker v. Stephenson, supra.
The jurisdiction under consideration' is what Mr. Lile, in his excellent work above cited, calls “active jurisdiction,” which he defines as “the right to exercise the potential jurisdiction in a given case” (Lile’s Eq. PL & Pr. sec. 12); and he, in turn, defines “potential jurisdiction” as “the power granted by the sovereignty creating the court to hear and determine controversies of a given character” (Idem. see. 11) namely, jurisdiction over the subject-matter. And as Mr. Lile also says: “In order, however, that the court thus vested with potential jurisdiction may rightfully exercise the jurisdiction” (i. e., have “active jurisdiction”), “in a particular case, certain conditions of fact must appear —these conditions varying with the character or purpose of the proceeding. These conditions of fact may be demanded either by the settled principles of the unwritten law, or by the mandate of the statute law.”
There are,' indeed, four‘essential requisites to confer upon a court “active jurisdiction,” which may be thus classed, (1) potential jurisdiction, (2) territorial jurisdiction, (3) actual jurisdiction of the subject-matter where the proceeding is in rem, and also of the proper parties where the proceeding is personal, and (4) the other conditions of fact must exist which are de
In the case in judgment the validity of the decree in question is assailed only on two grounds, namely, that two of the conditions of fact last mentioned, which are required by the mandate of the statute for the sale of infants’ lands, do not appear to have been affirmatively alleged in the bill, and to have been proved by the plaintiff, in the suit in which such decree was entered, to-wit: (1) That the lands in the bill mentioned constituted “all of the estate, real and personal, belonging to the infant;” and (2) that “those who would be his” (the infant’s) “heirs or distributees; if he were dead” were not made defendants to the suit.
Now, with respect to the first condition of fact just mentioned:
The statute, in the form in which it was in force at the time of said suit, required that the bill should state “plainly all the estate, real and personal, belonging to the said infant.” (Italics supplied.) As the statute appears in the Code of 1919, section 5335, the italicized word “and” is changed to “or.” We think that this makes no change in the meaning of the statute.
It is true that the aforesaid bill does not contain the express allegation that the real estate, which is plainly set forth in the bill, constituted or was “all of the estate, real or personal, belonging to the infant.” But as appears from the evidence in the record before us, the real estate set forth in the aforesaid bill constituted or was “all of the estate, real or personal (or real and personal), belonging to the * * infant.” We are of opinion that this ultimate fact was all that the statute required to be stated in the bill; and if an inspection of the pro
In the case in judgment it appears on the face of the proceedings in the suit in question that the commissioner was directed, by order of the court, to enquire “whether all the requirements of the statute as to the sale of infants’ lands (had) been complied with.” That he reported upon this enquiry as follows: “* * your commissioner finds all the requirements of the statute as to the sale of infants’ lands have been complied with.” And that upon the hearing on such report the court approved and confirmed the report. This was a finding of fact by the court that the requirement of the statute in the particular last mentioned above, namely, that the bill plainly set forth all the estate, real and personal, belonging to the infant, had been complied with, as well as the requirements of the statute in all other particulars. And there is nothing which appears on the face of the proceedings which even tends to negative that fact.
It is settled that, although a court is in the exercise of limited and special statutory authority, if it appears upon the face" of the proceedings in the suit that the court has active jurisdiction, the same rule applies as where a court of general jurisdiction has active jurisdiction, and its action cannot be collaterally attacked for error not appearing in the face of the proceedings. That is to say, where it appears on the face of the proceedings that the court has jurisdiction to decide whether or not a condition of fact exists which is essential to its jurisdiction, and it decides that fact
In 23 Cyc. p. 1088, supra, this is said: “When the court judicially considers and adjudicates the question of its jurisdiction and decides that the facts exist which are necessary to give it jurisdiction of the case, the finding is conclusive and cannot be controverted in a collateral proceeding. * * * These rules apply where a statute confers general jurisdiction over a particular class of cases upon a certain tribunal, as * * * if the jurisdiction * * depends upon the existence of a certain fact or state of facts, and it is shown by the record that there was evidence tending to prove such facts, and that such evidence was adjudicated sufficient, and the court judicially determined that such facts existed, then the judgment cannot be collaterally impeached or contradicted.”
This is true, however, as appears from- the authorities, only where there is nothing apparent on the face of the record which is sufficient to negative the existence of the facts adjudicated to exist. Accordingly, the same authority just quoted continues, as follows:
“Where the facts upon which the court assumes jurisdiction are recited in the record, and appear by it to*431 have been such as would not in law confer jurisdiction, the judgment may be impeached collaterally; for in this case there can be no presumption, in aid of the judgment, that the recitals of the record are incomplete.”
In Walker’s Ex’r v. Page, 21 Gratt. (62 Va.) 636, which involved the validity of a decree of sale of property of infants in a suit under the statute on the subject, none of the evidence, and only three of the decrees entered appeared in the record before the appellate court; one decree showing the filing of certain pleadings and the docketing of the cause, another bringing the cause on to be heard upon the pleadings, exhibits, “examination of witnesses,” and directing the sale of the property by special commissioner appointed thereby for that purpose, after advertising, etc., etc., and the remaining decree, showing the filing of the special commissioner’s report of sale, etc., and confirming the sale, etc. Speaking of what an infant may do, on arriving of age, to entitle him to vacate a decree of sale of his property, in such a suit, made while he was an infant, the court in its opinion said this:
“* * * He may show error upon the face of the record; or he may show that the court had no jurisdiction to enter the decree; or if it had jurisdiction, that the proceedings were irregular and not binding upon the parties, or he may show that the case made by the record did not warrant the decree. But whatever cause he may properly show, he certainly cannot reopen the case, and introduce evidence to contradict that already given and acted upon by the court that entered the decree.
“To establish a contrary doctrine would, in effect, defeat the very object of the law, and effectually prevent the sale of any real estate belonging to infants. For who would purchase, at a judicial sale, real estate*432 belonging to infants, if the title could be destroyed years afterwards by the introduction of evidence to contradict that upon which the decree was based? How could a purchaser ever know when a decree was valid and binding; for it would be simply impossible for him to conjecture what evidence might be hunted up to contradict the evidence upon which the decree was founded.” And the court continues:
“In the case before us the record of the proceedings have been destroyed, except the decrees before referred to. But in the decree directing the sale, the cause came on to be heard upon the bill, answers, replication, exhibits and examination of witnesses. We are not informed what was the testimony before the circuit court * * * to show that the interests of the infants would be promoted by a sale of the real estate in the proceedings mentioned; but we are bound to presume that the evidence was of such a character as to satisfy the * * * judge, who entered the decree for .sale, that the interests of the infants would be promoted by the sale.”
Therefore, as nothing, as is shown by the record before us, appeared on the face of the record of the proceedings in the aforesaid suit involved in the instant case which even tended to negative the adjudicated fact that the bill plainly set out all of the real estate belonging to the infant, we must assume that there was evidence sufficient to support such adjudication; so that that fact is not open for further enquiry in the instant case — a collateral proceeding; and the fact that the bill involved in the instant case, in addition to setting out all of the real estate belonging to the infant, as required by the statute, did not also add the statement, not required by the statute, that this was all the real estate belonging to the infant, was immaterial.
It is, of course, obvious that the statute did not require any heirs or distributees of the infant if he were dead to be made defendants to the suit, if at the time of the suit there were none. Upon this subject, the following appears on the face of the proceedings in said suit:
The bill, in its ninth clause, alleges that the infant, Joseph Francis, has “no * * Mn or relations.” The commissioner reported that “All necessary parties are before the court. It was proved before your commissioner that the infant, Joseph Francis, had no relations whatever, even in the remotest degree. He was nearly of age, and gave a clear account in this particular. Mr. D. J. McDermott” (the guardian of the infant) “also testified that he knew him and knew that all the members of his family were dead.” And the court, upon the hearing on the report and the evidence, returned therewith (there being evidence so returned as stated in the decree of court), confirmed the commissioner’s report, and by its decree so doing adjudicated its finding of fact that the said infant, if he were dead, would have had no heirs or distributees at the time of suit. And nothing appears on the face of the proceedings sufficient to negative such adjudicated fact.
For the reasons above stated, and upon the authorities above cited, we are of opinion that such finding of fact was final and conclusive, no appeal having been taken therefrom within the time allowed by law, and
It is earnestly urged in argument for the plaintiff that the above conclusions, with respect to the effect of the finding by the court of the jurisdictional facts above mentioned, are in direct conflict with the decision of this court in Parker v. Stephenson, 127 Va. 431, 104 S. E. 39, supra; but we do not so regard that decision. That ease was decided upon the demurrer to the bill in the principal suit, and, as stated in the opinion, there was the allegation in such bill, “which must be accepted as true on the demurrer thereto,” which was as follows: “Nor were all the persons who would have been his heirs on his father’s side made parties to said suit”— referring, to the bill in the mortgage suit under the statute, the decree in which, authorizing the mortgage, was assailed as void and was so held in the principal suit. Moreover, it appeared from the will (which was involved — its material provisions being set out — in the mortgage suit and, hence, appeared from an inspection of the proceedings in that suit) that those who would have been the heirs of the infant, if he were dead, were, under section 2556 of the Code (1904) — (5272 of Code 1919) — his kindred on his father’s side, and not his mother’s side, as the bill in the mortgage suit alleged. The bill in the mortgage suit, on the face of it, alleged that the fact that the mother was the person who would have been such heir of the infant, if he were dead, was true, because of-the terms of the will just mentioned; whereas the bill itself showed that that allegation was untrue. Hence the error of the allegation on the subject in the bill, and the holding of the court in the mortgage suit, as to those who would have been the heirs of the infant, if he had been dead, was apparent on the
We do not mean to be understood as saying that the circumstance that the error apparent from an in-; spection of the record in the Parker v. Stephenson Case was an error of law, rather than an error of finding of fact, makes, in itself, any material difference. An error of law does not furnish ground for collateral attack on a judgment or decree. A decree or judgment is binding upon the parties before the court, although undoubtedly erroneous — whether it be an error of law or an error of finding of fact — in all eases in which the court has active jurisdiction, as that jurisdiction is above defined. The point is that, where the error in question, whether of law or finding of fact, consists of a holding or finding upon which the jurisdiction of the court depends, if the error of the court is apparent on the face of the proceedings, and if, upon all the facts (not merely from some controverted testimony which the court had the discretion to disbelieve) as they appear from an inspection of the proceedings, the law is that the court has not active jurisdiction, the decree or judgment rendered in the proceeding is void. (See in addition to the authorities, supra, on this subject, Grannis v. Superior Court, 146 Cal. 245, 79 Pac. 891, 106 Am. St. Rep. 23.) But if the error does not so appear, and if, upon the facts as they so appear (con
In the case in judgment there was no error of law, either in the allegations of the bill drawn in question or in the aforesaid adjudication of the court. The subject involved a pure question of fact, namely, whether the infant, if he were dead, would have had any kindred at all, since, if he were dead, under section 2556 of the Code of 1904 (section 5272, Code 1919), either the kindred of the infant on the father’s or mother’s side, if any, would have inherited the real estate belonging to the infant derived from the father’s side of the family. That question of fact, put in issue by the bill, was decided by the adjudication of the court upon the evidence before it. As the court, as, aforesaid, had active jurisdiction of the ease its decision of such question of fact was final and conclusive against any collateral attack.
It is further urged, however, in argument for the plaintiff, that, under section 2558 of the Code of 1887 (section 5275, Code 1919), the Commonwealth would have been the distributee of the personal estate of the infant plaintiff, if he were dead and had had no other distributee; and that, under the common law as modified and regulated by section 2374 of the Code of 1887 (section 492, Code 1919), the real estate belonging to such infant would have escheated to the Common
With respect to this position, the following will be said: The suit in question did not involve any personal estate, so that no distributee was required by the statute to be made defendant to the suit.
Even if all the facts had been such (which does not appear from the record before us) that the real estate of the infant involved in the instant case would have escheated to the Commonwealth, if he were dead at the time of the aforesaid suit, under the common law as modified and regulated as aforesaid, the Commonwealth would not have taken as “heir” of the infant, but by title paramount. 2 Minor’s Inst. (4th ed.), p. 548. Hence, the Commonwealth could not be held to be embraced within the terms of the statute just quoted.
Further; We are of opinion that both the terms “distributees” and “heirs,” as used in the aforesaid statute for the sale of infants’ lands, etc., have reference to natural persons only, and not to the Commonwealth in any ease.
The case will be reversed and judgment will be entered for the defendant, with costs.
Reversed and judgment for the defendant.