118 S.E.2d 303 | N.C. | 1961
Eugene FAIZAN
v.
GRAIN DEALERS MUTUAL INSURANCE COMPANY.
Supreme Court of North Carolina.
*306 Daniel K. Edwards and Claude Bittle, Durham, for plaintiff.
Smith, Moore, Smith, Schell & Hunter and Richmond G. Bernhardt, Jr., Greensboro, for defendant.
MOORE, Justice.
There are two questions for decision in this case: (1) Was the coverage period of the policy of liability insurance, issued by defendant to plaintiff, extended by reason of the failure of defendant to comply with the notice of termination provisions of G.S. § 20-279.22? (2) Was the coverage period extended by the terms of the notice of termination mailed by defendant to plaintiff on 9 February 1959?
The answer to these questions requires an examination of pertinent statutes.
The first enactment by the General Assembly relating to Financial responsibility of motorists is contained in Chapter 116, Public Laws of 1931 (G.S. § 20-197 to G.S. § 20-211). This 1931 Act was expressly repealed by the "Motor Vehicle Safety and Responsibility Act" of 1947. S.L.1947, c. 1006 (G.S. § 20-224 to G.S. § 20-279).
The 1947 Act was revised and superseded by "The `Motor Vehicle Safety-Responsibility Act of 1953,'" which, as amended, is still in force. S.L.1953, c. 1300 (G.S. § 20-279.1 to G.S. § 20-279.39). In addition the General Assembly has enacted "The Vehicle Financial Responsibility Act of 1957." S.L.1957, c. 1393 (G.S. § 20-309 to G.S. § 20-319).
A brief analysis of the 1953 and 1957 Acts is necessary to an understanding of the controversy in this case. We consider and discuss here only those phases of these Acts which pertain to the factual situation here presented. As used in this opinion the word "Commissioner" means Commissioner of Motor Vehicles, and "Department" means Department of Motor Vehicles.
(a). The 1953 Act.
This Act applies to those persons whose driver's licenses have been suspended by reason of violations of motor vehicle statutes, failure to pay and discharge judgments for damages resulting from ownership or operation of motor vehicles, or failure to prove financial responsibility where damages have been occasioned by the ownership or operation of motor vehicles. It is provided that such persons, where they are otherwise entitled to restoration of driver's licenses, must prove financial responsibility before such licenses may be restored. The financial responsibility must then be maintained for two years. One method of proving and maintaining financial responsibility is to obtain automobile liability insurance as defined by, and in compliance with, G.S. § 20-279.21. Upon delivery of a certificate (Form SR-22) by insurer to the Commissioner, showing that there is insurance coverage in accordance with the Act, driver's license may be issued to the applicant. The Act contains an Assigned Risk Plan under which a person who is required to file proof of financial responsibility and is unable to obtain insurance through ordinary methods, may obtain coverage. G.S. § 20-279.34. The Commissioner assigns the *307 risk to an insurance company licensed to do business in the State, and the company must accept the risk. Such risk, under the rules of the Department, is designated a "certified assigned risk." An insurance policy issued in accordance with the requirements of the 1953 Act "shall not be cancelled or terminated until at least twenty (20) days after a notice of cancellation or termination of the insurance * * * shall be filed in the office of the Commissioner * * *." G.S. § 20-279.22. The Commissioner has the duty of administering the 1953 Act and is empowered to make rules and regulations for its administration and enforcement. The Commissioner handles the administration of this Act through the Driver's License Division of the Department.
(b).The 1957 Act.
This Act requires proof of financial responsibility by all motor vehicle owners who apply to the Department for North Carolina registration certificates and plates. Financial responsibility may be shown by procurement of automobile liability insurance. Before a motor vehicle may be registered and registration plates obtained, a certificate of insurance coverage (FS-1) must be delivered by an insurer to the Commissioner. "The owner of each registered motor vehicle shall maintain proof of financial responsibility continuously throughout the period of registration * *. When insurance with respect to any motor vehicle is terminated by cancellation or failure to renew, the owner shall forthwith surrender the registration certificate and plates of the vehicle to the Department * * *." The provisions of the 1953 Act "which pertain to the method of giving and maintaining proof of financial responsibility and which govern and define `motor vehicle liability policy' and assigned risk plans shall apply to filing and maintaining proof of financial responsibility required by" the 1957 Act. G.S. § 20-314. Under the 1957 Act a person, though his driver's license has not been suspended, may, if he is unable to obtain liability insurance through regular channels, apply for and procure such insurance through the Assigned Risk Plan. In such case the risk is denominated a "non-certified assigned risk." No insurance furnished under the provisions of the 1957 Act "shall be terminated by cancellation or failure to renew by the insurer until at least fifteen (15) days after mailing a notice of termination to the named insured * * *. Time of the effective date and hour of termination stated in the notice shall become the end of the policy period. * * * Upon the termination of insurance by cancellation or failure to renew, notice of such cancellation or termination shall be mailed by the insurer to the Commissioner * * * not later than fifteen (15) days following the effective date of such cancellation or other termination." G.S. § 20-310. The Commissioner has the duty to administer the Act and is authorized to make rules and regulations for the administration and enforcement thereof. The Commissioner administers this Act through the Registration Division of the Department.
The 1953 Act is not in any respect repealed or modified by the 1957 Act. Both Acts are in full force and effect. Portions of the 1953 Act are incorporated in the 1957 Act by reference. Both Acts relate to the same subjectfinancial responsibility of motorists. "Statutes in pari materia are to be construed together, and it is a general rule that the courts must harmonize such statutes, if possible, and give effect to each, that is, all applicable laws on the same subject matter should be construed together so as to produce a harmonious body of legislation, if possible." Town of Blowing Rock v. Gregorie, 243 N.C. 364, 371, 90 S.E.2d 898, 904; Justice v. Scheidt, 252 N.C. 361, 363, 113 S.E.2d 709.
The 1953 Act applies to a limited class of motoriststhose whose driver's licenses have been suspended. These motorists must show financial responsibility as a *308 condition precedent to restoration of their driver's licenses. The 1957 Act applies to an unlimited classall motor vehicle owners. Before obtaining periodic registration certificates and plates for vehicles, they must prove financial responsibility. One Act relates to restoration of driver's license, the other to motor vehicle registration. Insofar as possible the two Acts are administered by the Commissioner separatelythe 1953 Act through the Driver's License Division, the 1957 Act through the Registration Division.
The Assigned Risk Plan handles applications of persons from either or both classes where the required insurance cannot be obtained through regular channels. But the assigned risks are handled differently for the two classes of persons. Persons affected by the 1953 Act must obtain SR-22 certificates and the risks are designated "certified assigned risks." Under the 1957 Act motor vehicle owners using the Assigned Risk Plan must furnish FS-1 certificates and the risks are denominated "non-certified assigned risks."
Plaintiff in the case at bar is not of the class to which the 1953 Act applies. His driver's license was not suspended. His insurer furnished an FS-1 certificate and his assigned insurance policy was designated "non-certified assigned risk." The Department issued him registration certificate and plate for his automobile. The procedure was in accordance with the 1957 Act, and properly so.
The first question for decision is whether or not defendant insurer was required to give the notice prescribed by G.S. § 20-279.22 before the period of coverage of plaintiff's policy of insurance could be terminated. This section (part of the 1953 Act) provides that when an insurer has certified a policy under G.S. § 20-279.19 or G.S. § 20-279.20 it may not be terminated until at least twenty days after notice of termination has been filed in the office of the Commissioner.
Plaintiff contends that G.S. § 20-314 incorporated G.S. § 20-279.22 in the 1957 Act. G.S. § 20-314 stipulates that the provisions of the 1953 Act "which pertain to the method of giving and maintaining proof of financial responsibility and which govern and define `motor vehicle liability policy' and assigned risk plans shall apply to filing and maintaining proof of financial responsibility required" by the 1957 Act. (Emphasis added.) In other words the insurance policies and insurers' certificates required by both Acts are defined by the 1953 Act.
Plaintiff argues that the notice required by G.S. § 20-279.22 is a reasonable and necessary adjunct to the 1957 Act, that this section is applicable to both insurer and insured and would prevent an insured from cancelling his policy before proper notice had been given, and that this section does not conflict with the notice provisions of the 1957 Act, and would tend to assure continuous coverage.
It is true that G.S. § 20-279.22 pertains generally to "maintaining proof of financial responsibility" and, if the 1957 Act had no provisions for notice of termination of insurance coverage, it might well be considered a part of the 1957 Act. However, the 1957 Act has separate, distinct and specific provisions for notice of termination. It is our opinion that G.S. § 20-279.22 has no application to insurance policies issued pursuant to the 1957 Act, and therefore no application to the policy involved in this case.
Under the 1957 Act (specifically G.S. § 20-310) no policy may be cancelled by insurer until fifteen days after mailing a notice of cancellation to insured; and notice of cancellation shall be mailed to Commissioner within fifteen days following the effective date of cancellation. In our opinion the Legislature did not intend that there should be two notices to the Commissionera notice twenty days before termination and another within fifteen days after termination. The 1953 Act deals with *309 a class that poses a greater risk on the highways than motor vehicle owners generally. Therefore, to better assure continuous coverage, the General Assembly provided for notice to Commissioner as a condition precedent to cancellation of insurance policies of the former class. Furthermore, it is contemplated that insurance coverage under the 1953 Act be maintained for only two years, provided there has been no conviction or forfeiture of bond requiring further suspension of license during the two-year period; and it is contemplated that the two-year coverage be continuous and that there be no termination of
coverage without the prior knowledge of the Commissioner. It is true that the provisions for notice of termination under the 1957 Act (G.S. § 20-310) do create the possibility of an hiatus of fifteen days or more in insurance coverage. The Legislature undertook to bridge the gap by making it a misdemeanor for an owner to fail to surrender forthwith his registration certificate and plate upon cancellation or failure to renew his policy. However, the possibility of gaps between periods of coverage still remains. We believe that the Legislature was advertent to this possibility and accepted it as the lesser of two hardships. The difference in the types of persons generally to which the two Acts apply should be kept in mind. The great majority of motor vehicle owners have, even before the passage of the Act, maintained good safety records and financial responsibility. If a notice such as is required under the 1953 Act was imposed under the 1957 Act, it would either increase all liability insurance rates or would subject all policyholders to cancellation of their coverage on failure to prepay premiums more than twenty days prior to the end of the extant coverage period. In other words, it would change the manner of conducting insurance business and in many instances engender ill feelings on the part of policyholders toward their insurers and result in frequent change of insurance carriers. The course chosen by the Legislature seems to have been the more reasonable. In any event the 1957 Act will be null and void from and after 15 May 1961 unless re-enacted. G.S. § 20-319. If the law is re-enacted the General Assembly may desire to reconsider the provision as to notice of termination in the light of the Department's experience. The rules and practice of the Commissioner on this question of notice are in accord with the opinion we have expressed. It is clear that the insurer in the instant case gave the Commissioner notice within fifteen days after the date of termination in compliance with the 1957 Act. G.S. § 20-279.22 has no application, and notice thereunder was not required.
This brings us to the final question, as to whether the following provision of G.S. § 20-310 applies to the policy in the instant case: "No contract of insurance or renewal thereof shall be terminated by cancellation or failure to renew by the insurer until at least fifteen (15) days after mailing a notice of termination to the named insured * * *. Time of the effective date and hour of termination stated in the notice shall become the end of the policy period." (Emphasis added.)
Defendant admits that it mailed to plaintiff on 9 February 1959 a notice of termination in which it is stated: "Effective Date and Hour of Termination: February 24, 1959, at 12:01 A.M., Standard Time." If, under the circumstances of this case, this notice was required, there was insurance coverage at the time of the accident because of the date of termination specified.
Defendant contends that the sending of the notice and the date of termination inserted were clerical errors, no notice to the insured was required by the terms of G.S. § 20-310, and the fact that the notice was sent imposes no liability in this case. Defendant insists that the termination was not an act of the insurer, but was an act of the insured in failing and refusing to accept defendant's offer to renew the policy. Defendant points out that the pertinent provision *310 of the statute applies only to "cancellation or failure to renew by the insurer."
Pursuant to the rules and regulations of the Assigned Risk Plan, defendant by mail advised plaintiff in January 1959 that the policy would expire 22 February 1959, and that in order to renew it he must pay the premium in advance by 5 February 1959, gave the amount of premium, and stated that if premium had not been paid by 5 February it would be assumed he did not desire coverage. It also advised that if premium was not paid by 5 February 1959 plaintiff would have to apply through the Assigned Risk Plan if he desired further insurance coverage. Plaintiff did not pay the renewal premium on the date specified and did not tender the premium at any later date. He applied through the Assigned Risk Plan for further insurance, but the policy thus obtained (from another insurer) was not in effect at the time of the accident in question.
Defendant's contentions with repect to the interpretation of G.S. § 20-310 are in accord with the rules and regulations promulgated by the Commissioner. The Commissioner's handbook of rules entitled "Insurance Handbook (Rev. Nov. 15, 1958): The 1957 Vehicle Financial Responsibility Law" has the following instructions and interpretations:
"Advance notice to the insured must be given before termination is possible. This is required in every instance (flat cancellations, mid-term cancellations and non-renewals) where the termination is by the insurer, and that includes switching of companies by agents. It is only when the insured cancels or fails to renew that there is no obligation on the part of the insurer to give advance notice." S. IX(A), p. 5.
"Upon the termination of insurance notice of such termination shall be sent by the insurer to the Financial Security Section, Department of Motor Vehicles not later than 15 days following the effective date of such termination. This includes flat cancellations, mid-term cancellations, and nonrenewals. It makes no difference whether the termination is at the company's or insured's request." S. IX (B), p. 6.
The interpretation by the department responsible for the administration of a legislative act is helpful to a court when called upon to construe legislative language. In re Application for Reassignment, 247 N.C. 413, 420, 101 S.E.2d 359. The construction placed upon legislation by the officer charged with administration thereof will be given due consideration by the courts, although such construction is not controlling. If there should be a conflict between administrative interpretation and the interpretation of the courts, the latter will prevail. Campbell v. Currie, 251 N.C. 329, 333, 111 S.E.2d 319.
Our 1957 Act was apparently copied from the New York Law with slight modifications. On the matter under discussion the New York statute provides: "No contract of insurance or renewal thereof for which a certificate of insurance has been filed with the commissioner shall be terminated by cancellation by the insurer or failure to renew by the insurer until at least twenty days after mailing to the named insured at the address shown on the policy a notice of termination, except where the cancellation is for non-payment of premium in which case ten days notice of cancellation by the insurer shall be sufficient. Time of the effective date and hour of termination stated in the notice shall become the end of the policy period * * *." New York C.L.S., Vehicle and Traffic Law, § 313.
We perceive no fundamental difference, with respect to the matter under consideration, between G.S. § 20-310 and the New York provision, except for time elements. The Supreme Court of New York has interpreted this provision in two cases.
*311 In Connecticut Fire Insurance Company v. Williams, 1959, 9 A.D.2d 461, 194 N.Y.S.2d 952, 954, it was held that there was a unilateral failure to renew policy of insurance by the insurer and the insurer should have notified the insured of termination. Plaintiff issued to defendant Williams an automobile liability policy for the period from 1 January 1957 to 26 January 1958. Plaintiff sent a renewal policy to its agent in January 1958. Agent could not find defendant Williams and returned the renewal policy to plaintiff marked "not taken, ret. prem" (meaning insured did not want policy renewed). No notice of termination was mailed to defendant and he was never personally contacted. Defendant's automobile was involved in an accident resulting in injuries to third parties on 3 March 1958. Plaintiff sued for declaratory judgment to determine its liability, if any. The Court said:
"* * * The court below held that there was a unilateral failure to renew by the appellant so that its failure to send a notice of termination to Williams under section 93-c of the Vehicle and Traffic Law effectuated a continuation of the insurance. * * * Section 93-c provides that no contract of insurance or renewal thereof shall be terminated by failure to renew by the insurer until 20 days after a notice of termination is mailed to the insured. It is admitted that no such notice was mailed to Williams but the appellant argues that there was not here a failure to renew by the insurer. As the appellant points out, renewal is a bilateral transaction involving both offer and acceptance. However, no offer was made to Williams since Dennis never contacted him concerning the renewal and as the court below pointed out there were reliable means available which were not used. Although a perfectly valid reason for failing to renew was available, the non-payment of premiums, this is not the issue here and it cannot be used to obscure the fact that it was the appellant insurer who was failing to renew the policy."
In Caristi v. Home Indemnity Company, 1960, 24 Misc. 2d 136, 202 N.Y.S.2d 340, 341, there was an undetermined question of fact. There was evidence that insurance broker phoned plaintiff and spoke to plaintiff's wife about acceptance of a renewal policy of liability insurance, and that she stated the policy could be gotten cheaper elsewhere. "There is also an averral that this rejection was ratified by plaintiff personally." Plaintiff apparently denied this version of the matter. As to whether defendant was obligated by the statute to give notice of termination, the Court declared:
"There is a question of fact as to whether the renewal was rejected and coverage terminated at plaintiff's behest or whether the policy was cancelled by the broker for nonpayment of premium without plaintiff's consent. If the fact is that the policy was cancelled for nonpayment of premium rather than by rejection by plaintiff, then there was a noncompliance with the statute and the ruling in Connecticut Fire Insurance Co. v. Williams, supra, would be applicable."
Many States have compulsory automobile liability insurance laws. But so far as our research discloses the question with which we are here concerned has arisen in no litigation except the two New York cases above.
The question in the instant case comes to this: Did plaintiff reject a renewal policy or did defendant terminate the policy coverage? It seems clear that renewal was rejected by plaintiff. He was offered a renewal upon the condition that he pay the premium by 5 February 1959. This was in accordance with the rules of the Assigned Risk Plan. He was told that unless he paid the premium by that date he would be required to apply to the Assigned Risk Plan if he desired further insurance. He *312 did not pay the premium on the date specified and did not offer to pay it on any other date. Instead, he applied to the Assigned Risk Plan for insurance.
Under these conditions, we hold that there was no failure to renew on the part of defendant and it was under no obligation to give plaintiff further notice of termination under the provisions of G.S. § 20-310. Therefore, the coverage period of the policy ended at 12:01 A.M., 22 February 1959.
The judgment below is
Affirmed.