Executive Car & Truck Leasing v. DeSerioExecutive Car & Truck Leasing v. DeSerio
Eric A. Peterson of Peterson & Fogarty, West Palm Beach, and Richard A. Sherman of Law Offices of Richard A. Sherman, Fort Lauderdale, for appellants, Commercial Union Ins. Co. and Action Bolt & Tool Co.
Michael B. Davis of Walton Lantaff Schroeder & Carson, West Palm Beach, for appellant, Allstate.
Anderson & Anderson, Fort Lauderdale, and Dougald D. McMillan, Dallas, Texas, for appellee, DeSerio.
BARKETT, Judge.
We affirm appellee DeSerio‘s judgment for damages in the amоunt of $1,200,000 in this negligence action arising out of an automobile collision. In this appeal we have determined that a clinical psychologist need not be a medical doctor to testify to the existence of organic brain damage, and that medical testimony is not always necessary to show causation of such brain damage.
At trial, there was extensive testimony сoncerning the nature and extent of DeSerio‘s injuries. Most of the controversy on appeal, however, concerns only the evidence tending to show that DeSerio had sustained оrganic brain damage as a result of the accident.
Appellants contend that the trial court erred by permitting DeSerio‘s expert, a clinical psychologist who was not a medical doctor, to testify to the existence of organic brain damage. This issue has not been considered squarely in Florida.
At trial, the neurosurgeon who testified on behalf of DeSerio said thаt although he could not detect any permanent organic brain damage after a “gross neurological examination,” certain physical symptoms led him to refer DeSerio to a clinical psychologist, for psychological testing. The neurosurgeon indicated that he commonly relied upon the findings of the clinical psychologist. The psychologist, Dr. Bessette, testified that, based upon the results of a battery of psychological tests1 commonly used by psychologists in identifying organic brain damage, DeSerio had sustained organic brain damage.
In genеral, it is the trial court‘s responsibility to determine the range of subjects on which an expert witness may testify, and this determination will not be disturbed on appeal absent a clear showing of abusе of discretion. E.g., Guy v. Kight, 431 So.2d 653 (Fla. 5th DCA), pet. for rev. den., 440 So.2d 352 (Fla. 1983). See also
The determination of a psychologist‘s competence to render an expert opinion based on his findings as to the presence or absence of mental disease or defect must depend upon the nature and extent of his knowledge. It does not depend upon his claim to the title “psychologist.” And that determination ... must be left in each case to the traditional discretion of the trial court subject to appellate review... . [T]he lack of a medical degree, and the lesser degree of responsibility for patient care ... are not automatic disqualifications. Where relevant, these matters may be shown to affect the weight of their testimony... .
307 F.2d at 645-646 (footnotes omitted).
In Ross v. State, 386 So.2d 1191 (Fla. 1980), our supreme court recognized
In Reese v. Naylor, 222 So.2d 487 (Fla. 1st DCA 1969), a negligence action in which the plaintiff alleged personal injuries, the court allowed a clinical psychologist to testify, based on psychological testing, to the plaintiff‘s mental condition. The testimony apparently concerned the possibility that the plaintiff was schizophrenic. The psyсhologist testified that schizophrenia was viewed as either a medical or psychological condition, or both. The psychologist in Reese also testified, as did Dr. Bessette here, that psychiаtrists commonly ask for the consultative services of psychologists in diagnosing mental disorders by means of testing techniques.
We find that while neither Ross v. State nor Reese v. Naylor specifically permits the type of testimony at issue in this case, neither case forbids it. Indeed, in both cases the court relied upon the testimony of clinical psychologists in evaluating mental conditions, and both allowed such persons to testify in conneсtion with organic brain dysfunctions.
We find compelling the logic of Simmons v. Mullen, 231 Pa.Super. 199, 331 A.2d 892 (1974). In Simmons, the court allowed a clinical psychologist to testify to the existence of organic brain damage, and noted that “[w]hen dealing with the brain, consultation with non-medical practitioners may be not only desirable but necessary.” Id. 331 A.2d at 898. At trial, a neurosurgeon had testified that he relied upon the clinical psychologist to detect, through psycholоgical testing, possible organic disturbances to brain functions. The court concluded that to adopt the view that psychologists are not competent to testify to the existence of organic brain dysfunctions “would be to ignore present medical and psychological practice.” Id. 331 A.2d at 899. These same considerations are applicable in the instant case.
A number of other jurisdictions allow psychologists to testify to the existence of organic brain damage. E.g., Stock v. Massachusetts Hospital School, 392 Mass. 205, 467 N.E.2d 448 (1984); Virginia Department of Corrections v. Clark, 318 S.E.2d 399 (Va. 1984); Chambers v. State, 250 Ga. 856, 302 S.E.2d 86 (1983); State v. Hall, 136 Ariz. 219, 665 P.2d 101 (1983); Kinsey v. Kolber, 103 Ill. App.3d 933, 59 Ill.Dec. 559, 431 N.E.2d 1316 (1982); Litton v. Home Indemnity Co., 391 So.2d 541 (La. App.3d Cir.1980). See also Martin v. State, 455 So.2d 370 (Fla. 1984); Jackson v. State, 366 So.2d 752 (Fla. 1978), cert. denied, 444 U.S. 855, 100 S.Ct. 177, 62 L.Ed.2d 115 (1979) (noting that psychologists and psychiatrists were allowed to testify tо brain damage of defendant in death penalty case).
We hold, therefore, that the trial court did not abuse its discretion in allowing a clinical psychologist who was not a medical dоctor to testify to the existence of organic brain damage. A clinical psychologist‘s lack of a medical degree properly can be raised during cross-examination, оr during closing argument, to affect the weight of such testimony. See Jenkins v. United States, 113 U.S.App.D.C. 300, 307 F.2d 637, 646 (1962).
As to causation, appellants correctly contend that the trial court erred in permitting Dr. Bessette to testify that the accidеnt in question caused the organic brain damage. Because Dr. Bessette is not a medical doctor, we hold that the trial court should not have allowed him to testify to the physical cause of brain damage. Simmons v. Mullen, 331 A.2d at 899-900. Cf. Kravinsky v. Glover, 263 Pa.Super. 8, 396 A.2d 1349 (1979) (psychologist may testify as expert to causation of psychological phobia). See also Kriewitz v. Savoy Heating and Air Conditioning Co., 396 So.2d 49
Similarly, in Simmons v. Mullen, 231 Pa.Super. 199, 331 A.2d 892 (1974), the court held that expert testimony was not required to establish causation between an accident and organic brаin damage alleged to be caused by that accident. The court found that the injury was the immediate and direct, or natural and probable, result of the accident.
In the instant case, DеSerio received severe head injuries at the time of the accident, and was in a coma when she was taken to the hospital. Her neurosurgeon treated her for debilitating heаdaches, leftsided numbness, unsteadiness, and difficulty with her memory. He testified that she had all the symptoms of a severe concussion and probable contusion of the right cerebrum causing hemiparesis and sensory disturbances on her left side. Her recovery was slow and incomplete, and although the indications of brain damage seemed to clear up on gross neurologicаl examination, they persisted symptomatically and DeSerio still appeared to have sufficient brain damage to disable her and cause her to feel unsteady and unsafe on hеr own. It was for these reasons that the neurosurgeon referred DeSerio to Dr. Bessette. DeSerio and others testified that she had none of these problems prior to the automobile accident in question, and that these problems occurred immediately and continually after the accident. The inference that the brain damage was traceable back to the collision is warranted under the facts of this case where the disability followed the accident in an obvious sequence. Accordingly, we find that Dr. Bessette‘s improper testimony was not necessary and that it constituted harmless error. See
Appellants’ other points on appeal do not require discussion.
AFFIRMED.
LETTS and GLICKSTEIN, JJ., concur.