92 So. 104 | Ala. | 1922
This petition is Wade's second application to this court for the writ of certiorari to the Court of Appeals in the cause of Charlie Wade v. State. The offense charged is mayhem. The first application was granted November 6, 1921, reversing the Court of Appeals' judgment of affirmance then under review. The opinion of this court is reported as Wade v. State,
Undoubtedly the framers of the Constitution of 1901 contrasted the historically impressive evil that gave rise and motive to mandatory constitutional provisions for "public trials," for "open" courts, with the probability that at such "public trials" matters shocking to normal sensibilities would, upon occasion, be the subjects of public inquiry and discussion, and thereupon deliberately restricted the exceptions to those defined in section 169 to prosecutions for rape and assault with intent to rape — exceptions that cannot be enlarged by the Legislature or expanded by the courts. Evidently the framers of the Constitution conceived that the necessity for the "public trials" required by the organic law (sections 6, 169) was more important, more vital to the welfare *243 and to the safety of the people of the state, than the possibility or probability that, upon occasions other than those stated in section 169, morals might be shocked or impaired through the voluntary attendance of the idle and morbidly curious upon "public trials" where matters of a salacious character were involved. Had the Constitution's purpose been to invest courts with a discretion in other cases than rape or assault with intent to rape, that design would not have been left unstated.
As was observed in the opinion delivered by this court November 3, 1921 (cited ante), the definition of what constitutes or would upon occasion constitute a "public trial" has been more or less variant in different jurisdictions; but, so far as this court is advised, no other Constitution, construed or applied elsewhere, contained exclusive exceptional provisions similar to those expressed in section 169 of our Constitution.
Upon the return of the cause to the reconsideration of the Court of Appeals, after the reversal of the judgment of affirmance entered by that court, the decision, in substance, was that it did not appear from the record that the order of the trial court (to be presently quoted from the opinion of the Court of Appeals) was executed, and, hence, that the appellant (defendant) was not shown to have been denied his constitutional right to a "public trial." The last opinion of the Court of Appeals reproduces this pertinent matter from the bill of exceptions:
"After the jury was organized, and in the presence of the jury, the court made the following statement: Before the taking of testimony began, the court made the following statement. 'Now the nature of this case is such, as I understand, that the court is called upon to exercise its discretion about parties remaining in the courtroom during the evidence, and the court believes that it will be best for the public interest to exclude all parties except relatives of those concerned, the attorneys and officers of the court. Therefore I will have to require all parties be excluded from the courtroom during the taking of the testimony in this case, except those who are related, those who are officers of the court, either as attorneys or officers whose duty it may be to come in during the course of the trial.' "
It is manifest that this statement by the court was made in open court, and in the hearing of the members of the public who were present, the statement indicating, unmistakably, that there were members of the public then attending. After reciting the grounds of the trial court's view that "its discretion about the parties remaining in the courtroom during the evidence" should be "exercised," and that it would be best "for the public interest to exclude all parties" except those stipulated, the trial court, from that premise, announced that it would "have to require all parties excluded" except those specified. No one then present, or any others of the public to whom it might be repeated, could have mistaken the court's meaning, or have doubted that what was said by the court was a direction for those of the public present, and not excepted, to retire from the courtroom "during the evidence," and to forbid any others contemplating attending from entering the courtroom. No formal order of judicial record — a "judgment entry" — was requisite to effect an erroneous denial of the right to a "public trial" assured by the Constitution. Given the right to a "public trial," it is violated if the judicial authority is exerted in any wise to its denial. The utterance made by the trial court could have no other effect than to move the unexcepted public to vacate. Under the circumstances disclosed by the remarks of the court, including the authoritative effect of the terms in which the direction was made, it was not necessary or requisite, to constitute prejudicial error, that any should have ignored the direction until it was repeated or until force was employed to enforce the court's manifest purpose.
No withdrawal of the erroneous direction given by the court being shown, it cannot be assumed that it was not obeyed or observed. Moreover, as was held in State v. Osborne,
The petition for the writ of certiorari is granted. The judgment of the Court of Appeals, affirming the judgment of petitioner's conviction, is laid in error. It is reversed. The cause is remanded to the Court of Appeals, with directions to that court to reverse the judgment of the circuit court of Jefferson county, and to remand the cause thereto.
Writ granted; reversed and remanded, with directions.
ANDERSON, C. J., and SOMERVILLE, THOMAS, and MILLER, JJ., concur.
SAYRE and GARDNER, JJ., dissent on grounds stated in opinion on former application.