106 P. 549 | Okla. Crim. App. | 1910
The proposition presented involves the power of the Governor to grant parols and to revoke paroles upon a violation of the conditions thereof, after the expiration of the period of time designated in the sentence of imprisonment. Our Constitution confers on the Governor the power to grant, after *355 conviction, paroles and pardons. Section 10, art. 6, of the Constitution is as follows:
"The Governor shall have power to grant, after conviction, reprieves, commutation, paroles, and pardons for all offenses, except cases of impeachment, upon such conditions and with such restrictions and limitations as he may deem proper, subject to such regulations as may be prescribed by law. He shall communicate to the Legislature, at each regular session, each case of reprieve, commutation, parole, or pardon, granted, stating the name of the convict, the crime of which he was convicted, the date and place of conviction and the date of commutation, pardon, parole, or reprieve."
The First Legislature passed an act creating a board of pardons, defining its duties. Chapter 62, p. 576, Sess. Laws 1907-1908, the same being article 26, c. 89, Snyder's Comp. St. 1909. This board consists of the State Superintendent of Public Instruction, the President of the Board of Agriculture, and the State Auditor. Its duties are to hold regular meetings at the office of the Secretary of State, on the second Monday of each month, and such special meetings as the president or any two members may direct, and to receive applications for pardons or commutation of punishment, fix a date for the hearings, and cause a copy of the order to be published, and within 20 days after the hearing of any case to file with the Secretary of State its decision in writing and transmit a copy of said decision to the Governor. The act further provides that:
"No pardons, nor paroles shall be granted by the Governor until he shall present the matter to and obtain the advice of the Board of Pardons and Parole, but he may commute death sentence of persons to imprisonment for life."
Under our Constitution the pardoning power is vested exclusively in the Governor of the state, and any law which restricted this power would be unconstitutional and void. The co-ordinate departments of the government have nothing to do with the pardoning power, except that the Legislature may by law provide how applications may be made, and is entitled to a report at each regular session of the action taken. People v. Brown,
Chief Justice Marshall in U.S. v. Wilson, supra, said:
"A pardon is an act of grace, proceeding from the power intrusted with the execution of the laws, which exempts the individual on whom it is bestowed from the punishment the law inflicts for a crime he has committed. It is the private, though official, act of the executive magistrate, delivered to the individual for whose benefit it is intended."
"A parole, as the term is used in criminal law, may be defined as the release of a convict from imprisonment upon certain conditions to be observed by him, and a suspension of his sentence during his liberty thus granted." (A. E. Enc. vol. 24, p. 552.)
This constitutional provision is self-executing, and we believe that the legislative act creating the Board of Pardons is clearly unconstitutional and void. In it the Legislature has attempted to confer pardoning power upon other state officers, which is clearly an unconstitutional interference and infringment upon the executive power.
In support of this conclusion we adopt the language and cogent reasoning of Justice Hooker, in the case of Rich,Governor, v. Chamberlain, Warden, supra, wherein a similar constitutional provision was construed; the Michigan Legislature having passed an act creating a board of pardons, consisting of four members, appointed by the Governor.
"There are many reasons why a power of this kind should *357 be confined to the highest executive officer. It involves a wide discretion. The proceedings upon the trial may be reviewed. New evidence may be taken upon which to rest the pardon thus, in effect, granting a new trial. It may be ex parte, after the witnesses have disappeared or are dead. It may and often is based upon an alleged reform of an offender. Youth or age may furnish an excuse for its exercise. Petitions which a good-natured public sign without reading, and importunities of interested persons and friends, may be expected wherever there is hope of success. It is therefore of the highest importance to the public that this power should be carefully exercised, and that the fullest responsibility should rest upon the person to whom it is confided. The office of Governor seems to be generally considered the proper one with which to lodge such responsibility, and the public have the right to insist upon his performance of the duty. Not only is it beyond the power of the Legislature to impose the duty upon others, but it should not in any way lessen his responsibility to the public, when he sets aside the judgment of court and jury by opening the doors of a prison to a convicted felon. If the act in question does this, it should not be sustained. The effect of it is to establish a sort of tribunal open to convicts, where the question of whether they should be pardoned or be licensed to go at large may be tried. The conclusion reached — i.e., the result — accompanied by a recommendation, must be certified to the Governor, who then grants or refuses a pardon, as he may think advisable.
"We understand that the practice of this board is to conduct its investigations with care and thoroughness, to require notice to be given to the authorities, to reduce proof to writing, and to return the same, with a report in detail, to the Governor. This, however, seems to be under rules of its own devising, or prescribed by the Governor, for the act requires nothing of the kind. This is unimportant, however, as it might be remedied by legislation. But the vital defect in the act is that it tends to substitute the judgment of the board for that of the Governor. It can be truly said that the opinions of the board need not be controlling. But the tendency is naturally to offer an opportunity, if not an inducement, to an overburdened magistrate, to depend upon the judgment of a board in which he has confidence, and which has made a more careful investigation than he has made, and to act upon the recommendation of such board, while the public have a right to the fullest exercise of his own *358 understanding and judgment, which they have signified by their Constitution that they desire. This right should not be thwarted or placed in jeopardy by a law whose natural result may be expected to contravene the spirit of the constitutional provision. A loose exercise of the pardoning power is greatly to be deplored. It is inexcusable. It is a blow at good order, and is an additional hardship upon society, in its conflict with crime and criminals — a conflict which is irrepressible, and in which the criminal has many, and possibly undue, advantages. The erection of a court of pardons is of such doubtful expediency, offering, as it does, an opportunity to the convict — practically within the doors of every prison — to press his suit for pardon, that it should never be permitted until the people have signified a willingness that the safeguards placed in their Constitution be removed. The erection of a court of pardons is to invite unworthy applications. A practice grows up. It offers a premium to pardon-brokers, and the pardon, in place of remaining a matter of high, executive discretion, based upon legitimate clemency, degenerates to a routine award of a committee, to be obtained and justified by compliance with fixed rules, and sought as an assertion of right rather than clemency. This section contemplates that the Legislature may regulate the manner of applying for pardons, but this should not be construed to confer the power to limit the discretion of the Governor to grant pardons, or to require any other officer to first pass upon the question. All power is taken from the Legislature except that of regulating the manner of applying to the executive. Act 150 [Pub Laws 1893, p. 248] does not profess or attempt to do this. Its title is silent upon the one and only subject in relation to pardons which the Constitution permits the Legislature to act upon. It nowhere provides how applications for pardons shall be applied for, or that such applications shall be uniform. It does not regulate applications for pardons. It provides for a board, which must act in cases where petitions are filed, and gives no authority to the board to act in the absence of petitions. It seems to regulate the board which the act creates, instead of regulating the manner of making application to the only officer authorized to grant pardons. Under the claim that it is prescribing a manner of applying for a pardon it imposes a duty to investigate and report, and professes to authorize the Governor to act upon such report and recommendation. If this means anything, it is that the Governor might lawfully forego any investigation, and act upon the recommendation of the board, *359 substituting their judgment for his own. The answer to this is that we cannot suppose that the Governor will pay any attention to the recommendation, because the Constitution imposes a duty upon him. The act does not regulate the methods of applying for pardons. It does provide for a sort of investigation, which we are told that the Legislature intended should be disregarded. In my opinion, this was not the legislative intent. On the contrary, it was expected that the Governor would do just what the Legislature undertook to provide that he might do, viz., act upon the report and recommendation without personal investigation. If there was no board of pardons, a governor would not be likely to feel at liberty to grant a pardon upon a mere application, without investigation. If he did, such a practice would not meet public approval, nor would it be a proper discharge of his duty. Yet the act in question provides that he may do that very thing, and, to sustain the act, the argument must be made that the Legislature did not mean what the language expressly states, but intended that the report and recommendation should be wholly disregarded by the Governor.
"Our attention has not been called to a case involving the question that has been discussed. Our own investigation has disclosed that, by most state Constitutions, the pardoning power is lodged with the Governor, as it is with the president under the federal Constitution. In several states the power of the Governor is restricted, possibly to cut off any danger of an undue exercise of the power. In most of those, however, the consent of the Governor is indispensable. It is, however, a significant fact, and one that bears forcibly upon this case, that we have found no instance where a board has been created by statute, but invariably by constitutional provisions."
This section of the Constitution in express terms provides that the Governor shall have power to grant paroles upon "such conditions and with such restrictions and limitations as he may deem proper." It must be conceded that under this clause of said section of the Constitution the Governor may, upon the granting of a parole, attach such conditions as he sees fit, so long as they are not immoral, illegal, or impossible of performance, provided they are to be kept and performed or complied with during the term for which the prisoner was sentenced by the judgment of the court. Counsel for petitioner contends that, as the *360 agreed statement of facts shows that petitioner had not violated any of the conditions of his parole until after the expiration of the period of time designated in the sentence of imprisonment, "the Governor is without power to revoke the parole." — citingEx parte Prout, 12 Idaho, 494, 86 P. 275, 5 L.R.A. (N.S.) 1064. In that case the judgment provided that the term of imprisonment should commence to run from the date of defendant's delivery to the warden, and by a divided court it was held that a condition of the parole was illegal because it extended beyond the term for which the defendant was sentenced, and thereby increased the punishment imposed by the judgment. Justice Sullivan dissented in a strong, well-reasoned opinion. The doctrine of that case has no application here.
Under the provisions of Procedure Criminal (article 14, c. 89, Snyder's Comp. St. 1909), after a plea or verdict of guilty the court must render judgment, and assess the punishment or penalty prescribed by law. The time fixed for executing a judgment and sentence, or for the commencement of its execution, is not one of its essential elements, and, strictly speaking, is not a part of the judgment and sentence. The essential part of the judgment and sentence is the punishment, and the amount thereof, without reference to the time when it shall be executed. Except in cases where the defendant has been convicted of two or more offenses, before judgment of either, the order of the court in reference to the time when the sentence shall be executed is not material. Expiration of the time without imprisonment is in no sense an execution of the judgment and sentence. Hollon v.Hopkins,
"While, as a general rule, the imprisonment begins with the sentence, and the sentence is subject to existing valid laws, the imprisonment may be suspended by appellate or other judicial proceedings or by reprieve, or otherwise; and the period during which the imprisonment may be suffered may be interrupted by escape, or be changed by the pardoning power so long as the change does not increase the penalty imposed by the sentence, or *361
is not otherwise illegal." (State v. Horne,
"The release of a prisoner on parole does not amount to a commutation of his sentence, since it does not change his punishment into a less severe one; the sentence remaining in force, and the prisoner, while enjoying his liberty, being liable to be reimprisoned at any time." (A. E. Enc. vol. 24, p. 553.)
In Fuller v. State,
"The parole does not in any wise displace or abridge the sentence; it merely stops its execution for a time only, it may be, or indefinitely, it may prove — it suspends, not destroys. The suspension is like that which occurs constantly in the administration of criminal laws where the defendant appeals from the judgment of conviction. The execution of the sentence is by the appeal superseded and postponed pending the appeal; and, if the judgment is affirmed, the execution of the sentence thereupon begins and continues for the period set down originally in the judgment. So the word is used in this statute; and upon condition broken, the sentence, which has all along hung in its entirety over the liberty of the paroled convict, is to be executed upon him `as though no parole had been granted to him.' This is the plain meaning of the statute; and, so interpreted, it involves of necessary consequence the proposition that upon condition broken even after the time at which the sentence would have ended but for its suspension, the convict may still be remanded to custody that the unserved, and hence unexpired, part of the sentence — that part which he was released from serving during the period of durance originally specified — may be executed upon him. So the law is written."
The conditions of the parole in this case refer to the judgment and sentence to be affected by it in its legal and proper aspect. The conditions cannot be said to be immoral, or to be impossible of performance during the life of the petitioner; nor can it be illegal, since the particular period of time within which the sentence is to be suffered by the convict as specified in the judgment and sentence is not a part of the judgment and sentence, except so far as it fixes the quantum of time that he must *362 suffer such penalty, and the conditions imposed are not forbidden by law, and do not increase the punishment imposed by the court. If the particular period of time fixed by the court within which the execution of the sentence of imprisonment was to be fully performed is extended, or held in abeyance or postponed, the time or duration of imprisonment is not thereby increased, and the interruption of the execution of the judgment and sentence during the time the petitioner was at liberty under the parole was secured to him by his acceptance of the conditions thereof, and the petitioner cannot complain of it.
If a condition of the parole upon which petitioner secured his release from imprisonment has been violated by him, the parole may be revoked, and the petitioner may be rearrested and compelled to undergo so much of the original sentence as he had not suffered at the time of his release. State v. Horne,
When a convict has been released upon a parole, his rearrest and return to custody by an executive order revoking the parole *363 is not in violation of the constitutional guaranty "that no person shall be deprived of his liberty without due process of law" or "that no warrant shall issue but upon probable cause supported by oath or affirmation," since being a convict at large by executive clemency, which he has accepted on conditions included therein, upon the violation of any of such conditions he is merely an escaped convict, and not entitled to invoke such constitutional guarranty. However, a convict who has been released upon a parole, and apprehended upon the revocation thereof, in the absence of a statute or of an express provision in the parole giving him the right to a hearing before a court having jurisdiction, may upon an application for writ of habeascorpus averring the facts show that he has fully performed the conditions of the parole, or that he has a legal excuse for not having done so, or that he is not the same person who was convicted. If it be determined upon the hearing of such application that there has not been a violation of or noncompliance with the condition or conditions of the parole, or if the petitioner shall show to the satisfaction of the court some valid reason or excuse for such violation or noncompliance, he should be discharged from custody, but if a violation of or noncompliance with, the condition or conditions of the parole be shown to the satisfaction of the court without out any legal reason or excuse therefor, the petitioner should be remanded to custody, and ordered to have the original sentence imposed upon him duly executed, or so much thereof as has not been already suffered.
In the matter of "the credit for good time allowed petitioner under the law" the parole and its revocation in no way affects it. Under our Constitution it is the duty and prerogative of the legislative department to define crime and fix the maximum and minimum penalty, and to fix by law the kind and manner of punishment, and to provide such disciplinary regulations for prisoners, not in conflict with the fundamental law, as the Legislature deems best. It is the duty of the judicial department to try offenders against those laws, and upon conviction to sentence them under the statute. The Governor has no authority, and has *364 not attempted to insert as a provision of the parole, that a revocation of its provisions should work a forfeiture of the statutory diminution of sentence for good conduct while in prison. Such a condition as a consequence of the revocation of the parole would in effect require petitioner to serve a longer term than that for which he had been sentenced, and would therefore be illegal. We are of opinion, upon an examination of the authorities and upon principle, that an act of the Legislature specifically defining credits for good behavior, in existence at the date of the judgment against the prisoner, becomes a part of the sentence and inheres into the punishment assessed, and is not an invasion of the constitutional prerogative of the Governor.
It having been brought to the attention of the sheriff of Stephens county, the respondent in this case, that by executive order it became the duty of all sheriffs and other peace officers of the state to apprehend the said William Ridley, wherever he may be found, and to take him into safe custody, and to conduct him to the warden of the penitentiary at McAlester, the respondent as sheriff acted within his authority in arresting and detaining him in custody. It appearing that the arrest and detention of the petitioner is warranted under the conditions of the parole, by which he secured his release from imprisonment, the writ of habeas corpus is denied.
It is by the court ordered that petitioner be remanded to the custody of the sheriff of Stephens county, and by him to be delivered to the warden of the state penitentiary at McAlester, there to serve the remainder of the original sentence imposed upon him until the same shall be fully executed.
Writ denied, and petitioner remanded.
FURMAN, PRESIDING JUDGE, and OWEN, JUDGE, concur. *365
