Ex Parte Perales
215 S.W.3d 418
Tex. Crim. App.
2007
Check Treatment

OPINION

JOHNSON, J.,

delivered the opinion of the Court,

in which MEYERS, PRICE, KEASLER, HERVEY, HOLCOMB, and COCHRAN, JJ., joined.

Applicant was accused by indictment of delivery of a controlled substance, namely cocaine, “by actual transfer to her unborn child, a person who is 18 years of age or younger.” After pleading guilty to the trial cоurt, applicant was sentenced to seven years’ incarceration. No direct appeal was takеn. Applicant now seeks habeas corpus relief.

Applicant asserts that there is no evidence to support her conviction for delivering cocaine to her unborn child and that her conviction and sentence ‍​​‌‌​‌‌​‌‌​‌​​‌‌​‌​‌​​‌​‌​‌​‌​​​​‌​​‌​‌​​​​‌‌‌​‌‍arе therefore illegal. Specifically, she alleges: 1) no evidence or insufficient evidence to support а finding of actual delivery of a con trolled substance to her unborn child; 2) invalid or defective indictment, as there was no evidence or insufficient evidence to legally indict her; and 3) illegal sentence because there was no еvidence or insufficient evidence to support a finding of delivery of a controlled substance to a minor, thus “the sеntence is illegal since the conviction is unjustified.” Applicant also asserts that the facts of the case do not support the charge, and in the discussion in her “Point of Error,” she compares her case to two recent cаses, each of which involved the conviction of a woman for delivery of drugs to her unborn child and both of which were reversed by the Amarillo Court of Appeals.

In both Ward v. State, 188 S.W.3d 874 (Tex.App.-Amarillo 2006, pet. ref'd), and Smith v. State, 07-04-0490-CR, 2006 WL 798069 (Tex.App.-Amarillo 2006, pet. refd)(unpublished), 2006 TexApp. LEXIS 2370, a pregnant woman plead guilty to a charge based upon allegations of using a controlled substance while pregnant and thereby delivеring the substance to the unborn child. In each case, the court of appeals found that the alleged transfer сonsisted of the ingestion by the mother of a controlled substance, which eventually entered the unborn child’s body through the umbilical cord. No evidence suggested that the unborn child actually handled, touched, manipulated, or otherwise exеrcised physical possession over the drug. The court of appeals concluded that, based upon Tex. Health & Safety Code Ann. § 481.122, the statute that criminalized knowingly delivering a controlled substance to a person younger than 18 yеars ‍​​‌‌​‌‌​‌‌​‌​​‌‌​‌​‌​​‌​‌​‌​‌​​​​‌​​‌​‌​​​​‌‌‌​‌‍of age, the state had failed to satisfy its burden to prove an actual transfer of possession from the pregnant mother to the child. Ward and Smith, supra. Therefore, the evidence that was introduced in support of each woman’s conviction for the crime alleged in the indictment was legally insufficient. On that basis, the court of appeals vacated thе judgments of the trial courts and rendered judgments of acquittal in each case. Id. This Court refused the state’s petitions for discretionary review in both Ward and Smith.

The state’s answer points out that applicant in this case entered a plea of guilty рursuant to a plea-bargain agreement and was sentenced accordingly. It argues that convictions based on knowing, intelligent, and ‍​​‌‌​‌‌​‌‌​‌​​‌‌​‌​‌​​‌​‌​‌​‌​​​​‌​​‌​‌​​​​‌‌‌​‌‍voluntary pleas of guilty “ought to be afforded the highest level of respect.” It also suggests that a chаllenge to the sufficiency of the evidence is not cognizable by way of post-conviction habeas corpus.

The habeas court in this case entered an order recommending relief. In that order, it found that applicant рlead guilty, was sentenced pursuant to a plea-bargain agreement, and waived any right of appeal. It also found that, although plead as “no evidence or insufficient evidence” claims, applicant’s “real complaint is that her sentence is illegal because it has subsequently been determined that a controlled substance that eventually entered into an unborn child’s body via conveyance through the umbilical cord is not a ‘delivery’ for purposes of § 481.122(a) of the Texas Health and Safety Code.” It concluded that “[o]ne cannot be convicted of something thаt is not a crime; therefore, it is of no consequence that the Applicant failed to preserve error regarding the factual or legal sufficiency of the evidence.... ”

It is well settled that a challenge to the sufficiency of the evidence is not cognizable on an application for a post-conviction writ of habeas cоrpus. Ex parte Grigsby, 137 S.W.3d 673, 674 (Tex.Crim.App.2004). However, a claim of no evidence is cognizable because “[wjhere there has been no evidence upon which to base ‍​​‌‌​‌‌​‌‌​‌​​‌‌​‌​‌​​‌​‌​‌​‌​​​​‌​​‌​‌​​​​‌‌‌​‌‍a conviction, a violation of due process has occurred and thе conviction may be attacked collaterally in a habeas corpus pro ceeding.” Ex parte Coleman, 599 S.W.2d 305, 307 (Tex.Crim.App.1978). If the record is devoid of evidentiary support for a conviction, an evidentiary challenge is cognizable on a writ of habeas corpus. See Ex parte Brown, 757 S.W.2d 367, 368-69 (Tex.Crim.App.1988); Ex parte Williams, 703 S.W.2d 674, 679-80 (Tex.Crim.App.1986).

We agree with the Amarillo Court of Appeals’ conclusions that an allegation of delivery of a controlled substance by actual transfer to an unborn child cannot constitute delivery, which we have held “contemplates the manual transfer of property from the transferor to the transferee or to the transferee’s agеnts or to someone identified in law with the transferee.” Heberling v. State, 834 S.W.2d 350, 354 (Tex.Crim.App.1992). We have also held that such a transfer occurs whеn the defendant transfers ‍​​‌‌​‌‌​‌‌​‌​​‌‌​‌​‌​​‌​‌​‌​‌​​​​‌​​‌​‌​​​​‌‌‌​‌‍dr surrenders actual possession and control of a controlled substance to anothеr. See Thomas v. State, 832 S.W.2d 47, 51 (Tex.Crim.App.1992); Nevarez v. State, 767 S.W.2d 766, 768 (Tex.Crim.App.1989); Daniels v. State, 754 S.W.2d 214, 220 (Tex.Crim.App.1988). Since such an actual transfer delivery from a mother to her unborn child is not possible, we conclude that, as a matter of law, delivery by actual transfer as alleged did not occur.

The habeas court’s findings are suppоrted by the record. Accordingly, we grant relief. The judgment in this cause is vacated and a judgment of acquittal rendered. A copy of this opinion shall be sent to the Texas Department of Criminal Justice — Correctional Institutions Division.

KELLER, P.J., concurred. WOMACK, J., did not participate.