296 F. 182 | D. Mass. | 1923
Habeas corpus to the Commissioner of Immigration to secure the release óf a Chinaman who is held for depórtation. The facts are not in dispute and are as follows:
Chew, after having resided several years in this country, went back to China for a visit. On his return when he was examined by the health officials of the Immigration Service he was found to be afflicted with clonorehiasis or fluke worm of the liver. The Health Officers thereupon certified that the applicant was suffering from a “dangerous contagious disease.” The board of special inquiry, considering that it was bound by this certificate, made an order on that ground alone excluding the applicant. He was held for deportation under this order when the present proceeding was instituted.
The government contends in the first place that the medical certificate is conclusive upon all parties in interest, and that no inquiry is open as to whether it was correct or incorrect, reasonable or unreasonable. The provisions of the statute (Comp. St. 1918, Comp. St. Ann. Supp. 1919, §§ 4289(4a-4289(4Lu) on this point are as follows; Section 3 (section 4289(4J>) excludes aliens “afflicted with tuberculosis in any form or with a loathsome or dangerous contagious disease.” Section
It is going a long way to say that the action of the medical officer is absolutely final, however capricious, unfounded, and unreasonable it may be. If that had been the intention of the act, it would, I think, have been stated in explicit terms, but there is no such language. The status of the certificate appears to be established by section 16; it is made “for the information of the immigration officers and the boards of special inquiry.” The proviso of section 17 appears to mean that rejection because of disease shall not be made by a board of special inquiry unless such disease is certified by a health officer, and-to be in the nature of a limitation on the powers of the boards of special inquiry. It therefore seems to me that the certificates of a health officer made under this act stand on the same footing as final decisions of other immigration tribunals, and that it is open to the petitioner to show that the certificate was wholly unwarranted upon any reasonable view of the applicant’s condition; in other words, was unsupported by any evidence. The testimony in regard to the condition of the applicant and the nature of clonorchiasis, which was received at the hearing subject to be ruled upon later, is therefore admitted.
The eminent medical gentlemen who testified for the petitioner and the government are in substantial agreement as to the nature of clonorchiasis and the method in which it is transmitted. ’ The characteristic of the disease is'a flat worm from one-half to three-quarters of an inch long (sometimes called “fluke worm”) which infects the bile ducts of the liver. I infer, although the evidence upon the point is not entirely clear, that it is capable of causing death, and that the disease from that point of view may be regarded as “dangerous.” The disease is distinctly Asiatic, being found principally in Japan, China, and Formosa. It has been recognized for over .40 years, and no case has been known to originate in this country.
The method by which the disease is transmitted from one person to another is extremely curious. The worms themselves do not leave the liver, and never pass from one person to another. They lay eggs, which are carried by the bile into the intestines, and leave the body with the faeces. These eggs are incapable of causing the disease in man. Their activity is set in motion only by lodging upon or being eaten by certain varieties of fresh-water snails. With the snail as a “host,” the egg hatches into a parasite. This parasite will not cause the disease in man or other animals, and is not dangerous .to them. The para
The disease is contracted by human beings, usually and perhaps always, by eating raw or nearly raw fish infested with the parasite. It is the opinion of Dr. Stiles of the Public Health Service that the necessary “hosts,” both snail and fish, are to be found in the waters of this country, although that fact has not as yet been completely demonstrated, and I accept his opinion upon this point; it is certainly not unreasonable.
The public health authorities agree that there is no danger of one person acquiring this disease from contact or association with another. The alien here in question has lived, eaten, and slept with the other aliens in detention at the Immigration Station, where immigration officials are in charge. As the foregoing description of the disease shows, clonorchiasis is not directly transmissible from man to man; the parasite which causes it has to pass through two intermediate hosts before becoming capable of infecting another person. In this respect'the disease resembles malaria and yellow fever, except that in them there is only one intermediate “host,” a mosquito.
The final question is whether such a disease comes within the description “contagious,” as used in the statute. The regulations of the Public Health Service, made under section 16 of the act, declare that the word “contagious” is to be regarded as synonymous with “communicable,” and under the sixty-sixth regulation clonorchiasis is included as a dangerous contagious disease. The words “contagious” and “communicable,” in their ordinary meanings, are not synonymous either in scientific usage or common speech. “There is doubtless a technical distinction between the two in the fact that a contagious disease is communicable by contact, or by bodily exhalation, while an infectious disease presupposes a cause acting by hidden influences, like the miasma of prison ships or marshes, etc., or through the pollution of water-or the atmosphere, or from the various ejections from animals. The word ‘contagious/ however, is often used in a similar sense of pestilential or poisonous, and is not strictly confined to influences emanating directly from the body.” Brown, J., Grayson v. Lynch, 163 U. S. 468, 477, 16 Sup. Ct. 1064, 1068 (41 L. Ed. 230). See, also, to the same effect, Council v. St. L. & S. F. R. R., 123 Mo. App. 432, 100 S. W. 57, 61.
Is the word “contagious” used in this act in its ordinary meaning, or in the broad and loose sense referred to in the last sentence of the quotation? The statute in question, having been passed for the protection of the public health, should receive a liberal interpretation in aid of its obvious purpose. The underlying intention of it is to establish safeguards against the introduction into this country by alien immigrants of dangerous diseases, which might spread and do harm here. Certain diseases of which this would be true — e. g., yellow fever — are not contagious in the strict sense of the word. But they must be with
Even under this interpretation of the act, there remains a good deal of doubt whether clonorchiasis can reasonably be found to be a dangerous contagious disease in this country. In‘view of its history and nature there seems little likelihood .of its ever becoming a menace here. It may be that the health officers are over cautious abput it; hut it seems to me to be going too far to say that they are unreasonable.
Petition dismissed.