64 Mo. 205 | Mo. | 1876
Lead Opinion
delivered the opinion of the court.
The petitioner on the 12th of August, 1876, was tried in the St. Louis court of criminal correction and was convicted of criminal abortion, and was sentenced by said court to imprisonment in the St. Louis county jail for the term of one year and to the payment of a fine of $500. Under said sentence he was committed to the jail of said county, and there remained until the 22d day of August, 1876, when he applied to James J. Lindley. a judge of the circuit court of St. Louis county for a writ of habeas corpus, which was by said judge issued, and on a hearing of the same, the said Jilz was discharged from his said imprisonment on the same day, on the ground that the court of criminal correction had exceeded its power in sentencing him, Jilz, to confinement in the county jail of St, Louis county for one year, and that the sen
Petitioner Jilz now seeks to be discharged from this last imprisonment on the following grounds :
1st. Because the judgment and sentence of said court of criminal correction was void, in this, that under the law applicable to St. Louis county, said court only had jurisdiction to sentence him to an imprisonment for the period of six months in the city work house of the city of St. Louis :
2d. Because having been once discharged on habeas corpus by Judge Lindley, who had power to hear and determine the legality of his imprisonment, his re-arrest and re-imprisonment on the re-issue of the same commitment were illegal and void. .
If the second reason assigned by petitioner for his discharge be well founded, it will dispense with a consideration of the first. Our attention will therefore be directed to it.
It is not denied but that Judge Lindley had the legal right to issue the writ of habeas corpus which was issued by him- on the 26th day of August, 1876. If the Circuit Judge had power to issue the writ — which is conceded — such judge acquired jurisdiction over the subject matter, when the office of the writ had been partially performed, in bringing before him the prisoner with the cause of his detention and imprisonment.
In the case of Martin vs. The State, (12 Mo. 474,) where one Jackson was imprisoned by virtue of an indictment found in the criminal court of St. Louis county, and not having been brought to trial at the end of the second term after the indictment was found, he was discharged on habeas corpus by a judge of the circuit court of St. Louis county from his imprisonment, Martin, the jailor, having him in custody, was ordered by the criminal court to retain Jackson in custody to answer the indictment, but disregarded the order of the criminal court and discharged Jackson in obedience to the order of the Circuit Judge. Martin was fined for
So, also, in the case of Ex parte Page, (49 Mo. 291,) it was held by this court “ that Page, who had been convicted of grand larceny and sentenced to the penitentiary for ten years, was entitled to his discharge on proceeding by habeas corpus, on the ground that the judgment of the court sentencing him to ten years was void, because the highest punishment under the law was seven years for such offense.”
Judge Lindley, of the circuit court, having' thus acquired jurisdiction of the person and subject matter, was authorized and required to determine the question as to the legality of the imprisonment, and whether he decided erroneously or not, is immaterial,
In the case of Howe vs. The State, (9 Mo. 690,) it was held that an appeal from a judgment of the circuit court, refusing to discharge a prisoner on habeas corpus, would not lie to this court.
In case of Ex parte Long, (11 Mo. 662,) it was also held that “in deciding on the propriety of discharging a prisoner on habeas corpus, this court exercises no appellate jurisdiction.”
It would seem, therefore, that if a judgment of a circuit court refusing to discharge a prisoner, was conclusive, or not subject to be reviewed on appeal, a judgment of a court or judge discharging a prisoner, ought in like manner to be conclusive, especially when the statute expressly provides that “no person who has been discharged 'by the order of any court or magistrate upon a writ of habeas corpus, issued pursuant to this chapter, shall be again imprisoned, restrained, and kept in custody for the same cause,” etc. (Gen. Stat. 629, § 55.)
The case, Yates, (4 Johns. 318,) is very analogous in some of its features to the case at bar, and the questions involved were most ably and thoroughly discussed. Yates was committed to jail by a court of chancery for contempt of court. He applied to Justice Spencer for a writ of habeas corpus, and was by him discharged. After he was discharged the court of chancery ordered his arrest and imprisonment on the same charge. He' applied to Justice Spencer again for a writ of habeas corpus, and was again by him discharged. After this discharge he was again arrested and imprisoned on the order of the chancery court on the same charge. An application was subsequently made to the Supreme Court by Yates for a writ of habeas corpus, which was granted, and after a full hearing the prisoner was remanded to custody. He then sued out a writ of error, and the case was
Clinton, who delivered the opinion, concurred in by a majority of the court, considered the following points with others :
1st. Whether a judge in vacation had jurisdiction in the case?
2d. Whether a person discharged on a habeas corpus can be re imprisoned for the same offense :
In passing upon the two points he observes : “A judge is certainly constituted a tribunal to pronounce upon the legality of a commitment. He is not to intermeddle when the prisoner is a convict or in execution by legal process — when he is detained by legal processes — out of criminal courts for some matter or offense not bailable. If a prisoner is brought before a judge on habeas corpus, who is to determine on the legality of a commitment? Is he to take it for granted that every commitment o£ every court and magistrate for offenses not bailable is legal, and to remand the prisoner accordingly? Will not this render the habeas corpus act of little value, and circumscribe its operation in a most pernicious manner ? The judge has jurisdiction, and, if he has jurisdiction, his judgment may be erroneous, but it cannot be void. If he decides that the process is illegal, he may-err, and so may all courts, but erroneous judgments are not void but voidable. If, then, the judge had jurisdiction in the cause, whether he decided erroneously or not, is immaterial; his discharge being in favor of personal liberty is final and conclusive. He is, in that respect, a court of dernier resort.” He also observes in speaking of the provision of the statute of New York, similar to our own, “that no person who shall be set at large upon any habeas corpits, shall again be imprisoned for the same offense, unless by the legal order or process of the court wherein he is bound by recognizance to appear, or other court having jurisdiction of the cause.
This provision appears to set this branch of the inquiry at rest. It is the same as in the English statute, and evidently refers, when speaking of the court where the prisoner is bound to appear or a court having jurisdiction of the cause, to the case of persons
The conclusion arrived at in the case of Yates, was reached after a most thorough and searching investigation by some of the ablest and most learned judges of that day, and commends itself to our favorable consideration as being in consonance with the justice of the case and sound logic. In the light, therefore, of the cases above cited, as well as the provisions of our statute regulating proceedings of this character, and expressly prohibiting the re-arrest and re-commitment of a prisoner after being discharged by a court or officer having jurisdiction of the person and authority to act in regard to the subject matter,- the re-arrest and re-commitment of Jilz by the St. Louis court of criminal correction was unauthorized, and his imprisonment thereunder illegal. It is no argument against this conclusion to say that a judge or officei; authorized to issue this writ of right may commit a mistake and release from confinement a citizen who ought not to be released. Under any system of jurisprudence, no matter how perfect aud complete it may be, mistakes will sometimes be made and errors committed. Questions of law or fact, whether the determination of them be confided to the court or jury, owing to the imperfections incident to all human reasoning, are often improperly and erroneously determined, yet when they are determined by those who are by law entrusted with their determination, that is an end of the matter. If, even, as in this case, a person convicted of a misdemeanor, brutal in its character, and which shocks the moral sense of the whole community, should be entitled to his discharge
It is argued that inasmuch as Jilz, on the 19th day of August, 1876, took his appeal to the St. Louis court of appeals from the judgment of the St. Louis court of criminal correction, the constitution, in providing that no appeal in such cases from the judgment which the St. Louis court of appeals might render should be allotved, deprives this court of its original jurisdiction to issue writs of habeas corpus, and to hear and determine the same.
If, in issuing writs of habeas corpus, and in determining the questions arising thereunder, this court could exercise appellate jurisdiction, there might be some ground for the proposition contended for. It has, hoAvever, been expressly decided in the cases herein cited, that in a proceeding of this character this court cannot exercise any appellate jurisdiction whatever. It therefore necessarily follows that the prohibition of an appeal from any decision which might be rendered by the St. Louis court of appeals does not prohibit this court from the exercise of a jurisdiction bestowed by the constitution in the exercise of Avhich (as in habeas corpus) it does not act as an appellate court. For the reasons expressed herein, we think the prisoner is entitled to a discharge from the imprisonment of which he complains, and with the concurrence of the other judges will be so ordered.
Concurrence Opinion
concurring.
I fully and heartily concur in the foregoing able opinion, and hold that the judgment of Judge Lindley, discharging Jilz from the custody of the jailor, was final and conclusive, and that neither the court of criminal correction, nor any other court in the State could re-commit him on the original sentence.
The position of the counsel for the State, and the ground necessarily taken by any one holding that the action of the court of criminal correction was proper, is that, although the sta'ute authorized Judge Lindley to issue the writ, and when Jilz was brought before him he acquired jurisdiction of his person and of the cause, yet he had no jurisdiction to discharge him, unle-s he should decide properly the legal questions involved. In other words, if the sentence pronounced by the court of criminal correction was right, Judge Lindley had jurisdiction to re-commit, but none to discharge Jilz, and Judge Cady had the right, and it became his duty, to disregard the order of discharge and recommit him.
In the matter of DaCosta,(Park. Crim. Cas. 129) it was held by the Supreme Court of New York, that “the principle of res adjudícala is applicable to proceedings upon habeas corpus.” That was a case in which the petitioners had been remanded to the custody of the person who held them, but the principle of that is none the less applicable to this case. Our statute gives the prisoner this writ as often a,s he may find a court or officer superior to the one to whom he last made his application, authorized to issue it. In his petition he is required to state, “that no application for the relief sought has been made to or refused by any court, officer or officers, superior to the one to whom the petition is presented.”
In the case of DaCosta, supra, the observation of Senator Paige is quoted and approved, that, “if a final adjudication upon a habeas corpus is not to be deemed res adjudícala the consequence will be lamentable. This favored writ will become an engine of oppression instead of a writ of liberty.”
Neither the court of appeals nor the Supreme court exercises appellate jurisdiction when it issues this writ, and its judgment, m tins proceeding, is of no more force or validity than that of a justice of the county court, or a circuit judge.
In Ex parte Toney (11 Mo. 662) Judge Napton observed that, “in deciding on the propriety of discharging a prisoner on habeas corpus, this court exercises no appellate jurisdiction. In the exercise of this power it is confined within the same limits which would restrain a judge of the circuit or county court in its exercise. It can give no other or greater relief than is afforded by these officers. If the idea of all appellate jurisdiction is discarded, it will be obvious that neither this court, nor any other court nor officer, can investigate the legality of a judgment of a court of competent jurisdiction by a writ of habeas corpses. If the court has jurisdiction of the subject matter and of the person, although its proceedings may be irregular or erroneous, yet they cannot be set aside in this proceeding. The party must resort to his writ of error, or other direct remedy, to reverse or set aside the judgment, for in all collateral proceedings it will be held to be conclusive.”
The court held in that case that Toney was not entitled to his discharge, and remanded him to the custody of the warden of the penitentiary ; but suppose it had determined otherwise, was there any authority in the court, in which Toney was convicted and sentenced, to re-commit him, in defiance of the mandate of this court, whether it erred or not? Could the inferior court have reviewed and reversed the judgment of this court? When the court says : “Although its proceedings (proceedings of the court in which the conviction was had) may be irregular or erroneous, yet they cannot be set aside in this proceeding,” it was not passing upon the effect of a judgment upon a habeas corpus discharging the prisoner, but announcing a rule by which courts, or
If the doctrine of the Toney case be correct, and we fully indorse it, the court of criminal correction, if Jilz had sued out-his writ in this court instead of the circuit court, and been discharged, could have re-committed him, and repeated the commitment as often as any court should, on habeas corpus, order his discharge, unless such order regularly issued were a finality. If we now discharge Jilz, what is to hinder the court of criminal correction from re-committing him, if the doctrine contended for-be the law ? And if this be the law, of what value is the writ of habeas corpus ? The judge of the court, acting in a judicial capacity, would not be liable to the penalty prescribed by the statute, and if he were, what is the penalty, a hundred times recovered, in comparison of the personal liberty of a citizen ?
But, it may be said, a county court justice may issue the writ and discharge one convicted of a felony, and sentenced to the penitentiary, by a circuit court. If this be so, the mistake was in authorizing such inferior courts to issue this writ, but far better were it that nine hundred and ninety-nine of every thousand guilty men should escape under this process, than that a writ, which in the past has accomplished so much for personal liberty, should be rendered, inefficacious by judicial construction or legislative enactment. ~
It is the most celebrated writ known to our law, and has received such encomiums as have been pronounced upon no other judicial process belonging to ours or any other system of jurisprudence. Its origin is so far back in antiquity that its date cannot now be ascertained. It is older than Magna Charla, and for centuries has been held by Englishmen as the bulwark of their liberty, and is so highly esteemed by the people of the United States that it has been embalmed in the Federal Constitution, and in the Constitution of every State in the Union ; and yet if the position of the counsel for the State be correct, it is of less value than a writ of replevin, or a fieri facias ; for these do what they are designed1 to accomplish, while an inferior court can set at naught the judgment of the highest judicial tribunal of the
This is no time to impair the efficacy of this writ. Now, more than ever before, should we he careful to preserve the “this dearest birthright of Britons,” as, more than a century ago, it was characterized by the English colonists in America. No prison walls should he strong enough, against its mandate, to hold one for whom it issues, nor any judge or court too great to bow in submission to the judgment rendered in the proceeding by a tribunal authorized to issue the writ of habeas corpus.
.1 think that the prisoner is entitled to his discharge.