Ex parte Croom

19 Ala. 561 | Ala. | 1851

CHILTON, J.

This case has been elaborately and ably argued, and I proceed with all possible brevity to announce the-conclusion which the court has attained upon the questions presented.

And, first, as to the manner in which this court shall take-cognizance of the petitioners’ application, so as not to render its proceeding obnoxious to the provision of the constitution, which denies to it any other than appellate jurisdiction. The petitioners are in jail, under an arrest upon a capias, for murder. They petitioned the Hon. W. R. Smith to be allowed bail, which, upon trial of their alleged right on habeas corpus, he denied them. His refusal gives them the right to come into this court to ask the control or supervision of the action of the Circuit Court—(Ex parte Simonton, 9 Por. 383)—for without such action, either in refusing to entertain their application, or to grant, it, previously had before some court or judge competent to act in the premises, wo should, in such case, have nothing to revise therefore the granting of the writ would not bo appellate jurisdiction. But the writ, when granted, would only^bring the-bodies of the prisoners before this court, together with the cause of their detention, which is the capias, and not the proceedings-had before Judge Smith on their application for bail, and which we must revise, or our action in the premises is original. It i¿ the duty of this court, in order to enable it to carry out the powers with which the constitution invests it, of exercising “ a general superintendence of inferior jurisdictions,” to adopt such course of proceeding as will make its control complete.—Ex parte Chaney, 8 Ala. 424. It is important that the practice in such cases should be settled, and after the best deliberation which we have been enabled to bestow upon this branch of the case, we conceive the correct practice to be, for the prisoners, who conceive themselves aggrieved by the decision of the inferior jurisdiction, in the matter of their discharge, to petition this court for the writ of habeas corpus, and such .other remedial process as shall be necessary to render its control effectual, setting forth under oath such a state of case as shows that the court or the judge who made the decision erred to their prejudice, and that they are entitled by the case made before such inferior tribunal, to the relief which they seek. In such cases as the present, should this court deem the showing sufficient prima fade to entitle the prisoners to bail,.the writ of certiorari would be ordered", to issue to bring up the proceedings had before the judge or-court below, as well as the writ of habeas corpus to bring the prisoners before this court,, that if, upon a full hearing on the return of the writs, this court should adjudge them entitled to bail, they may be allowed to give bail in such sum as might be prescribed..

It would, however,, be necessary, in cases where the prisoners desire to revise the action of the inferior court,, to have the facts upon which they invoke its action set out in writing and certified by the judge, so that the same may be returned'to this court as-the basis of its action. Such was the practice adopted by this court, in Field v. Milly Walker, 17 Ala. 80, where we were called upon to revise the decision of the Judge of the County Court, made upon a habeas corpus; and it appears to be the practice which obtains in the Court of Queen’s Bench in England, (see Queen v. Dunn, 12 Ad. & E. 599; S. C., 40 Eng. C. L. 124,) to issue the writ of habeas corpus and a certiorari.

It would be much more convenient, however,.both to the parties and to this court, for the Attorney General or those representing the State, and the counsel for the prisoners, to agree upon the case made before the inferior court, so that when the opinion of this court is pronounced on the application for the writ, if the accused, according to the principles settled by it, is entitled to be discharged, he may renew his application to the court below, saving thus the delay and expense consequent upon further, proceedings to be had in this court, and the necessity for bringing the prisoners in person before us. Such was the practice.indicated in Ex parte Stiff, 18 Ala. 464.

Objection in this case is made to our considering the transcript-of the record, and the facts stated by the circuit judge as a part of the case made below, for want of sufficient evidence of their identity with the cairse. The objection can avail nothing, upon the preliminary inquiry as to .whether we will award the writ; for the sworn petition sets forth the existence of such facts, and we must, for the purpose of this investigation, assume that they would be. returned by the inferior tribunal, in answer to the tiertiora/ri,’ as a portion of the case, and thus be sufficiently Identified.

¡ We now turn to the main inquiry, which is, whether from the petitioners’ own showing they are entitled to the relief which1 they seek; for if they are not, this court will not award the writ-, •8 B. & A, 420.

The facts, as presented to the circuit judge, and which appear from the transcript of the record above named, and the statement of them certified by the judge, may be thus briefly stated: The 'regular term of the Circuit Court for Greene county commenced on -Monday the 7th day of April, 1851, but the judge of the court did not arrive at the court until Wednesday following; on that day the court commenced its session, and on Saturday of the first week of the term, the grand jury returned into court an indictment, endorsed by the foreman, “ a true bill,” against the petitioners, for the murder of Elijah W. Harris, and it was ordered that a capias issue for their arrest; on Monday of the second week of the term, being the 14th day of April, 1851, a capias issued for their arrest, commanding that they should be brought before the court then sitting. This capias was returned into court before its final adjournment, en---dorsed as follows : “ Platt S. Croom and Pleasant May, arrested and under guard. — April 15th, 1851, (signed) O. M. Biuciiett, sheriff of Greene county, by Wm. M% Burchett, D. S.”

It appears by the testimony of the deputy sheriff, that he held the prisoners in custody under this capias, until their delivery to the jailor at Eutaw, on the 20th of April, and that the reason why he did not bring them from Greensborough to Eutaw sooner was, that he was- advised by several medical gentlemen that it’ would be unsafe to remove them earlier, on account of their wounds; but that the prisoners said nothing to him respecting their removal. Between the time of their arrest and commitment to the jail, and while they were in custody of the deputy sheriff at Greensborough, to-wit, on Friday of the second week of the term, being the 18th day of April, the circuit judge adjourned the court, leaving a considerable portion of the business, of the court undisposed of, but which was continued by a general order, which he caused to be entered on the record. On the day after the court adjourned, an alias capias issued against the prisoners, requiring the sheriff, &c., to take their bodies and have them before the Judge of the next Circuit Court to be holden for Greene county, on the second Monday after the fourth Monday in September then next. On this capias the sheriff of Greene, by the same deputy, returned that the prisoners were •'arrested and carried to jail — dated 19th April, 1851. The 'clerk of the Circuit Court testified that the Circuit Court was not adjourned in consequence of the sickness of the judge, or of his fátóily-, and "that there was no 'particular cause assigned for the kfljournnient. The trial docket of the Circuit Court, as also the venire facias for the jury for the third week of the term, duly executed on the persons selected as jurors, were presented before the judge below on the trial for bail. The docket showed :the causes undisposed of when the 'court adjourned. Upon the foregoing state of facts, the prisoners moved the court for bail, 'as a matter of right, and the shme being denied them, they now insist upon their right in this court. They claim the right to b,e discharged on bail, Under the 40th section of the 8th chapter of the Penal Code, which provides that “No person charged with the commission of an offence capitally punished, shall be admitted to bail-'as a matter of right, when he is not tried at the first term of the coiirfr, at which he was properly triable, if the failure tb try his' cause proceeded from the non-attendance of the State’s witnesses^' 'When an affidavit is made satisfactorily accounting for their "'absence,' of 'where there is an entire failure to hold the court, or -\fhere the trial is delayed in consequence of •:the sickness of the judge, or some member of his family, or where there is a premature adjournment of the court for either of the last mentioned, or other sufficient cause; or where' the judge from any cause is legally incompetent to try the accused, or where the term allowed by law is so short, that the case of the accused, according to the accustomed course of proceeding, could not be tried; or where it was found impracticable to obtain a jury for his trial; or where the 'trial was not completed in consequence of the sickness of a juror; or there was a mis-trial for any cause; or where the delay proceeds from the faiilt of misfortune of the prisoner; but if the accused shall not be tried at the next term of the court,' or the failure to try his cause shall •not be occasioned by his fault Or misfortune, or on his application, or with his assent, he sháll be discharged on giving good "and sufficient bail, provided that this section shall not be so construed as to prevent a prisoner Committed for a capital 'offence being bailed at or before the first stated term of the court,, if authorized by law.” — Clay’s Dig-. 444, § 40.

The counsel for the prisoners insist, that the premature adjournment of the Circuit'- Court, which was not' occasioned by any .of the causes specified in the above recited act,.entitles them to bail,, as a matter of right, and this right the judge below denied them-.. The counsel for the State oppose to this, that if; such be the effect of the statute, it violates the 17th section of the Bill of Rights in the Constitution of this State,-which declares, “All persons shall, before conviction, be bailable by sufficient securities,, except for capital offences where the proof is-, evident and the presumption great,” ’&c..

, It is believed that the history of the legislation of the State, both • before and since the adoption of the constitution, and the numerous decisions of this court upon similar statutes, as well as the spirit.of other-portions of. the constitution, very satisfactorily shovi' that the- above clause in the Bill of Rights was not designed to deny to the Legislature the power to pass laws providing for bail' in capital cases, where the proof was evident or.the presumption great. At' the common law, all cases were bailable; but it was competent for the Legislature,,in the absence-of a constitutional inhibition,, to deprive the citizen of this right,, or so. to modify as to render it- valueless. The clause was designed not to place a perpetual restriction upon the common law right of the citizens of the State, in the matter of bail, but ou-tlie contrary to secure by the fundamental law of the State, and to. ’place this right,.in the given cases, beyond the power of either legislative or judicial interposition; creating, however, no restriction upon the Legislature as to the excepted cases, “where the proof is evident or the presumption great.” It was not the ‘•■ijiterition of the framers of the constitution to keep a party incarcerated in prison before conviction, as a punishment for the of-fence with which he may be charged.. Until conviction, the law.presumes him innocent, and merely provides for his being forthcoming for trial and to suffer its penalty,, should his guilt be ascertained according to- its prescribed forms. If,, without any fault attributable to the accused, the judge from term to term, in the exercise of his discretion over the matter of continuances, should delay the case by reason of some want of preparation on the part of the State, it would seem strange that the same instrument which declares he shall ho entitled to a speedy public trial, should provide that however long his trial maybe delayed, no law shall be passed allowing him to find sureties for his a-p-pearance, and thus to discharge him from oppressive imprisonment. The same provision in the Bill of Rights was enacted by the Territorial Legislature, on the 7th Feb. 1807, which declared that “ all persons shall be bailable, unless for capital of-fences, where the proof shall be evident or the presumption great,” &c. The same Legislature, on the 10th of the same month, made provision for bail in all cases of tréáson or felony, where the prisoner without his fault or misfortune was not tried; and both those features, under various modifications, have existed from that time until the present.—See the statutes, Aik. Dig. 121, § 40; Toulmin’s Laws of Ala. 662, § 6; Aik. Dig. 348, § 26; Clay’s Dig. 444, § 40; and 'for the decisions of this court predicated upon them, Phil v. The State, 1 Stew. 31; Simonton’s Case, 9 Por. 390; Chaney’s Case, 8 Ala. 424; Stiff’s Case, 18 ib. 464. Here then is a legislative construction of this clause of the Bill of Rights which has obtained, as was well said in the argument, for near half a century, and which has been acquiesced in until now, and repeatedly acted on by this court. All this, as was very appropriately contended on the other hand, would not relieve the court from declaring the statute unconstitutional, if it amounted to a palpable or clear violation of any constitutional provision, yet it is a strong persuasive argument in favor of the law, and in a doubtful case should be considered conclusive. We should feel altogether unwarranted in holding this statute unconstitutional. It would seem somewhat paradoxical to hold, that in a bill of rights, the convention should have put the negative of a common law right beyond the power of legislative control, however much necessity might exist for legislative action.

Having ascertained that this statute is not unconstitutional, the next inquiry is, whether the facts and circumstances of the case before us entitle the prisoners to bail. In the solution of this inquiry, it will be proper to ascertain whether the prisoners were properly triable at the April Term of the Greene Circuit Court; for if they were not then “ properly triable,” the statute gives them no right to bail. What is meant by the “first term of the court at which he is properly triable ?” Does it mean the term as prescribed by law, or the actual time the court may sit 7 The last construction has been urged upon us by the counsel opposed to the prisoners, and we have been referred by them to the ease, Ex parte Joseph Santee, 2 Va. Cases, 363; By an act of Virginia, if the prisoner ivas not tried at or before the third term after his examination before the justices, it was provided that he should be forever discharged of the crime, unless such failure próceéded from any continuance granted on the motion of the prisoner, or from the inability of the jury to agree on their verdict. In the case cited? three periods of time during, which the court might have been holden had elapsed, and the question was? whether by the word term was meant the stated periods as prescribed by law? or merely the actual session of the court. Five of the judges of the'general court held the latter? and the remaining four, namely, Parker? Semple, Allen and White were of opinion that the stated terms were meant* If that case can be regarded as of ány weight as authority? it is upon statutes the collocation of which is different from our own* It is exceedingly clear? that by the “first term” is here meant the period of time limited and fixed by law during which the court was required to be holden? unless the business was sooner disposed of. Burrill’s Law i)ic.? tit. “ 'Perm’5 — '^Terms of Court — Terminus.” Indeed? the statute could not be read with any other meaning attached to the word “ term?” without rendering it absurd ; for it wofild then read that no person shall be entitled to bail, as a matter of right,' when he is not tried at the first session or sitting of the court, if the failure to try resulted from the entire failure to hold the courts &c. But the meaning is manifest from: other portions of the section; as, for example, the party is ndt entitled to bail, as a matter of right, if the failure to be tried results from the fact that the term allowed by law is so short that the Case of the accused,’according to the-accustomed practice, could not be tried.- Again? it says, if the accused shall not be tried at the next stated term of the court, &c; It is unnecessary to examine the other statutes? since by a proper construction of this? we think the right to bail is conferred, unless the prisoners are deprived of it for some of the causes specified.—Chaney, Ex parte, supra. This section clearly refers to cases which were capitally punished and in which the proof was evident or the presumption great, since the constitution gives, or rather secures the right in all other cases, and the Lc-gislature could not interfere so as to take it away*

By the afct bf 1843, the Circuit Court for the county of Greenes shall commence o.n the second Mondays after the 4th Mondays in March and September in each year, .and continue three weeks. Clay’s Dig. 289, § 6. These prisoners were indicted and an, rested under a capias which commanded them to be brought before the April Term of the court, and the sheriff made his return that they had been arrested by him and were in his custody, under guard. The court was opened for business on the 9th April; on the 12th the indictment was found, and a capias is, sued on the 14th, returnable to the court then sitting, and was executed by the parties’ arrest, on Tuesday the 15th day of April; on Friday, the 18th, the court adjourned, no reason being given for the adjournment, either upon the record or by proof before the judge trying the writ. , The prisoners were placed in jail on the 20th. - Here then were seven judicial days of the term allowed by law unexp'ired when the Circuit Court adjourned, within which the party could have been tried, and within which it is fair to presume they.would haye been tried, had the court continued its session during the time prescribed by law. Why the judge adjourned the court before the term expired, leaving unfinished business, does not appear upon the record. It is argued, however, that we must intend sufficient .cause existed, and that to allow parol proof that such cause did not exist, would be to disprove the record. Were these positions correct, it would follow .that in all eases where the record failed to show the cause of adjournment., the prisoner would be concluded, notwithstand, ing there was a premature adjournment. We are of opinion, that if the prisoner shows that he was in custody before the adjournment, and actually in the jail in time to be fried, and would have been tried but for a premature adjournment, and the record shows no sufficient couse why the court should have adjourned, there being unfinished business, and the ability of the judge to try it being shown, the prisoner then has made out a prima fa? cie case for relief. He is not required to go farther and prove a negative, that there was not sufficient cause for the adjournment, but having exculpated himself and put the court in error, it is incumbent on .those opposing hjs discharge to prove the affirmative fact, that the court was justified in adjourning. We know .of no rule of law which would justify us in going beyond the record to intend the existence of a state of facts which would •deprive the party of a trial, and at the same time deny to him his liberty upon bail. If the prisoners-were required to negative by proof every cause which may be conceived of, and which. may be sufficient to justify a premature adjournment, it would amount, in many cases, to a denial of the right. It is difficult to conceive where such investigation would end. We think the proof in this case, which shows the unfinished business, the general order of continuance of “ all causes on the civil and criminal docket not otherwise disposed of,” entered seven days before the time fixed by law as the terminus of the session, that the judge was not sick, and that no cause was assigned by him why the court was adjourned, does not in any way gainsay or controvert any fact stated in the record, and that the statute contemplates the admission of such proof. Whether the prisoners would be allowed to disprove a cause affirmatively set forth in the record, if it be shown that they had no opportunity of controverting it when made, is a question wMch it is not necessary now to decide. In this case, the facts shown justify the legal inference that the court prematurely adjourned without sufficient cause, such as the statute contemplates shall deny to the prisoners the right of bail.

The law makes it the duty of the judge not to absent himself from the court before the end of the prescribed term, unless the business shall be sooner disposed of—(Clay’s Dig. 517, § 9)— and the general order of continuance which was made, is not such a disposition of the cases as the statute contemplates. Such continuance would follow as the result of a premature adjournment, whether the order was made or omitted. The adjournment was made, and the general continuance of all unfinished business, both civil and criminal, was ordered,, in the absence of the prisoners, who were in the officer’s custody, and they ought not to be prejudiced by the failure of the judge to continue the court until the business was disposed of, or until the end of the stated term, should the business require it.

But when the court adjourned the prisoners were at Greensboro’, some miles distant from the court-house, and the sheriff was advised that it was unsafe to remove them. This would most unquestionably have justified the court in adjourning upon disposing of the other business, without waiting to see whether they would sufficiently recover from their wounds to be brought up for arraignment and trial j and in justice to the presiding judge, it would be proper "’to remark, that we have no doubt but that in adjourning 'the court without disposing of their ease, he was influenced by the belief that they could not be tried at that term, with-safety to ' themselves, for we should be sorry to be understood as imputing . to him any wilful disregard of duty. Nevertheless, the prisoners have the legal right to say-to ’the court, “ we were arrested and held in custody by your order, and the indictment, to an- - swer to which we were held in custody by your officer, stood upon your docket for trial. Had the business been progressed with according to law-and the practice of the court, we should have been ready on Monday of the third week, if not when arrested, to have responded to the charge. It would then have been your duty to set apart a day for our trial, (Clay’s Dig. 296,.§ S'?,) as it was likewise your duty to deliver the jail of all persons committed ’for murders,” &c., and as the constitution entitled us to a •speedy public trial, which without our consent has been-denied us, we claim the right consequent upon that denial, of being’dis•charged on bail.” ."It is no answer to say to-them that they.prayed mo trial. Their response is, that they were prisoners • and -unable to move but by the court’s order; -neither have 'we any -statute making their right to bail depend upon their being-active in obtaining a trial, or applying for bail during the sitting of the court. In this our statute differs from 81 ;,-Car. .2. But the case is put, by way of illustrating the supposed-unsoundness of . the position that the prisoner may have bail without presenting himself to the court during its session and demanding a trial: “ Suppose a prisoner at large-'-absconds until after-the‘court adjourns, but before the term as prescribed by law expires, can he come in and claim bail 1” This is not the case before us, but the principle which.we here assert would not extend to such case; for the court in-the case supposed’-would not,-at the time of the .- adjournment, have -the custody of. the party indicted, and the law would impose no duty upon the-court in respect to him, but to issue procesador his arrest--and-forthcoming at the succeeding -term; and- the same maybe said of a persomwho is-indicted but - not arrested until after the court adjourns. His '-was not, at the time of the adjournment, a -portion’of the 1 unfinished -business which stood calendared for trial at that term-. Not so, in the case before us, for here the parties were an eus- : tody,on the 15th, .and-the court adjourned,on.-the-18tbhF April. But it may be said, the court must be presumed1 to know that-when the adjournment was made, the parties could not have been tried by reason of their wounds, and had the right' to continue their cause for that reason, otherwise it must- remain in session during the whole stated term; or if it be the last court, holden on the circuit which is not limited as to duration,.the judge must keep the court open until the succeeding term shall arrive. This does not follow; on the contrary, if the court has disposed of the business as contemplated by the statute, and according to the practice the cause comes up as the remaining business, the court puts the party upon a continuance or trial, and if unable to get into court, this furnishes sufficient reason for a continuance in his absence. It is the prisoner’s misfortune that his condition from sickness or wounds may prevent his trial,. Although the party may be unable to get into court on the 18th, he will be able oh the 20th, and the business of the court required by law to be-transacted will require its session beyond that period. So that-the prisoners show their case was properly triable at the April term, and that a trial was denied by a premature adjournment of the court, which the unfinished business did not authorize, nor the condition of .the presiding judge require. They have a right to insist that the practice of the court,, as regulated by law, and whieh would have prima facie secured them, a trial, should have-been observed.

Upon the facts we have stated, as shown by the petition and accompanying papers, we have arrived at the conclusion that the petitioners were entitled to bail, and that the writ of habeas corpus and certiorari to bring up to this court the prisoners, as also the proceedings had before Judge Smith, issue, unless the -counsel engaged are satisfied no new phase would be presented by the return, and are content to apply to the judge below for the relief which they seek, as hereby indicated.

We regret that in a case involving such important points of practice, as well as the construction of constitutional provisions, we have been deprived of the aid of the Chief Justice, by reason of his severe illness. The necessity, however, for an immediate opinion, forbade our delay.

July 22. — We have not entered into the discussion of the construction of the act of 1827, (Aik. Dig. 848, § 86,) so ably insisted on by the counsel opposed to the prisoners, for the rea» son that we regard that construction as settled bj our predecessors, against the view of the learned counsel, in the parallel case of Simonton, 9 Por. 383-90, in wbicb the parties were indicted and arrested upon writs of capias returnable to the same term of' the court at which the indictment was found, and for the failure to trj at which term, the prisoner was admitted to bail-; and this case was re-affirmed, in Ex parte Chaney.

Since the foregoing opinion was prepared,, the Chief Justice-lias so far recovered as to be able to examine it, and he-requests me to state that he fully concurs in it..

Upon further consultation by the whole court, it is deemed proper to observe, lest what we have said about the general order of continuance of the business in the Circuit Court of Greene might mislead the judge upon a future application for bail, that if it should appear upon subsequent investigation that such general order was made at the suggestion or,by the consent of the parties, whose cases were continued, or their counsel, the order would then operate as. a continuance entered in each case by-consent, and would be a completion of the business of the court,, justifying its adjournment. This, although clearly inferrable from what we have previously said, may prevent, any misconception of our view, as to what constitutes a premature, adjournment.