113 Mo. 188 | Mo. | 1892
This is an action of ejectment for a lot in tbe city of St. Louis. Tbe answer is a general denial and a plea of tbe statute of limitations. Both parties claim under William G. Ewing.
Tbe plaintiff put in evidence a deed, tbe material parts of which are in these words: “This indenture witnesseth that George W. Ewing, Jr., a devisee of William G. Ewing, * * * in consideration of $600 and other good and sufficient considerations, doth* by these presents give, grant, bargain and sell
uFirst. The said George W. Ewing, trustee as. aforesaid, shall sell and convey all such part or parts, of the real estate hereby conveyed to him as he may deem most advantageous for the interests of the' trust hereby created and the proceeds thereof to reinvest for the same purpose for' which this, trust is created, or to expend the same in improving such of the property hereby conveyed as the said trustee shall deem most advisable, and for-the purpose of creating an income therefrom.
“Second. That of the. income and profits arising under this trust", a reasonable sum, such as the said trustee shall deem to be sufficient, shall be expended in the maintenance of the said George W. Ewing, Jr., and the necessary expenses shall be expended for the benefit of the trust, when, and at such times, as the trustee shall think best.
“Third. Should the said trustee die before his said ward, that Jesse Holliday, of San Francisco, California, or, upon his refusal to act, such person as the court of common pleas of Allen county, Indiana, shall appoint, shall take up and continue this trust.
‘ ‘Fourth. That, upon the death of the said George W. Ewing Jr., the property hereby placed in trust shall descend to the legal representatives of the said George W. Ewing, Jr., provided, however, that "William G. Ewing, Jr., the adopted son of William G. Ewing, deceased, shall, under no circumstances whatever,, inherit or be entitled to any part or parcel thereof.”
On a trial without a jury the circuit court gave judgment for defendant.
1. Although the deed from George W. Ewing, Jr., conveying the property to his father, George W. Ewing, Sr., in trust, does not use the word heirs, still the deed vested in the trustee the fee simple title for the purposes specified, for under our statute the. word heirs or other words of inheritance are not necessary to convey an estate in fee simple. Such an estate passes by the deed without the use of words of inheritance, unless the intent to pass a less estate is expressly stated or appears by necessary implication. Revised Statutes, 1879, sec. 3939; McCullock v. Holmes, 111 Mo. 445. Here no intent to pass a less estate appears.
But without regard to this statute the deed in question would pass a fee simple estate to the trustee,
2. A further preliminary question arises, and that is what meaning is to be given to the term ■ legal representatives in the fourth of the paragraphs specifying the trusts, whereby it is provided that, upon the death of the said G-eorge W. Ewing, Jr., the donor, the property placed in the hands of the trustee shall descend to the legal representatives of him, the said donor. The term legal representatives is often used in statutes and instruments of writing in a broad sense, so as to include all persons who stand in the place of and represent the interest of another either by his act or by operation of law, and in such cases it includes heirs and assigns. Wear v. Bryant, 5 Mo. 147; Ins. Co. v. Armstrong, 117 U. S. 597; Beall v. Succession of Elder, 34 La. Ann. 1098; Johnson v. Ames, 11 Pick. 173. But the usual and ordinary meaning is ‘ ‘executors and administrators.” Cox v. Curwen, 118 Mass. 198; Lodge v. Weld, 139 Mass. 499; Bowman v. Long, 89 Ill. 20; Halsey v. Patterson, 37 N. J. Eq. 448. The term may
Sufficient has been said to show that we must look to the context to ascertain the meaning of the term as used in this deed. Doing this we find the donor of the trust reserved no power to dispose of the property or any interest therein. He has not even reserved the power of revoking the trust. It cannot, therefore, be ■said that the words legal representatives mean or even include assigns or persons succeeding by any act of his, for he is shorn of all power to create a successor by assignment, deed or otherwise. This being so the words cannot mean o'r include assigns or grantees. The creator of the trust is here speaking of lands, of real estate, and says that upon his death the property shall descend to his legal representatives; and he then goes on to say that the adopted son of William Gr. Ewing shall in no event inherit or be entitled to any part of the property. The evident and manifest meaning of the trust as declared is that upon the death of the donor the remaining property shall pass to and become the property of those persons upon whom the law would cast the property had the donor died seized of it. The' term, therefore, means heirs as here used.
3. The question then arises whether the quitclaim deed from the trustee back to Greorge W. Ewing, Jr.,1 the donor, had the effect to revoke the trust. That such Avas its object is clear, for the deed so declares.' ■
As preliminary to the disposition of this question it is to be observed that the trust is well and properly declared and that too in the most formal way, for the deed of trust conveys a fee simple to the trustee, arid then specifies the-purposes for which the trustee takes and holds the property. There is here a' perfect, completed, executed trust; and this being so it is immate
Now, a completed trust without reservation of power of revocation can only be revoked by the consent of all of the beneficiaries. Says'Perry: “A trust once created and accepted without reservation of power can only be revoked by the full consent of all parties in interest; if any of the parties are not in being, or are not sui juris, it cannot be revoked at all.” 1 Perry on Trusts [4 Ed.] sec. 104. Applying this principle it must be held that the quitclaim deed did not revoke the trust. As to the plaintiff it was and is a nullity. Indeed it has been held by the supreme court of Indiana and of Minnesota that the very quitclaim deed now in question did not terminate' or destroy the trust,, and that it was out of the power of the trustee or donor or both combined to revoke or destroy the trust. Ewing v. Warner, 47 Minn. 446; Ewing v. Jones, 29 N. E. Rep. 1057.
4. It follows from what has been said that the-plaintiff is entitled to recover, unless barred by the statute of limitations;' and this presents the most difficult question in this case.
No right of entry accrued to the plaintiff until the death of his father, which was in 1872. He was at that time a minor, and, as he brought this action within three years after the removal of the disability of infancy, he is not barred, unless he is barred because an action by the trustee would be barred. While there was some doubt at one time, the law is now well settled, both in England and in this country, that the rule that the statute of limitations does not bar a' trust estate holds only as between cesüd que trust and trustee, and not between cestui que trust and trustee on the one side and strangers on the. other side. Therefore, where a cestui qu,e trust and his trustee are both out of possession for the time limited, the party in possession has a good bar against them both. Where the trustee is barred so is the cestui. 2 Perry on Trusts [4 Ed.] sec. 858; Hill on Trustees [4 Am. Ed.] pp. 413, 414; Herndon v. Pratt, 6 Jones Eq. 327; Clayton v. Cagle, 97 N. C. 300; Wooldridge v. Bank, 1 Sneed, 297; Merriam v. Hassam, 14 Allen, 516; Smilie v. Biffle, 2 Barr, 52.
Perry says in the section just mentioned: “But it would seem that, if the cestui que trust is entitled to an interest in remainder only, the statutory bar ought
These extracts from the text books disclose a want of any well defined rule, and it is deemed best to examine the cases 'themselves. In Parker v. Hall, supra, a guardian of minor children purchased certain slaves with the money of his wards and took a bill of sale in his own name as such guardian, which was duly registered. He sold the slaves while his wards were yet minors and died insolvent. Thereafter the wards, one being then a minor, filed a bill against the purchaser for possession of the slaves. The court held that the rule that when the trustee is barred all the beneficiaries are also barred, did not apply, because the trustee, the holder of the legal estate, had estopped' himself from suing by making a bill of sale to the purchaser, and because he had united with the purchaser in a breach of the trust. And the same court held that where the trustee took but a life estate, the statute of limitations would not run as against the remaindermen until the death of the life tenant. Belote v. White, 2 Head, 703. But in
In Bull v. Walker 71 Ga. 195, the will gave to Susan P. Howard certain real estate for her benefit for life, and then to her children, and then appointed a trustee to take and hold the property for her. It was held that the statute of limitations did not begin to run against the children until the death of their mother, the life tenant, but it was also held that the trustee was simply a trustee for the life tenant, and that his only duty was to protect the life estate from ■ sale for debts of the life tenant. Gudgell v. Tydings, 10 S. W. Rep. 466, to which we are cited by the plaintiff, is not essentially different from the case last mentioned. But in Wingfield v. Virgin, 51 Gra. 139, the title was vested in a trustee, and it was held that, the trustee being barred, the beneficiaries, though infants, were barred. The facts of that case were these: Weems and wife executed a deed conveying the land to Wingfield in trust for certain purposes, one of which was to hold the same for the sole benefit of the wife of Weems and her children, born and to be born, the income to be applied to the support of the family and not subject to the debts of Weems. The trustee and Weems and wife executed, deeds conveying the property to Wylie, who took and held possession. The children of Weems and wife, being still minors, filed a bill against those claiming under Wylie to reestablish the trust, and the defendant set up, among other things, the statute of limitations. The court said: “The distinction is this, when the legal title to the property is vested in a trustee who can sue for it, and fails to do so within the time
In Molton v. Henderson, 62 Ala. 426, lands were devised to trustees to hold for the benefit of a non compos. The lands were sold by order of a probate court at the instance of a guardian of the non compos, who filed a bill, by his next friend, to subject the land to the trust created by the will. The court held that the guardian’s sale was void, but that the purchaser acquired color of title. After stating the general rule to be, that if a trustee delays the assertion of his rights until the statute affects a bar against him the cestui que trust will also be barred, and, after reviewing various cases, the court says: ‘ ‘ On principle and authority, therefore, rle must say the fact that the appellee was non compos mentis, and yet so remains, cannot prevent the operation of the general rule to which we have referred. If his trustees have been negligent in assert
In the case now in hand the plaintiff took an equitable contingent remainder by force and effect of the deed of trust. Until the death of the donor, the entire legal title, a title in fee simple, was vested in the trustee. It was the duty of the trustee to protect the title for •"those who should take upon the death of the donor as well as for the donor during his life. To this end the entire legal title was vested in the trustee, and the right of possession was in him. As the trustee held the legal fee simple title and the right of possession for all of the beneficiaries, he was the proper person to sue for possession; and we think the case comes within the 'rule, that, where the trustee is barred,by lapse of time, "the beneficiaries are also barred, and that too, though the beneficiaries are minors. That which bars the .legal title here bars the equitable title. The acceptance of a trust like this is not a meaningless affair, and, if the trustee has made breach of the trust and wronged the plaintiff, the remedy is against the trustee. The statute of limitations is one' of repose, and should be applied in this case.
It is true the trustee died before G-eorge W. Ewing, Jr., executed the deed to the defendant; and it does not appear that Jesse Holliday ever accepted the trust or that a new trustee was ever appointed by the court as provided in the third clause of the deed of trust. But the legal title passed to the heirs of the trustee, and it does not appear that they were laboring under any disability. It became their duty to care for the property or have a new trustee appointed.
Our conclusion is that the statute began to run against both the legal and equitable title when defend
It is suggested that defendant purchased with knowledge of the trust, because the trust deed was. recorded, and that he did purchase with constructive notice must be conceded. The fact, however, that he-had such notice, did not prevent the statute of limitations from running. If that were so, the statute would cease to be one of repose. The statute will run in favor of even a wrongdoer. There can be no claim that, defendant was guilty of any fraud. On the contrary, the proof shows, beyond all doubt that he paid full value for the property, believing he had acquired a perfect title, and with that belief made improvements thereon to the amount of $20,000.
The judgment is affirmed,